Drinks Sold Research Articles

Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Locally and Industrially Processed Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Drinks Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Public health is seriously threatened by the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in food products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from locally and Industrially Processed NONI (Morinda citrifolia) Drinks Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Noni beverages (samples) were bought from three distinct locations in Rivers State while the fruits were locally fermented into noni beverages. Conventional microbiological methods were employed to identify the bacterial isolates, and the disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antibiotics susceptibility. Characterization of the bacterial isolates was further done using molecular techniques. The total heterotrophic bacteria in the beverages ranged from 3.5±0.7 to 5.9±0.3×104 cfu/ml. The total coliform counts ranged from 1.7±1.9 to 3.8±1.2×104 CFU/ml and faecal coliform count in all the samples was zero (0). Data showed that the locally produced noni sample had the highest bacterial counts (1.6×103 cfu/ml) while the lowest count was observed in samples from location B (1.50×102 cfu/ml). The presence of multiple bacterial species, including Flavobacterium spp. (16.7%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Serratia spp. (25%), Micrococcus spp. (8.3%) and Bacillus spp. (25%) was indicated by the results. All the isolates (100%) were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefixime and meropenem, gentamycin, vancomycin, with 66.7% being resistant to ampiclox. Ampicillin resistance gene (Amp C gene) was detected in Serratia marcescens AB061685.1 and Bacillus subtilis AB192294.2. These findings have shown that Noni beverages are prone to bacterial contamination with serious public health concerns and thus highlighted the significance of strict quality control measures in the production and sale of Noni drinks, to check the risk of antimicrobial resistance transmission through food consumption.

Analysis of Coca-cola's Characteristics and Financial Indicators

Coca-Cola is by far the world's largest beverage company, with a market share of 48 percent worldwide. Coca-Cola was founded in 1886. From a drink sold only in drugstores to a famous cola in more than 200 cities, the company has made a lot of changes. Coca-Cola has become a benchmark in the global beverage industry, and some of its decisions or strategic changes may affect the global economy. Therefore, understanding the basic information and financial situation of Coca-Cola Company is a required item for many companies and individuals. Through SWOT analysis and calculation of some financial ratios (comparing Coca-Cola and Pepsi), this paper conducts a analysis and provides suggestions on the strengths, weaknesses, external opportunities, external threats and financial conditions of Coca-Cola. According to the analysis, Coca-Cola should do more research and development to make its products more novel, and it should reduce the production cost appropriately and strive for greater profit space. Secondly, Coca-Cola needs to sell a large number of inventory goods as soon as possible, replan the inventory number of products, and strengthen the operation of funds. The final recommendation is that Coca-Cola is a good company for people to invest in.

Assessment of the microbiological quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) drink sold in Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

This research work assessed the microbiological quality of tiger nut juice (Cyperus esculentus L.) sold at Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt. A total of six samples were purchased from different vendors selling in the University main campus. Microbiological analysis was done using nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Potato dextrose agar media to culture, enumerate and isolate organisms from the samples. The total aerobic heterotrophic bacterial count, coliform count, and fungal count, were estimated by the pour plate techniques. The results revealed that total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged 1.11×105 to 2.40×105 cfu/ml, while the total coliform count ranged from 1.54×105 to 3.10×105 cfu/ml. The total staphylococcus and yeast count ranged from 1.44×105 to 2.61×105 cfu/ml. The high coliform count and the isolation of pathogenic bacteria in some samples indicate that the Tiger nut drink was contaminated and a potential health hazard to the unsuspecting consumers. The producers and vendors of tiger nut drink should be enlightened on the consequences of poor hygiene and the need to adopt good manufacturing practices in the preparation and storage of the drink to prevent the outbreak of epidemics.

Assessment of the microbiological quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) drink sold in Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Assessment of the microbiological quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) drink sold in Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Microbiological Quality Analysis of Popular Fluids and Drinks Sold in Bashundhara Residential Area, Dhaka

The mass public health principally depends on types and qualities of a range of food items in any neighborhood. In this very study the microbiological analysis of the most sold bottled waters, fruit juices and dairy fluids consumed by the maximum children, carbonated soft drinks and the energy drinks especially consumed by young people was conducted with the simple isolation approach following the traditional microbiological methodology. Presence of Staphylococcus spp. was detected in 50% samples the results for the presence of enteric bacteria; fecal coliforms and Vibrio spp. were completely negative. On the basis of the quantification of total bacteria and of the staphylococcal species, more emphasis on the good manufacturing practice (GMP) as well as on the market complaints is suggested.
 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 36 Number 2 December 2019, pp 115-117

Applying Nutrient Profiling Systems to Packaged Foods and Drinks Sold in Jamaica.

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and Chile stage III nutrient profiling systems (NPSs) were applied to packaged beverages/foods sold in Jamaica to: (a) identify products with excess nutrients of concern (NOC) under each NPS; (b) assess differences between these NPS, and (c) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each NPS when applied to Jamaica’s food supply. Data on 6261 branded multi-ingredient packaged products were collected from the city of Kingston in 2018; of these, 4739 products, comprised of 3423 foods (from 15 food groups) and 1316 beverages (from four beverage groups), provided sufficient information. Products containing excessive NOC under each NPS were identified and the proportions of categories with excess NOC were compared using correlation coefficients. Also assessed were the mean nutrient values among the subset of products exceeding versus not exceeding both NPSs using tests of significance. A larger proportion of packaged beverages and foods exceeds thresholds under PAHO versus Chile Stage III. Additionally, a larger percentage of foods, like fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish and seafood, would be considered as having excess sugar or sodium under PAHO versus Chile. This is the first study in the Caribbean that applies two existing NPSs to packaged products. The results can help to determine an appropriate NPS for use in Jamaica as the basis for food and nutrition policies, to help consumers make improved food choices.

Qualitative Detection and Isolation of Bacteria from Surfaces of Canned Drinks Sold in Ugbor, Benin City

Abstract The qualitative assessment of putative bacterial pathogens on the surfaces of canned drinks sold in Benin metropolis was evaluated in this study. Standard bacteriological culture-based techniques employing the use of selective and differential media (Oxoid) such as Bacillus cereus agar, mannitol Salt agar, Pseudomonas cetrimide agar, bile esculin agar and MacConkey agar were used for isolation and identification of bacteria from swabbed surfaces of canned drinks. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used for antibacterial susceptibility testing. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was deduced from the antibiogram characterization to evaluate the public health importance of the bacterial isolates. Refrigerated samples had 25% contamination while 75% were not contaminated and about 15.39% contamination was observed for non-refrigerated samples (stored in crates or cartons) compared to the counterpart 84.61%. The bacterial species include Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sp. and Enterococcus sp. The bacteria were found to be sensitive to ciprofloxacin (92.5%) and gentamicin (90.1%) and least susceptible to cefixime (23.1%) and vancomycin (26.4%). They were found to be multi-resistant because they have an MAR index above the tolerable permissible limit (0.2) for common antibiotics usually used for their eradication. It is important to ensure that the surfaces of canned drinks must be rinsed with water before consumption.

Condições higiênico-sanitárias da bebida guaraná da Amazônia comercializada por vendedores ambulantes na cidade de São Luís, MA

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias da bebida guaraná da Amazônia comercializada por vendedores ambulantes na cidade de São Luís, Maranhão. Trinta amostras, provenientes de 10 pontos de venda, foram submetidas às seguintes análises microbiológicas: pesquisa de Salmonella spp., quantificação do número mais provável de coliformes a 35°C e a 45°C, enumeração de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, fungos e estafilococoscoagulase positivos. Em cada ponto de venda avaliado foi aplicado um questionário tipo check-list para verificar as condições higiênicas do local e de preparo do guaraná da Amazônia. Verificaram-se nas amostras os micro-organismos pesquisados, com exceção de Salmonella spp. Foram encontradas contagens elevadas de coliformes a 35ºC (n= 24; 80%) e a 45ºC (n=18; 60%), indicando condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias das amostras analisadas. Também foram verificadas várias inadequações nos pontos de venda, indicando deficiências higiênicas no preparo da bebida guaraná da Amazônia. Os resultados reforçam a importância de investimentos em programas de qualidade, conscientização e treinamento para os vendedores ambulantes da bebida guaraná da Amazônia na cidade de São Luís, Maranhão.

Portion weights of food served in English schools: have they changed following the introduction of nutrient-based standards?

Mandatory food-based and nutrient-based standards for the food provided in English schools were introduced in 2008 (primary) and 2009 (secondary) and have had a positive impact on pupils' food choice and nutrient intake at school. There are no recommendations for portion sizes in England, although anecdotal evidence suggests that portions of food and drink sold in schools have decreased since the standards were introduced. Data were collected from 136 primary and 80 secondary schools in 2009 and 2010/11, respectively. All food and drink items provided at lunchtime were weighed on five consecutive days at each school. The mean and median weight, SD, and 25th and 75th centile for each individual food were calculated. Data were compared with the results obtained from similar surveys in 2004 and 2005, as well as with portion size recommendations for Scottish schools. The proportion of food items that differed in weight since 2004/05 varied from 13% in primary schools to 29% in secondary schools. Changes in weight were equally likely to be positive or negative, with the exception of portions of fruit and vegetables, which had decreased. Primary schools were more likely to meet portion size recommendations than secondary schools. Of the items that were directly comparable over time, a limited number showed a significant change in portion size since the standards for school food were introduced. Portion weight recommendations are based on a balanced healthy diet, and pupils should eat all the components of meals offered by schools to meet dietary recommendations.

ANTIBIOGRAM OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM KUNUN-ZAKI DRINK SOLD IN KEFFI METROPOLIS

Kunun-zaki drink is a locally prepared indigenous non-alcoholic beverage that is widely produced and consumed in Nigeria. Standard microbiological methods were employed to isolate bacteria from Kunun-zaki drink sold in Keffi metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Samples of Kunun-zaki drink were collected from ten (10) different locations and their bacteriological loads were determined in terms of total bacterial counts using standard methods involving pour plate. The antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacterial isolates against some antibiotics was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The bacterial counts of the Kunun-zaki in the ten different locations range from 9.1×108 to 2.6×108 cfu/mL. Four species of bacteria were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods and these were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. The most predominant isolate in terms of occurrence was Escherichia coli (100%) followed by Enterobacter aerogenes (70%), Staphylococcus areus (30%) and Streptococcus spp (10%). Escherichia coli showed high resistance to Chloramphenicol (75%), followed by Septrin (68.7%) and Sparfloxacin (68.7%), while Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus spp and Staphylococcus areus had low rates of resistance to all the antibiotics tested. E. coli had very sensitivity to Pefloxacin (100%), Gentamicin (88%), Amoxicillin (88%), Augmentin (75%), Tarivid (68.7%) and Streptomycin (68.7%). Streptococus spp are the most susceptible isolates which had 100% sensitivity to Septrin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, Gentamicin and Pefloxacin respectively and this was followed by Staphylococcus areus which had 100% sensitivity to Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, Augmentin and Tarivid respectively. The antibiotic resistance pattern exhibited by E. coli isolated from the Kunun-zaki sold in Keffi is indicative of possible abuse of the use of antibiotics and this has serious health implications. The results of this study demonstrate that Kunun-zaki sold in Keffi is contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria including antibiotic resistant E. coli and these may lead to failures in antibiotic chemotherapy among consumers of Kunun-zaki in the Keffi metropolis.

Microbiological evaluation of sachet water and street-vended yoghurt and “Zobo” drinks sold in Nsukka metropolis

Microbial, physical and chemical characteristics of six brands of sachet water and street-vended yoghurt (two) and “Zobo” drinks (three) sold in Nsukka metropolis were studied. Parameters such pH, total dissolved solids, copper, iron, alkalinity, appearance, taste, colour, aerobic mesophilic count, coliform counts were evaluated. Data obtained from the study showed that the yoghurt and “Zobo” drinks sold at the moment are bacteriologically safe. “Zobo” drink samples had total plate count of 9.9×101 CFU/ml to 1.48×102 CFU/ml, negative to coliform, Salmonella, and E. coli. Yoghurt samples had total plate count of 9.9×101 CFU/ml to 1.59×102 CFU/ml, negative to coliform, Salmonella and E. coli. Sachet water samples had pH of 7.25 to 7.50, total dissolved solids of 2.66ppm to 15.03ppm, hardness of 0.24ppm to 15.00ppm, iron, nitrate and nitrite were not detected. A total plate count of 1.41×102 to 3.19×102 , negative to Salmonella spp and some positive to Pseudomonas spp, coliform and E. coli. Thus the need for improved water treatment methods and storage before drinking and use for food drink processing.

The Role of Government in Preventing Excess Calorie Consumption

AMERICANS CONSUME MANY MORE CALORIES THAN needed, and the excess is leading to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Since the 1970s, caloric intake has increased by some 200 to 600 calories per person per day. Although it is unclear how important changes in physical activity are to the surge in obesity prevalence, it is quite clear that this increase in calorie consumption is the major cause of the obesity epidemic—an epidemic that each year is responsible for the deaths of more than 100 000 Americans and accounts for nearly $150 billion in health care costs. As the obesity epidemic has mounted during the last few decades, Americans’ genes have not changed, but the “food environment” has changed markedly. Food has become increasingly ubiquitous, convenient, calorie-dense, offered in large portion sizes, and heavily marketed. Many foods contribute to excess calorie intake, but sugary drinks have drawn particular blame because of the near-tripling of consumption since the 1970s and their association in epidemiologic studies with obesity, weight gain, diabetes, and markers of cardiovascular disease. The size of sugary drinks sold has ballooned from a standard 6.5or 8-ounce size in the 1960s to 20, 32, and even 64 ounces today. A single 20ounce bottle delivers 250 calories of sugar, about twice the amount recommended by the American Heart Association for an entire day. The increase in portion sizes of these beverages is important because studies consistently show that when people are offered larger portions they simply consume more without recognizing it and without compensating for the increased consumption by decreasing intake later. The portion studies highlight a larger issue: the effectiveness of marketing of food. Food companies heavily market high-profit products, not just with billions of dollars in advertising, but also with convenient packaging, promotional pricing, and placement that facilitates impulse purchases. These food manufacturers would not continue to spend so much money on this marketing if it were not successful. In part the marketing of food is successful because humans evolved through many more periods of food shortage than excess. Humans are biologically driven to store calories when they become available and are limited in their ability to refuse food. The placement of calorie-dense, readyto-consume, inexpensive food and beverages at arm’s reach inevitably leads to the consumption of additional calories. How should government address the health problems caused by this successful marketing of food? To do nothing is to invite even higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and related mortality. One option is to encourage food companies to voluntarily alter their products or marketing to reduce health risks. Food companies understand how customers respond to their products and marketing better than anyone and could make many changes that would promote health. Food companies have indeed been responding to the obesity crisis by marketing products that have lower calorie contents by substitution (as with “diet” beverages) and more recently by offering smaller portions. However, as publicly traded companies responsive to the interests of their shareholders, food companies cannot make decisions that will lower profits, and larger portion sizes are more profitable because most costs of delivering food items to consumers are fixed. For example, PepsiCo’s attempt to emphasize healthier products was recently rejected by analysts and investors, a reminder of the limits of voluntary industry action to promote health. The balanced and most effective approach is for governments to regulate food products that harm the most people, simultaneously encourage food companies to voluntarily produce and market healthful products, and then provide information to consumers in ways that facilitate their choosing healthful products. That is what has been done in New York City. Trans fat is an artificial food ingredient that was dangerous and easily replaceable, so its use by restaurants has been prohibited by the New York City Board of Health. At the same time, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene has been working with food companies to voluntarily reduce the high levels of sodium in food. Chain restaurants are now required by the city’s Board of Health to post calorie counts on menus and menu boards so consumers can choose lower-calorie items. These actions followed similar steps to address smoking—steps that have led to a

British Food Journal Volume 30 Issue 2 1928

It is not long since, in Scotland at least, the greater part of the food eaten was simple and unsophisticated. Oatmeal porridge and milk, bread, a very few varieties of breadstuffs (such as oatcake and scones), fish, home‐killed meat, with rough dainties in the shape of black and white puddings, were the common food of most people. Thousands of forms in which food is presented to‐day, from homogenised milk to meat extract, did not exist. Along with a multitude of developments in the form in which food was presented to the public came a great number of manipulations. Some of these, like the cooling of milk after production, were laudable; some, like the freezing of meat for importation, were inevitable; and many others, such as preservation with chemicals, were of doubtful necessity, and in any case required careful watching. In the first half of the nineteenth century, and before it, adulterations of food were gross and dangerous. It is doubtful, however, whether the danger to health involved in specific infections of food was realised till much later. It is on the lines of minimising or preventing these two dangers that the administration has developed. One series of miscellaneous enactments deals with the prevention of infection or contamination, and another, the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 1875 to 1907, is concerned with “the nature, substance and quality” of articles of food and drink sold. Meat and milk, because of their nature and because of the inevitable risks involved in preparation and handling, are specially liable to infection and contamination. The uniform system and standard of meat inspection established in 1923 by the Public Health (Meat) Regulations (Scotland) have functioned well throughout the country. It was comparatively easy to secure the examination of every carcase, and to take all other necessary precautions, in the public slaughterhouses, but the five hundred private slaughterhouses throughout the country presented difficulties. The Regulations, however, by providing for the restriction of hours of slaughter, brought the majority of private slaughterhouses in populous places into line, and the remainder, principally in outlying districts, are visited by officers of the local authorities from time to time. Food inspectors are in constant attendance at the ports, and the import of certain classes of meat and fat is controlled by the Public Health (Oversea Meat) Regulations, 1925. In regard to milk, the Milk and Dairies (Scotland) Act, 1914, a consolidating statute which came into operation on 1st September, 1925, is the principal enactment. The Milk and Dairies (Amendment) Act, 1922, authorised the system of higher‐grade milk referred to below. In regard to other foods, the Public Health (Regulations as to Food) Act, 1907, authorises the framing of Regulations for preventing danger to public health from the importation, preparation, storage or distribution of articles of food or drink. The Unsound Food Regulations, 1925, provide for the inspection of all imported foods, and Section 43 of the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897, authorises inspection of animals, alive or dead, and articles of food exposed for sale, and the condemnation of any of these if found unfit for the food of man.