Drip Tube Research Articles

Narrowing row spacing and adding inter-block promote the grain filling and flag leaf photosynthetic rate of wheat under enlarged drip tube spacing system.

Enlarging the lateral space of drip tubes saves irrigation equipment costs (drip tubes and bypass), but it will lead to an increased risk of grain yield heterogeneity between wheat rows. Adjusting wheat row spacing is an effective cultivation measure to regulate a row's yield heterogeneity. During a 2-year field experiment, we investigated the variations in yield traits and photosynthetic physiology by utilizing two different water- and fertilizer-demanding spring wheat cultivars (NS22 and NS44) under four kinds of drip irrigation patterns with different drip tube lateral spacing and wheat row spacing [① TR4, drip tube spacing (DTS) was 60cm, wheat row horizontal spacing (WRHS) was 15cm; ② TR6, DTS was 90cm, WRHS was 15cm; ③ TR6L, DTS was 90cm, WRHS was 10cm, inter-block spacing (IBS) was 35cm; and ④ TR6S, DTS was 80cm, WRHS was 10cm, IBS was 25cm]. The results showed that under 15-cm equal row spacing condition, after the number of wheat rows served by a single tube increased from four (TR4, control) to six (TR6), NS22 and NS44 exhibited a marked decline in yield. The decline of NS22 (9.93%) was higher than that of NS44 (9.04%), and both cultivars also showed a greater decrease in grain weight and average grain-filling rate (AGFR) of inferior grains (NS22: 23.19%, 13.97%; NS44: 7.78%, 5.86%) than the superior grains (NS22: 10.60%, 8.33%; NS44: 4.89%, 4.62%). After the TR6 was processed to narrow WRHS (from 15 to 10cm) and add IBS (TR6L: 35cm; TR6S: 25cm), the grain weight per panicle (GWP) and AGFR of superior and inferior grains in the third wheat row (RW3) of NS22 and NS44 under TR6L increased significantly by 26.05%, 8.22%, 14.05%, 10.50%, 5.09%, and 5.01%, respectively, and under TR6S, they significantly increased by 20.78%, 9.91%, 16.19%, 9.28%, 5.01%, and 4.14%, respectively. The increase in GWP and AGFR was related to the increase in flag leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, relative water content, actual photochemical efficiency of PSII, and photochemical quenching coefficient. Among TR4, TR6, TR6L, and TR6S, for both NS22 and NS44, the yield of TR6S was significantly higher than that of TR6 and TR6L. Furthermore, TR6S showed the highest economic benefit.

The effect of multiple factors on changes in organic-inorganic fractions of condensable particulate matter during coal combustion

Condensable particulate matter (CPM) from coal combustion is the focus of current pollutant emission studies, and CPM can be divided into inorganic and organic fractions according to the component characteristics. At present, the effects of different factors in the combustion process on the organic and inorganic components of CPM have not been discussed systematically. Here, we conducted combustion experiments collected the generated CPM on a well-controlled drip tube furnace, and investigated the effects of different factors on the generation of organic and inorganic components of CPM by varying the furnace wall insulation temperature, the ratio of gas supply components and the water vapor content in the flue gas. The results showed that the increase in combustion temperature (1300–1500 °C) and oxygen concentration (15–25%) reduced the total CPM generation by 9.8% and 19.98%, respectively, and the intervention of water vapor increased the ability of the whole CPM sampling device to capture ultrafine condensable particles. The generation of CPM organic components decreased with the enhancement of combustion temperature and oxygen content on combustion characteristics, and alkanes shifted to low carbon content. The amount of CPM inorganic components increased with the increase of water vapor content in the flue gas, and this change was dominated by SO42−. The above results provide a feasible idea for the next step of the precise reduction of CPM components.

Impact of Irrigation on the Yield, Total Cost, and Its Influence on Hydraulic Conductivity in a Soil Under Vinasse Application

This study had the objective to evaluate the effect of irrigation and fertigation (N) in the crop yield and its impact on the total cost, in addition to its influence on the conductivity hydraulic capacity and logarithmic hydraulic conductivity in an Oxisol under vinasse application cultivated with sugarcane (second year), in state of Goiás, Brazil. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments consisted of five levels of water replacement (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0%), with and without fertirrigation (N). The planting of sugarcane, cultivar RB85-5453, was performed in a double row (W-shaped), 8 m long, with 1.80 m spacing between the double rows, the distance between the crops in the double row was 0.40 m, with a total area of 52.8 m2 in each paddock. For treatments with water, replacement (WR) a drip tube was placed in the ground at a depth of 0.20 m among the furrows of the double row. The drip tube (DRIPNET PC 16150) comprised a thin wall, 1.0 bar pressure, nominal discharge 1.0 L h-1, and 0.50 m spacing between drippers. Nitrogen was applied by fertirrigation at a dose of 100 Kg ha-1, at 30-day intervals, with 10 applications throughout the development of the sugarcane culture. Potassium fertilization was fully realized at planting. The total cost with irrigation did not increase significantly with fertirrigation (< 3%) in an Oxisol under vinasse application.

A moderate reduction in irrigation and nitrogen improves water-nitrogen use efficiency, productivity, and profit under new type of drip irrigated spring wheat system.

Rational irrigation and nitrogen management strategies are crucial for wheat growth. However, the optimal amount of water and nitrogen for the newly developed drip irrigated spring wheat system (TR6S, one drip tube service for six rows of wheat, with a row spacing of 10 cm and an inter-block space of 25 cm, saves drip tubes and obtains higher profits) in dry and semi-arid areas remains unclear. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted with four nitrogen levels (300, 270, 240, and 0 kg ha−1 referred N300, N270, N240, and N0) and four irrigation levels (4500, 4200, 3900, and 3600 m3 ha−1 referred I4500, I4200, I3900, and I3600) during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 spring wheat seasons to analyze the effects of irrigation (I) and nitrogen (N) levels on grain yield, water-nitrogen use efficiency, profit, biomass accumulation, and nitrogen nutrient absorption status under TR6S. Compared with the traditional irrigation and nitrogen management strategy (N300–I4500, as control), lesser irrigation and nitrogen supply (I<3979 m3 ha−1 and N<273 kg ha−1) saved cost but led to lower grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer (AEN), and profit. However, a moderate reduction in irrigation and nitrogen supply (4500 m3 ha−1>I>3979 m3 ha−1 and 300 kg ha−1 >N>273 kg ha−1) improved grain yield, WUE, AEN, and profit. The increase in grain yield was mainly related to the rise in 1000-grain weight and kernels per spike. Although the moderate reduction in irrigation lowered soil moisture status, the dry matter pre-stored in the vegetative organs before anthesis that gets redistributed into grains during grain filling was improved. Moreover, the moderate reduction in nitrogen supply resulted in a more reasonable nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of wheat plant, which improved flag leaf area and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) at the anthesis stage. This also played a positive role in biomass accumulation and redistributed, yield structure optimization. Considering comprehensively yield, WUE, AEN and profit, combination of 285 kg ha−1 N and 4170 m3 ha−1 I was optimal irrigation and nitrogen application pattern for TR6S. This strategy can be applied to other arid and semi-arid regions.

Алгоритмизация технологических режимов автоматизированной системы комбинированного орошения в теплицах с использованием электрохимически активированной воды

Irrigation is one of the main technological processes in greenhouse farming, which essentially provides qualitative and volumetric indicators of produced products. Thus, the combined irrigation technology which combines low-volume methods of drip and aerosol irrigation is widespread. We consider the combined irrigation system which includes an installation for water electro-chemical activation (ECA). Extended abilities of this system are caused by the reactivity of catholyte and anolyte, which are metastable products of water ECA. Catholyte and anolyte are used as growth stimulator and antiseptic respectively in the plant cultivation. Automation of the combined irrigation system, in addition to resource-saving, is also aimed to prevent technological modes violation due to the subjective (“human”) factor. Control algorithms for drip and aerosol irrigation with ordinary water, drip and aerosol irrigation with catholyte and aerosol irrigation with anolyte are described in the article. When the algorithm starts, the control testing is performed to detect possible failures in the irrigation system (for example, rupture of drip tubes or salting of drippers). In case of a detected issue, a diagnostic message is shown and accompanied by a sound signal. More complex technological irrigation modes associated with the use of catholyte and anolyte also include the performance monitoring of the water electrochemically activation unit. The control of the irrigation technological parameters (soil moisture, air humidity, soil pH) is carried out by retrieving the relevant sensors data and comparing the obtained values with the set ones. When the set points are reached the relevant technological links (electric pumps and electromagnetic valves) are switched off by the signal of the microcontroller. The presented algorithms are designed for developing the microcontroller control unit software for the combined irrigation system.

Reducing and Delaying Nitrogen Recommended by Leaf Critical SPAD Value Was More Suitable for Nitrogen Utilization of Spring Wheat under a New Type of Drip-Irrigated System

Timely and accurate judgment of the nitrogen nutritional status of crops is the key to develop an optimal nitrogen application strategy. However, the evaluation criteria of nitrogen nutrition and nitrogen application strategies at each growth stage of wheat are not clear for the new type of drip-irrigated spring wheat system, TR6S (where one drip tube serves six rows of wheat, with a row spacing (RS) of 10 cm, inter-block space (IBS) of 25 cm and the lateral spacing (LS) of 80 cm, which achieved a lower drip-tube input and higher profit compared with the traditional planting system in Xinjiang). Therefore, we studied the recommendation mechanism of nitrogen fertilizer in different growth stages of wheat based on the critical SPAD values of leaves under TR6S. We set four nitrogen treatments (N1 (300 kg ha−1), N2 (270 kg ha−1), N3 (240 kg ha−1) and N4 (0 kg ha−1)) during two spring wheat growth seasons. The results revealed that the correlation coefficient (r2) between SPAD (soil plant analysis development) value and plant nitrogen content in the middle of first top leaf (L1-M) of wheat was higher than that in other leaf types and leaf positions under TR6S. A quadratic function relationship existed between a SPAD value of L1-M and grain yield. The critical SPAD values at the jointing, booting, anthesis, early milk, and late milk stages were 37.34, 39.40, 42.25, 45.57, and 35.91, respectively. In addition, through the establishment of the nitrogen application recommendation model for various wheat growth stages based on the critical SPAD value, the recommended optimal nitrogen application rates at jointing, booting, anthesis, early milk, and late milk stages were observed to be 69.4, 80.0, 90.8, 44.0, and 6.0 kg ha−1, respectively. This recommended nitrogen application strategy exhibited a better parallel relationship with the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of each growth period than the conventional nitrogen application strategy. Therefore, it was more in line with the actual absorption and utilization of nitrogen in wheat of TR6S. In conclusion, the SPAD values of L1-M could be relatively more accurate to evaluate the nitrogen nutrition status of wheat. Compared to traditional nitrogen application strategy, reducing and delaying nitrogen application, recommended based on the leaf SPAD model, was more suitable for nitrogen utilization under TR6S. The results can be applied in other arid and semiarid regions.

Mitigation fluctuations of inter-row water use efficiency of spring wheat via narrowing row space in enlarged lateral space drip irrigation systems

Water use efficiency (WUE) is key indicator of balance between crop water demand and artificial water input in irrigation management. This makes specific importance of accurate evaluating largely diverse WUE of plants differently distant from the drip tube in the enlarged lateral space (ELS) drip irrigation wheat systems. To achieve this, we compared WUE calculated from differentiation of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C, WUE13 C), with those from grain yield (WUEYield) or dry matter accumulation (WUEDM) per evaportranspirated water in a two-year field trial with different ELS patterns in Xinjiang. Seven patterns were included, the normal ELS pattern by simply expanding drip tube to plant rows ratio from four (TR4, conventional pattern) to six (TR6) and eight (TR8) with row space (RS) of 15 cm; modified ELS by narrowing RS (NRS) to 10 cm to leave large inter-block space (IBS) of 35 cm and 45 cm for TR6L and TR8L, respectively; and Shortened IBS to 25 cm of TR6S and TR8S. Compared with TR4, ELS effectively improved all WUE parameters due to significant WUE increase in the outermost rows to drip tube, probably as a result of reduced received irrigation water (RIW). This led to large variations in WUE between rows, with inter-row coefficient of variation (C.V) of 6.2 %− 13.6 % for TR6 and TR8 (only 0.2 %− 2.3 % for TR4), respectively. The modified ELS patterns effectively reduced inter-row C.V to 2.9 %− 7.0 % for TR6L and TR8L, and 2.2 %− 5.7 % for TR6S and TR8S, respectively. NRS and SIBS effectively reduced the inter-row WUE heterogeneity, and facilitated overall yield and WUE. Considering satisfied WUE and high yield, TR6S was recommended the optimum ELS drip irrigation pattern. Moreover, WUE13 C was less fluctuant in response to reduced RIW as WUEDM and WUEYield, and was suggested proper indicator reflecting WUE of different rows in ELS patterns. The results should help guide better WUE evaluation under complex conditions and optimize more water-saving and productive drip irrigated wheat patterns.

Narrowing row space improves productivity and profit of enlarged lateral space drip irrigated spring wheat system in Xinjiang, China

Enlarging lateral space (ELS) saves cost of drip tubes, however, it is challenged by risks of heterogeneity of productivity between different rows of plants in drip irrigated wheat systems. In a two-year field experiment, we expanded the number of wheat rows served by single drip tube (TR, one Tube serves number of wheat Rows) from four (TR4) to six (TR6) and eight (TR8). To maximize grain yield and profit, we modified the ELS patterns by narrowing plant row space (NRS) and shortening inter-block space between planting blocks (SIBS). We then performed six ELS patterns, including normal ELS patterns with row space of 15 cm (TR6 and TR8), narrowed row space of 10 cm with large inter-block space (TR6L and TR8L), narrowed row space of 10 cm with shortened inter-block space (TR6S and TR8S). Compared with TR4 (control), the normal ELS patterns (TR6 and TR8) resulted in yield loss of 5.60–13.75% and WUE reduction of 6.93–15.89% due to the weak performances of plants distant to the drip tube, with a profit loss of 1.03–8.71%. NRS (TR6L and TR8L) caused yield and WUE reductions of only 1.85–10.71% and 2.92–12.41%, and received net profit increase of 0.44–5.07%. NRS in combination with SIBS (TR6S and TR8S) received the best yield and WUE, and much better profit than TR4. The overall yield was closely correlated to yield performance of plants distant to drip tube, though the later received much less irrigation water than the 1st row adjacent to the drip tube (R1). Moreover, the dry matter pre-stored in vegetative organs before anthesis which was further redistributed into grains during grain filling, was improved to well compensate the much less received irrigation water (RIW) in the distant rows to drip tube under ELS patterns. The modified ELS patterns performed better soil water status in distant rows in relation to the normal ELS patterns of TR6 and TR8. The marginal effect also conferred the improved grain yield and WUE to distant rows. In conclusion, narrowing row space in combination with shortening inter-block space were recommended in the enlarged lateral space drip irrigated wheat system in terms of better yield, WUE and profit.

Effects of spatial and temporal regulation of drip emitters and tube configurations on water productivity of juvenile macadamia trees in the tropics

SummaryMacadamia in Australia is traditionally grown in semi-arid climates with hot and humid summers and cool winters supporting rainfed cultivation. Recent industry expansion into more northern, drier production areas of Queensland, Australia, requires supplementary irrigation for successful macadamia production. However, ever-increasing demand for irrigation water in these areas is both competitive and regulated. Limited information is available to optimize water use efficiency for field-grown macadamia trees. We trialled a technique that employs specially designed drip tubes with push-in emitter plugs to close emitters so that transplanting can start with emitters closed distant from tree bases and open next to the trunks of each tree. Additional emitters are then gradually opened (i.e., plugs are removed) as tree canopy size increases over subsequent years. This technique was tested on single and double in-line irrigation tube configurations per row of macadamia. Temporal regulation of emitter closure significantly reduced irrigation input by 75, 50 and 25% in the first, second and third year of treatment. Hence, irrigation over the three-year establishment period was reduced to one-half that of the non-regulated crop. These early reductions of irrigation in juvenile trees had no significant negative effects on plant growth (height, canopy spread, leaf chlorophyll and leaf photosynthetic rates), nor on nut counts. Control of emitter discharge between the plants along the row in the earlier stage (i.e., before complete within-row canopy cover) also reduced weed growth between the trees in the row. Notable growth advantages of the single in-line over the double in-line tube configuration were evident, with a non-significant but sizeable benefit on nut counts too. Effects of the temporal regulation of emitters and of in-line tube configurations must be validated on cultivars with differing water requirements and for the longer-term reproductive performance and nut quality.

Comparative study of drip irrigation systems using indoor amorphous photovoltaic panels

Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy production option and can be applied to pumping water. Pumping water with photovoltaic solar energy is one of the technologies that has stood out in the country. In this context, the work aimed to evaluate the different methods of a drip irrigation system as a function of the use of an indoor amorphous photovoltaic pumping system, without electrical energy storage. The study was installed at the State University of Western Paraná. Voltage and current data were generated by the photovoltaic panels; solar irradiation was measured by the pyranometer device; the water pump flow rate was determined using the flow meter and in-line drip tube types. Irrigation performance was determined by the water distribution uniformity coefficients (CUD) and Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient (CUC). Tests were performed on open and partially cloudy days. The experiment totaled 40 sampled data, half being collected on sunny days and the other half on partially cloudy days, at 9:45 am; 11:00 am; 1:30 pm and 3:00 pm. The methodology had the greatest influence on the CUD value. For the CUC parameter, the values were approximately 89% for the studied methods. Values remained under control for the Shewhart graph, but with the process capacity index affected.

Smart Irrigation System in Agriculture

The most difficult task in agriculture is watering the fields. The different types of watering system are drip system, nozzles type, tube method and sprinkler system. This paper focus about the drip system. The work specifies the moisture level sensing of the crops and supply the require water when needed. The components included in this work are ATmega 328 Microcontroller, GSM Module, Humidity sensor and soil moisture sensor. A prototype has been developed to protect the plants or crops more self sufficient from watering and sunlight. The model reports the status of current condition and also reminds the need of water through GSM module. The prototype model is a loop closed control system is designed to continuously monitor the humidity, temperature, soil moisture level and controlling the irrigation systems from the output of the pumping unit.

An Efficient Intravenous Drip System For Hospital Enviroment

Healthcare system plays important role in leading a happy life of increased birth rates. At healthcare, preserving the safety of patient is by far the most important matter. Advanced health monitoring systems seem to be the most sought after anyway they offer accurate information while decreasing the hospital’s medical professionals as well as attendees’ stress and over absence of many crucial information. It also is a tedious process and a harder task to demonstrate that a long and tiring method and a harder job is when the injected supplied to a fall’s prevention under a crucial quantity A simpler task is to manually monitor the level of inject able fluid, if not then done with the utmost care, the safety of an individual can be severely affected. This may result to blood or plasma flow becoming diverted through the bloodstream to the Drip tube. When the container is drained fully, air enters its tubing but in exchange enters the vein, which could be disastrous for the patient. So, it would prove very helpful to optimize this system. The blood glucose in the insulin travel container in use in clinics in this study was identified in this study. In this, whenever the IV drip was to be drained, the scheme we had also formed to connect two streams at a same intersection and access the network using control valves system of the Arduino is engineered so that if the injected reaches a dangerous threshold, It is sensed through the use of water content as well as the secondary moving fluid valve is stimulated. This requires use of the control valve as well as the flow analysis software to calculate the measured value.

Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity of an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane fertigated with nitrogen and potassium

This study had the objective to evaluate the effect of irrigation and fertigation (NK) in the hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity of an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments consisted of five levels of water replacement (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0%), with and without fertirrigation (NK). The planting of sugarcane, cultivar RB85-5453, was performed in a double row (W-shaped), 8 m long, with 1.80 m spacing between the double rows, the distance between the crops in the double row was 0.40 m, with a total area of 52,8 m2 in each paddock. For treatments with water, replacement (WR) a drip tube was placed in the ground at a depth of 0.20 m among the furrows of the double row. The drip tube (DRIPNET PC 16150) comprised a thin wall, 1.0 bar pressure, nominal discharge 1.0 L h-1, and 0.50 m spacing between drippers. Nitrogen was applied by fertirrigation at a dose of 100 Kg ha-1, at 30-day intervals, with 10 applications throughout the development of the sugarcane culture. Potassium fertilization was done partially, in 30% of the furrows, and the remaining part was treated with the irrigation water. Nitrogen and potassium were spread only in the treatment with 0% water replacement. Was evaluated hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity versus logarithmic pressure head, at a depth of 10 cm, using RETC software. The hydraulic diffusivity for water replacement of 25 and 50% with fertigation was 160.3 and 14.9 cm2 days-1 for the lower values of the logarithm of the pressure head.

Testing Novel New Drip Emitter with Variable Diameters for a Variable Rate Drip Irrigation

This research presents a new variable rate drip irrigation (VRDI) emitter design that can monitor individual water drops. Conventional drip systems cannot monitor the individual water flow rate per emitter. Application uniformity for conventional drip emitters can be decreased by clogged emitters, irregular emitter orifices, and decreases in pressure. A VRDI emitter can overcome the irrigation challenges in the field by increasing water application uniformity for each plant and reducing water losses. Flow rate is affected by the diameter of the delivery pipe and the pressure of the irrigation delivery system. This study compares the volumetric water flow rate for conventional drip emitters and new VRDI emitters with variable diameters inner (1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.4 mm, and 1.6 mm) and outside (3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, and 4.5 mm) with three pressures (34 kPa, 69 kPa, and 103 kPa). The tests revealed that the new VRDI emitter had flow rates that increased as the operating pressure increased similar to a conventional drip tube. The flow rate was slightly increased in the VRDI with pressure, but even this increase did not show large changes in the flow rate. The flow rate of the conventional drip tube was 88% larger than the VRDI emitter for all pressures (p &lt; 0.05). However, operating pressure did not affect the drop sizes at the VRDI emitter, but the generalized linear mixed models (GLM) results show that volume per drop was impacted by the outside diameter of the VRDI outlet (p &lt; 0.05). The interaction between the inner and outside diameter was also significant at p &lt; 0.01, and the interaction between outside diameter and pressure was statistically significant at p &lt; 0.01. The electronic components used to control our VRDI emitter are readily compatible with off-the-shelf data telemetry solutions; thus, each emitter could be controlled remotely and relay data to a centralized data repository or decision-maker, and a plurality of these emitters could be used to enable full-field scale VRDI.

Evaluating the Potential of Domestic Animal Manure for Biogas Production in Ethiopia

Energy is one of the most important needy resources that found in the form of renewable and nonrenewable sources. The world demand for energy grows rapidly, and therefore, it is a time to look alternative and renewable energy resources to replace the rapidly depleting supply of fossil fuels. This study is aimed at analyzing the effects of temperature (°C), retention time (days), and potential of animal waste on the biogas production and its %CH4 compositions as responses to the factors of the study. The materials used in this study were cow dung, sheep, and pig manures. Anaerobic batch digesters (plastic water bottle) with a total volume of 2000 ml were used as digester (bioreactor) in this experiment. The glucose drip (tube) was fitted to the lids of each digester. Average temperature of digester was increased starting from the 6th to 10th day in cow dung and sheep manure. In this experiment, optimum time for best biogas yield was recorded. Analysis of the gas component shows the significant volume of methane component recorded in cow dung (66.9%) followed by sheep manure (62.1%). Cow dung was one of the best in producing biogas, while the sheep manure was medium, and pig manures are fewer producers as compared to others.

Modern öntözési lehetőségek a kondicionált felületek alatti dísznövénytermesztésben

Elterjedt öntözési eljárások: Szivárogtató: perforált csövekből szivárog a víz, ágyásokban és növényasztalokon is kivitelezhető. Csepegtető: különböző elemek (csepegtető szalagok, kemény csövek, beszúrható csepegtetők) juttatják el a vizet a gyökérhez. Felszívató: a cserepes növényeket ún. felszivató szöveten helyezik el, melyet elárasztanak a szükséges vízmennyiséggel. Ár-apály rendszerű: a növényházi asztalt időszakosan 1-2 cm magasságban vízzel vagy tápoldattal árasztják el. Esőztető: a szórófejektől függően a kijuttatott vízpermet finomsága változó, gyakran mikro-szórófejeket alkalmaznak. A környezet páratartalmának növeléséhez is hozzájárul. Öntözőkocsi: speciális berendezés, finom permetet képző szórófejekkel felszerelt öntözőcső a nevelőágyak vagy asztalok fölött, azokra merőlegesen helyezkedik el, és hosszában oda-vissza mozog.

Longer Duration of Short-day Treatment Is Required to Advance Flowering and Fruiting of Decaploid Strawberry ‘Tokun’

Strawberry ‘Tokun’ (2n = 10x =70) is a unique cultivar with special flavors, but its late maturity hampers its extension. To advance flowering and fruiting of this decaploid strawberry, the effects of short-day combined with extra nitrogen (N) nutrition treatments on strawberry ‘Tokun’ plants were studied. Runner plantlets of strawberry ‘Tokun’ were harvested and rooted in tray plugs in June 2016, 2017, and 2018, and established plants were conditioned with short-day (SD; 10 hours) and extra N nutrition. The conditioned plants were transplanted into a tabletop substrate culture system in a plastic greenhouse on 27 Aug., 3 Sept., and 10 Sept. during the 3 years, respectively, and the plants received full-element nutrient solution through the drip tube during the whole experimental period. The number of runners and lateral buds, flowering and fruiting periods, and fruit yield were investigated. Longer duration (6–7 weeks) of the SD treatment (10 hours) could significantly reduce the number of runners and increase the number of lateral buds of strawberry ‘Tokun’, advance flowering and fruiting, and achieve a fruit yield of ≈200 g/plant from November to December. The positive effect of extra N nutrition on flowering and fruiting of strawberry ‘Tokun’ was not found. This study is of great practical importance and guiding significance for cultivation and extension of the decaploid strawberry ‘Tokun’.

Narrowing abdominal aorta and vein is a simple and useful method for preparing a mice model of gestational hypertension

Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and premature delivery. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT-1) is significantly elevated in pre-eclamptic women. Making animal models of hypertensive pregnancy is costly and requires advanced equipment. We established a gestational hypertension (GH), one of the HDP subtypes, mouse model by narrowing the abdominal aorta and vein together with a medical drip tube on day 10.5 of gestation. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure on day 18.5 of gestation in the narrowed aorta and vein (NAV) group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Fetal weight decreased in the NAV group. Serum sFLT-1 was significantly increased in the NAV group on day 18.5 of gestation compared to the control group. After delivery, blood pressure and serum sFLT-1 level did not differ between the NAV and the control groups. These parameters normalized postpartum. We established a novel GH mouse model through an easy operative procedure using a simple device. In this NAV model, blood pressure and serum sFLT-1 level were increased on day 18.5 of gestation, and normalized promptly after delivery. The mouse model mimics human GH, and is suitable for the development of other treatments.

Efficacy of xylazine in neonatal calves via different routes of administration

Intramuscular (IM) injections may be more aversive than subcutaneous (SC) and intra-nasal (IN) routes. Xylazine is commonly used as a sedative for cattle, but little is known about efficacy via these routes. The first aim of this study was to compare efficacy using these different routes of administration. The second aim was to determine whether a simple behavioural assessment was associated with physiological responses. Using a within-subject design, the effects of xylazine (0.2mg/kg) were assessed in 12 Holstein calves (6.2±2.8days old) administered via IM, SC, IN drip tube (IN) and IN spray (INs). Sedation was assessed on a scale based on recumbency and eyeball rotation. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded for 2h after treatment.Intramuscular and SC routes produced an equivalent mean±standard deviation (SD) onset of sedation (IM: 4.8±2.0min vs. SC: 6.8±2.2min) and duration of sedation (IM: 60.3±25.5min vs. SC: 61.9±23.3min). IN treatments produced less consistent and longer onset times (IN: 33.0±26.9min, and INs: 31.0±15.1min) and a shorter duration of sedation (IN: 42.0±31.5min, and INs: 26.7±21.8min). Behaviour scores were moderately correlated with changes in HR (r=−0.52; CI −0.60, −0.43) and changes in RR (r=−0.42; CI −0.51, −0.32), but not with changes in RT (r=−0.09, CI −0.20, 0.02). We conclude that SC is a viable alternative to the more aversive IM route, and that a simple clinical scale can be useful for assessing xylazine sedation.

DESOBSTRUÇÃO DE EMISSORES COM ÁCIDO FOSFÓRICO EM FERTIRRIGAÇÃO COM CLORETO DE POTÁSSIO VERMELHO

Estudos na área da irrigação têm sido realizados com o objetivo de se racionalizar a utilização da água na agricultura. Um dos problemas mais comum nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejadores é o entupimento de emissores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o ácido fosfórico como agente de limpeza de tubos gotejadores sob fertirrigação com cloreto de potássio vermelho. Assim este estudo utilizou um sistema de quimigação de tubos gotejadores conduzidos por gravidade, porém mantendo-se a pressão de entrada com baixa variação, em quatro tratamentos experimentais: irrigação antes da quimigação (T1); fertirrigação com cloreto de potássio vermelho (T2); quimigação com ácido fosfórico (T3); e irrigação depois da quimigação (T4), com seis repetições e tempo médio de uma hora por repetição. Os tratamentos que fertirrigaram soluções em uma concentração de KCl com 60% de potássio foram desobstruídos com ácido fosfórico em uma concentração de 7,086 g L-1, sendo esta operação analisada por coeficientes de uniformidade, gráficos de controle estatístico e mapas de contorno. Observou-se que no manejo de não abrir os finais de linha, os resíduos provenientes da desobstrução causaram um grau de entupimento de 15,13% em média nas linhas dos tubos gotejadores. Os resultados mostraram que o ácido fosfórico pode ser utilizado como agente de limpeza em tubos gotejadores, porém requer manejo adequado do sistema.