Power Consumption Of Driver Research Articles

Sub-volt forward-biased silicon microring modulator at 210 Gb/s

Low-voltage and efficient optical modulators in the silicon photonic (SiPh) platform are highly desired for realizing high-speed connectivity in chip level interconnects, data center interconnects, and high-performance computing (HPC). With the modulator operating at CMOS compatible voltages, high-voltage modulator drivers are no longer needed, thus reducing driver design complexity and power consumption. We demonstrate a silicon microring modulator (MRM) operating at a driving voltage of 0.8 Vpp. We achieve high modulation efficiency by using a small forward bias of 0.2 V: the forward bias voltage allows the modulator to have an enhanced optical modulation amplitude (OMA) by operating near injection mode, modulating 180 Gb/s (180 Gbaud) non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and 210 Gb/s (105 Gbaud) 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) free of electrical or optical amplification. We also demonstrate the operation at zero bias and achieve up to 200 Gb/s. Error-free operation was observed at 130 Gb/s (NRZ). The absence of an external biasing voltage can further improve energy efficiency and simplifies device integration.

Design and test on high-gap wheeled agricultural chassis for harvesting broccoli

Abstract According to the planting mode of broccoli and the growth characteristics of broccoli, a kind of high-gap agricultural chassis with structural reliability and strong stability was designed for broccoli picking. Firstly, the dynamics and kinematics of the chassis were analyzed, and then we analyzed the stability and completed the finite element analysis of the key components. Finally, the simulation and field test were carried out. Thus, the main performance parameters of the chassis are determined. The overall power, driving power consumption, maximum endurance time, maximum driving distance, maximum power storage, and maximum battery power were 5.959kw, 1.84kw, 3h, 21km, 5.63kwh, and 6.552kw respectively. The results of the slope climbing and ridge driving test were better than those of the simulation test. The actual slope climbing effect of the chassis accords with the calculation of theoretical value, and it can climb the soil slope of 25°. These findings proved the stability of the high-gap agricultural chassis in the field and indicated that the chassis can be applied to small fields in hilly and mountainous regions.

Optimization research on battery thermal management system based on PCM and mini-channel cooling plates

A phase change materials (PCM) coupled mini-channel cooling plates model was established for the optimization of the battery thermal management system (BTMS). Specific cooling strategies with different discharge rates of the battery were discussed. For a discharge rate of under 2C, using PCM can meet the heat dissipation needs. Particularly, for a discharge rate below 1.2C, external cooling was not necessary. For a discharge rate above 2C, active cooling should be added to compensate for the lack of heat storage of PCM. In the research of optimization structure, it was found that the scheme of four cooling plates and each cooling plate with two mini-channels was the most ideal in this research, which not only reduced the battery temperature efficiently but also maintained a good temperature uniformity of the battery. For the optimization parameters, the effect of the ethylene glycol solution temperature, ethylene glycol solution volume fraction and the start-up time of active cooling on the maximum temperature of the battery and the melting fraction of PCM were discussed. After the multi-factor parameters optimization by Response Surface Methodology, three optimization schemes were put forward, which could reduce the driving power consumption by 35% – 40%. The research could provide valuable information support and optimization suggestions for the design of BTMS.

Programmable optical switching integrated chip for 4-bit binary true/inverse/complement code conversions based on fluorinated photopolymers.

In this work, programmable optical switching integrated chips for 4-bit binary true/inverse/complement optical code conversions (OCCs) are proposed based on fluorinated photopolymers. Fluorinated bis-phenol-A novolac resin (FAR) with low absorption loss and fluorinated polyacrylate (FPA) with high thermal stability are self-synthesized as core and cladding layer, respectively. The basic architecture of operating unit for the photonic chip designed is composed of directional coupler Mach-Zehnder interferometer (DC-MZI) thermo-optic (TO) switching, X-junction, and Y-bunching waveguide structures. The waveguide module by cascading 16 operating units could realize OCCs function through optical transmission matrix. The response time of the 4-bit binary OCCs is measured as about 300 µs. The insertion loss and extinction ratio of the actual chip are obtained as about 10.5 dB and 15.2 dB, respectively. The electric driving power consumption for OCCs is less than 6 mW. The true/inverse/complement OCCs are achieved by the programmable modulation circuit. The proposed technique is suitable for achieving optical digital computing system with high-speed signal processing and low power consumption.

An efficiency control strategy of dual-motor multi-gear drive algorithm

The Dual-motor multi-gear coupling powertrain (DMCP) has the potential to improve transmission system efficiency and driving comfort, but its complex structure and multiple working modes present challenges. The switching between different modes is easy to cause longitudinal biggish vehicle jerk. To address these issues,this paper introduces the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm in the design of an Energy Management Strategy (EMS) that minimises total drive power consumption. And the number of working modes is divided and simplified. The process of switching dual motor and single motor to single motor is introduced in detail. The simulation results using AMESim and MATLAB show that the energy management strategy can effectively improve the economy, achieve no power interruption during mode switching, shift impact is less than 8m/s3, and output torque is remains stable.

34‐3: Research on Vehicle mounted Projection Display with Local Dimming Effect

With the development trend of large on‐board screen and intelligent driving, PHUD, as a new type of car head up display application scenario, has gradually attracted the attention of various automobile manufacturers. It greatly simplifies the system design by highlighting modules, specific angle of view steering design, and one‐time windshield projection. At the same time, it carries BD cell Local Dimming technology to achieve exquisite HDR projection display and greatly reduce module drive power consumption, and the contrast can reach millions. This paper mainly studies a module display combining BD cell local dimming and PHUD technology.

Energy-Based Prognostics for Gradual Loss of Conveyor Belt Tension in Discrete Manufacturing Systems

This paper presents a data-driven approach for the prognosis of the gradual behavioural deterioration of conveyor belts used for the transportation of pallets between processing workstations of discrete manufacturing systems. The approach relies on the knowledge of the power consumption of a conveyor belt motor driver. Data are collected for two separate cases: the static case and dynamic case. In the static case, power consumption data are collected under different loads and belt tension. These data are used by a prognostic model (artificial neural network (ANN)) to learn the conveyor belt motor driver’s power consumption pattern under different belt tensions and load conditions. The data collected during the dynamic case are used to investigate how the belt tension affects the movement of pallets between conveyor zones. During the run time, the trained prognostic model takes real-time power consumption measurements and load information from a testbench (a discrete multirobot mobile assembling line) and predicts a belt tension class. A consecutive mismatch between the predicted belt tension class and optimal belt tension class is an indication of failure, i.e., a gradual loss of belt tension. Hence, maintenance steps must be taken to avoid further catastrophic situations such as belt slippages on head pulleys, material slippages and belt wear and tear.

P‐1: Uni‐Color Column Line Pentile‐Type Pixel Arrangement Design for Low Driving Power Consumption AMOLED Displays

As active‐matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays have rapidly become the primary choice for high performance mobile devices, reducing their power consumption to enable long battery life continues to be a very important challenge. In particular, the power consumption required to drive the display electronic circuits has recently increased significantly due to the industry trends for high resolution, high refresh rates, and high screen aspect ratio. In this paper, we propose a uni‐color pixel column design for the typical Pentile‐type pixel arrangement used for AMOLED displays in order to lower the driving power consumption. Considering a QHD+, 6.x inch‐diagonal smartphone application, the estimated power saving benefits of the proposed architecture are 10% for averaged image contents, and up to 42% for red/blue saturated images in the analog driving power consumption.

Method for power reduction of demodulation driver circuit in indirect time-of-flight CMOS image sensor.

To improve the depth accuracy of an indirect time-of-flight CMOS image sensor, high modulation frequency is often adopted. It will result in high power consumption of an on-chip demodulation driver, and this problem will be much more serious when the resolution of the sensor is much higher. In this paper, a power reduction method that can lower the power consumption of the demodulation driver circuit during the integration time while obtaining accurate high-resolution depth maps is proposed and analyzed theoretically. The method decreases the number of driven pixels at a high-modulation frequency by a programmable resolution adjustment circuit to obtain an accurate low-resolution depth map. A low-depth accuracy high-resolution depth map is obtained at a low modulation frequency, and then a modified super-resolution algorithm is used to obtain an accurate high resolution solution depth map. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a model is established based on the actual indirect time-of-flight sensor architecture, then the depth error and power consumption are analyzed by the simulation results of the model. In the simulation, 25 MHz and 100 MHz are used as the low modulation frequency and high modulation frequency, respectively. With the best scenario in depth accuracy kept, average power consumption decreases 38.47% and peak power consumption decreases 49.83% while the depth error that is represented by RMSE merely increases 8.08%.

A High-Performance 4H-SiC JFET With Reverse Recovery Capability and Low Switching Loss

A novel high-performance 1700-V 4H-Silicon carbide (SiC) junction field-effect transistor (JFET) with reverse recovery capability and low switching loss is proposed in this article. As for the proposed 4H-SiC JFET, the gate region of the conventional 4H-SiC JFET is split into two segments, one of which is replaced by the source. A Schottky barrier diode (SBD) is integrated in the sidewall of the channel region, which greatly improves the performances of the 4H-SiC JFET. Compared with the conventional 4H-SiC JFET, the numerical simulation results show that the specific ON-resistance ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON},\text{ sp}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), gate–drain capacitance ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${C}_{\text{GD}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), and gate–drain charge ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}_{\text{gd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) of the proposed 4H-SiC JFET are reduced by 25.57%, 99.96%, and 72.91%, respectively. The switching loss is reduced by about 91%, and the average gate drive power consumption is reduced by more than 36% while the frequency range is from 10 to 400 kHz. The results also demonstrate that the proposed device has good reverse recovery performance and reduces switching loss, compared with the current commercial SiC devices.

An Ultralow On-Specific Resistance Trench MOSFET With Multiple Stepped Accumulation Layer for Conduction

This article proposes a high-performance trench MOSFET with multiple stepped accumulation layer for conduction enhancement. In the proposed device, a multiple stepped split-gate (SG) is employed and self-biased to form a conductive accumulation layer, which greatly improves the performances of the device. Numerical simulation results show that the specific ON-resistance of the device is 56.41 mΩ·mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with a breakdown voltage (BV) of ~145 V, which is reduced by 20.3% compared with the conventional trench SG MOSFET. Moreover, the reverse recovery time of the integrated Schottky diode of the proposed device is also reduced by 37.5%, since the multiple stepped accumulation layer can also enhance the conduction capability in the reverse conduction state. In addition, the average gate drive power consumption of the proposed device is reduced by more than 2% when the frequency ranges from 20 to 250 kHz in comparison with that of the conventional one.

Gray Code-Based 10-Bit Source Driver for Large-Size OLED Display

In this brief, a state-of-the-art source driver circuit is proposed for large-size organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. The proposed source driver uses a three-stage digital to analog convertor (DAC) structure and the Gray code to achieve low power consumption and high precision based on high-voltage technology. A 10-bit source driver is structured into a two-stage 7-bit voltage selector and a single-stage 3-bit buffer, which effectively reduces the number of transistors. The Gray code is used instead of binary code to reduce the dynamic power consumption and minimize source driver output glitch. Compared with those of the traditional binary source driver, the dynamic and total power consumption of the proposed Gray code source driver are reduced by 86.95% and 21.29%, respectively. The glitch amplitude of that of the proposed Gray code source driver output is only 6.1% of the binary source driver. The size of the proposed source driver is 970 μm × 28 μm by 0.18 μm BCD process.

Analysis of the start-up process of the tower crane slewing mechanism with a steady state motion mode of its load trolley

provided that the load trolley moves at a constant velocity. On the basis of the second-order Lagrange equations, a corresponding mathematical model is obtained, which also describes the oscillations of the load on a flexible suspension in tangential and radial directions. The driving torque applied to the system is modeled using the Kloss equation. The obtained mathematical model is represented by a system of four second-order nonlinear differential equations, so numerical methods are used to integrate it. To assess the level of dynamic and energy loads in the system elements, we propose a set of indicators that reflect the maximum and root-mean-square values. It is suggested to consider the evolution of the system in two cases: the position of the trolley near the tower (the trolley moves from it) and the position of the trolley near the end of the boom (the trolley moves towards the tower). For both cases, the values of the estimation parameters were calculated, which together with the corresponding graphical dependencies allowed to identify the most significant factors that have an impact on the energetic, dynamic and kinematic processes of the system. In particular, these include: centrifugal force, Coriolis force, damping ability of the asynchronous electric drive of the crane slewing mechanism. The analysis of the load oscillation on a flexible suspension, which was carried out on the basis of phase portraits in the plane of the trolley movement and perpendicular to it, revealed their dependence on the initial position of the trolley on the boom. Apart from this, the drive power consumption, a part of which is spent on overcoming the centrifugal force which acts on the trolley and the load, significantly depends on this factor.

46‐2: A Novel Hybrid Frame Rate Driving Method for Low frequency OLED Displays

We propose a novel hybrid frame rate driving method for optimizing low frequency OLED display flicker metrics. Each frame cycle contains two neighboring frames, the odd frames refresh half of the RIB pixels and all of the G pixels, and the even frames refresh the other half of the RIB pixels and all of the G pixels. This approach supports lower frequency refresh rates for mobile OLED displays while minimizing display driver power consumption with optimized flicker optical properties.

The Canadian Planetary Emulation Terrain Energy-Aware Rover Navigation Dataset

Future exploratory missions to the Moon and to Mars will involve solar-powered rovers; careful vehicle energy management is critical to the success of such missions. This article describes a unique dataset gathered by a small, four-wheeled rover at a planetary analog test facility in Canada. The rover was equipped with a suite of sensors designed to enable the study of energy-aware navigation and path planning algorithms. The sensors included a colour omnidirectional stereo camera, a monocular camera, an inertial measurement unit, a pyranometer, drive power consumption monitors, wheel encoders, and a GPS receiver. In total, the rover drove more than 1.2 km over varied terrain at the analog test site. All data is presented in human-readable text files and as standard-format images; additional Robot Operating System (ROS) parsing tools and several georeferenced aerial maps of the test environment are also included. A series of potential research use cases is described.

Design and Analysis of Flip Type Scrapper for Belt Conveyor System

Conveyors are one of the most commonly used mechanical handling equipments which transports or moves bulk materials from one point to another point. Conveyors are useful in many applications which involve the transportation of bulky materials. Conveyors allow efficient and quick transportation of a several varieties of materials, making conveyors very popular in material handling industries as well as packaging industries. Though these conveyors have above advantages they will require huge amount of power to drive the belts. As a result of increase in fuel prices all over global markets and scarce of fossil fuels the electricity charges are increasing tremendously. By reducing belt drive power consumption huge amounts of money can be saved and we can reduce the emissions of green house gases. Fixed solid scrappers are used to remove coal or powdered raw material which sticks to belt due to surface moisture during rainy season. Though fixed solid scrappers are one of the resistances which contribute to additional power consumption of the belt conveyors, it is essential as If powder deposits are not removed will erode return idlers. As a part of my project dissertation I have opted to study a coal conveyor system design, selection of various components, calculation of tension / loads on conveyor system and reduction of conveyor power consumption by modifying conventional fixed solid scrapper to flip type scrapper. The arrangement will expose the belt to solid scrapper only when belt is wet and remaining time to brush.

An Improved Proportional Base Driver for Minimizing Driver Power Consumption of SiC BJT Over Wide Current and Temperature Range

SiC bipolar junction transistor (BJT) still offers an attractive alternative to the more popular SiC MOSFET because of its several advantages, such as low fabrication cost, fast switching speed, and high temperature durability. However, it has not been widely accepted in the market partially because the large constant base current induces large power consumption on its base driver during on-state. In this paper, a new proportional base driver is proposed to provide adaptive base current for SiC BJT and thus minimize its driver power consumption when operating within a wide range of load current and operation temperature in SiC BJT-based power converters. It simply uses a silicon BJT serially connected with a current sensor as a current-/temperature-controlled current source in the base driver circuit, promptly supplying adaptive base current for SiC BJT whenever the SiC BJT’s junction temperature and/or operation current varies. The operation principle of this proportional base driver is theoretically analyzed and then experimentally verified in a 600-V/20-A SiC BJT-based dc/dc boost converter. Experimental results show that the proposed proportional base driver is capable of driving the SiC BJT much more efficiently than the GeneSiC’s constant base driver, greatly reducing the power consumption of base driver by more than 50% over wide ranges of operation currents and temperatures.

30 W급 COB LED의 열전소자 이용 강제방열

This study focuses on the development and production of 120 W LED street-lamps using four 30 W chip on board (COB) LED modules. The lamps’ heat dissipation efficiency was improved by packaging 30 W COB LEDs and thermoelectric modules. This study was also conducted to reduce the thermoelectric element driving power consumption and minimize the thermoelectric element driving power, resulting from forced heat dissipation.BRResults indicated that the minimum metal temperature of the metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB) reached 68.1℃ when the thermoelectric power consumption was 0.7 W; a temperature drop effect of approximately 16.1% occurred. The life extension effect is expected to be approximately 48.5% according to the lifespan arithmetic.BRThus, this technology can be applied to reduce the temperature and extend the life of COB LED modules; small-sized and lightweight luminaries can be realized by addressing the thermal problem of LED modules.

120 GBd plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator with a novel differential electrode design operated at a peak-to-peak drive voltage of 178 mV.

A new plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator is demonstrated at a bit rate of 120 Gb/s NRZ-OOK with low peak-to-peak driving voltages of 178 mVpp below the HD-FEC limit. Such record low driving voltage requirements potentially translate into an electrical drive power consumption of 862 aJ/bit. The low drive voltages have been made possible by a new differential Mach-Zehnder modulator electrode design. The differential electrode design is optimized for the balanced driving circuitry and reduces the effectively required driving voltage by a factor of four (Vπ/4). The potential of the transmitter scheme is further demonstrated by a transmission experiment over 500 m of single mode fiber at the C-band with a BER performance below the KP4 FEC limit.

Design and experiment of a universal two-fingered hand with soft fingertips based on jamming effect

The goal of robotic manipulators is to grasp objects of irregular shapes with better precision and efficiency. Universal grippers developed in recent years are designed with excessive complexity or lower resistance to damage. In this paper, we propose the idea of a universal parallel-fingered hand with soft fingertips based on jamming effect, in which negative pressure and particle flow are utilized to achieve variable stiffness. Then we set up a whole pick-and-place experiment system to evaluate the operational performance in the real serving situations. The results indicate that for most rigid objects, our prototype with soft fingertips, the stiffness of which is over the threshold to bear maximum task load after jamming, can demonstrate higher grasping stability than rigid ones, reduce around 40% motor drive power consumption and have a higher load capacity compared with the rigid-fingertip prototype under stable grasping, and have a relatively better operating precision of ± 0.62 mm compared to most of previous soft grippers when placing objects with equal weight. The findings can facilitate to improve the grasping precision of mechanical hands with soft fingertips.