Drinking Water Supply System Research Articles

IMPLEMENTATION OF ONLINE PAYMENT SYSTEM AGAINST PAM TIRTA SALO KARAJAE ARREARS PAREPARE CITY

Government Regulation Number 122 of 2015 concerning the Drinking Water Supply System states that clean water is household drinking water by going through various stages of changes in both the way of producing and without production which is then able to complete health requirements and can be drunk directly. This study aims to determine the implementation of the online payment system against PAM TirtaSaloKarajae arrears in Parepare City. The number of informants in this study amounted to 1 person using qualitative research methods with a case study approach. The data collection technique in this study is using interviews. This research was conducted by PAM Tirta Salo Karajae Parepare City with the research time starting from May to June which ranged from 2 months. The result of this research is that the implementation of an online payment system at PAM TirtaSaloKarajae Kota Parepare provides tangible benefits in terms of efficiency, convenience, and increased acceptance. In addition, cooperation with third parties and effective socialization are important factors in the success of this implementation. Thus, the use of an online payment system can be an effective solution in overcoming arrears and improving services for PAM Tirta Salo Karajae customers.

When the first barrier fails: public health and policy implications of nitrate contamination of a municipal drinking water source in Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACT Safe, good-quality drinking water is a foundation of public health. Its provision relies on multiple barriers, the first being the protection of source water. Source water refers to the bodies of water (aquifers, rivers, lakes, springs, reservoirs) from which communities and individuals take their drinking water. A large waterborne campylobacter outbreak in 2016 spurred the New Zealand government to make a suite of legislative and policy reforms to strengthen the country’s drinking water supply system. However, the nitrate contamination of a municipal drinking water source, and its subsequent breach of drinking water standards, should bring renewed attention to the protection of source water. This article presents a case study of the exceedance and a review of legislation and policy governing drinking water sources. It finds that while important steps have been made since 2016, weaknesses in responsibility and accountability remain in Aotearoa’s drinking water supply system.

Gadjah Mada University drinking water supply system TOYAGAMA life cycle inventory

TOYAGAMA is the drinking water supply system (DWSS) of Gadjah Mada University. Acknowledging that its production operations have potential environmental and ecological impacts is essential. To ensure sustainable operations, comprehension of these impacts is necessary. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been reported to be an ideal method, but it has never been carried out, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) is a vital preliminary step. Therefore, this study aims to construct an LCI database for the production of drinking water in TOYAGAMA DWSS, covering the process of raw water intake to treatment. This database could serve as a reference for future LCA studies involving similar technologies and as an overview of its potential impacts. The data collection methods included observation, literature review, and interviews. The collected data focus was carried out from September 26 to November 3, 2022. Organizing and processing were performed using Microsoft Excel and OpenLCA 2.0 Beta. The results showed that TOYAGAMA DWSS consisted of 15 unit processes and an additional 1 non-TOYAGAMA DWSS unit process was included in the LCI. Flows recapitulation showed that 15 environmental flows were involved. Evaluation using Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method Environmental Footprint 3.0 indicated that the production of 1 m3 drinking water contributed to 12 of 28 potential impact categories. Based on the results, to produce 1 m3 of drinking water, 3.35293 MJ of electrical energy and 1.22723 m3 groundwater were required. Furthermore, plastic waste had the highest potential impact, with a total of 5 impacts.

Drinking Water Supply System in Kathmandu Valley

This study designed to analyze physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of drinking water quality and its management by the city water supply system in the Kathmandu Valley. The study covers 18 core areas including 32 samples sites. Altogether 325 samples collected from intake, reservoirs, treatment plants and deep wells to their connectivity as well as alternative sources such as shallow wells, tube wells, processed water and stone spouts of Sundarijal water supply system. Primary information collected through In-depth interview with 155 households (hhs), 15 focus group discussions, interview with 20 water suppliers (government and private sector) and 30 school teachers and students of linking with water supply system within the study areas. The study analyzed 7 physical, 16 chemical and 2 microbiological parameters (Total coliform (TC) and Fecal coliform (FC) following the standard methods (APHA 2000). The findings have elaborated the water quality in the source is acceptable and it is deteriorate the quality linking with its supply chains and connectivity, which is severely affected by the scaled, rusted, leakage, old pipelines and intermittence of water supply. Most of the sampling sites were microbiologically, contaminated (TC 6->180MPN/100mL and FC 1-7MPN/100mL). The processed water contains lower level of essential minerals because of reverse osmosis treatments.
 The fluoride (0.8-2mg/L), manganese (0.1-0.5mg/L), ammonia (52-70mg/L), iron 5mg/L, color (20-25°Hazen), pH (6) and turbidity (32-40 NTU) in deep wells, its supplies, well, tube wells were found beyond the value of tolerance level recommended by NDWQS and WHO guidelines. About 98% hhs used traditional methods for water management; indicates poor handling practices. Hence water quality management is a big challenge in Kathmandu Valley in terms of adequate safe water and requires regular surveillances and monitoring system for improvement.

The Effect Of Work Motivation On The Performance Of Employees Of The Regional Public Service Agency For The Drinking Water Supply System Of The Public Works And Spatial Planning Service Of East Nusa Tenggara Province

Low employee performance and its relation with extrinsic and extrinsic work motivation have been the focus of this study. The study examines how extrinsic and intrinsic motivation partially and simultaneously affect the performance of employees at the Regional Public Service Agency for the Drinking Water Supply System of the Public Works and Spatial Planning Service (Badan Layanan Umum Daerah Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang - BLUD SPAM of DPUPR) of East Nusa Tenggara Province. This study was quantitative, with a cross-sectional approach from September to November 2020. The population was 38 employees, and the sample consisted of 33 people determined purposively by considering their willingness to be respondents. We used a questionnaire as the instrument, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and simple and multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that extrinsic motivation, including incentives, working conditions, work relationships between leaders and staff, and job security, partially affects employee performance. Intrinsic motivation, including the work itself, responsibility, work knowledge, and work performance, partially influences employee performance. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation simultaneously influence employee performance. It can be concluded that there is a positive and significant influence between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation partially and simultaneously on the performance of employees of the Regional Public Service Agency for the Drinking Water Supply System of the Public Works and Spatial Planning Service (Badan Layanan Umum Daerah Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang - BLUD SPAM of DPUPR) of East Nusa Tenggara Province.

Optimalisasi Program Pamsimas melalui Kegiatan KKN-Tematik di Desa Paccekke Kabupaten Barru

ABSTRACT
 One of the village's potentials which is currently being managed by the Paccekke community is the development of springs by each hamlet by forming water management groups from springs. The spring water is distributed through pipes to residents' homes. Based on the survey results, deficiencies were still found in the clean water supply system, including when water use increased there were several houses that were not supplied with clean water, because the position of the house was higher than the water storage tank. Apart from that, there are still deficiencies in the clean water supply system in hamlet 2, namely that the PAMSIMAS program has not been included. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a special program regarding the management and distribution of these spring water sources. The general aim of the Problem Identification and Analysis (IMAP) program is to help increase community empowerment in Paccekke Village, especially in the Paccekke Village drinking water supply system sector. The specific objectives of this IMAP data collection program are (1) Knowing the distribution route for the drinking water supply system (SPAM) in Paccekke Village. (2). Knowing the potential and problems in the provision of drinking water (SPAM) in Paccekke Village. (3). Help develop drinking water supply management (SPAM) in Paccekke Village to make it better. (4). Forming the creation of social petas plumbing systems (Piping Lines) in the drinking water supply (SPAM) of Paccekke Village.

Motivation, robustness and benefits of water commons: Insights from small drinking water supply systems

The article addresses the governance of water commons with an emphasis on drinking water. The study applied two conceptual frameworks: Ostrom's Design Principles and the Social-Ecological Systems framework. The empirical part refers to two water commons in Slovenia and is based on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with locals and professionals. The article follows three objectives: 1) to identify the drivers and motivations for successful local water governance; 2) to assess the robustness of water commons in terms of current and future challenges; 3) to identify the benefits of water commons. The key elements for the functioning of the two local communities under examination are shared interests, as well as a strong commitment to effective management. In addition to the material benefits (i.e. drinking water supply), non-material ones are also important. Community building and identity are particularly noteworthy. The importance of small drinking water supply systems that are well organised and responsibly governed as commons is beneficial not only to a municipality but also to a country.

Analysis and mathematical modeling of chlorite formation and content in water treated with chlorine dioxide in the drinking water supply system

Today, at the present time, a study of methods of introduction of uncontaminated drinking water, which are characterized by high bactericidal ability and do not lead to the detection of toxic substances in drinking water in unsafe quantities, has been carried out. With the help of such methods, it is necessary to treat drinking water with chlorine dioxide. Through the use of this reagent in water treatment, toxic chlorites become the priority raw materials for drinking water. I have to conduct an analysis and apply mathematical modeling of the solution and amount of chlorites in water, which are developed from the water environment of the Dnieper at water supply stations with traditional technology of water purification by treatment with chlorine dioxide, to determine the optimal technological parameters for carrying out the technological process with the advantages of Ukrainian and European legislation. The developed mathematical models show the possibility of transferring the process of treatment of Dnieper water with chlorine dioxide and deeper purification at water supply stations, performing processes using the method of determining the characteristics of drinking water, as well as conveniently optimizing the process of preparing drinking water.

Estimation of the Actual Specific Consumption in Drinking Water Supply Systems in Burkina Faso (West Africa): Potential Implications for Infrastructure Sizing

Specific consumption is a key parameter in estimating the water demand and further optimising the sizing of Drinking Water Supply Systems (DWSS) infrastructure. DWSS are globally used to provide safe drinking water in urban and rural settings, and their design cost is critical for water authorities, especially in low-income countries. In this study, the optimal of the specific consumption value is carried out in Burkina Faso (West Africa). The methodology adopted a statistical analysis of operational data collected on 40 DWSS systems in Burkina Faso, further completed by a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) of determinants of the water demand and cluster identification and analysis through Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). The results show that the actual consumption is lower than the common estimate used in sizing. Statistical analysis revealed that actual specific consumption is affected by various parameters, the most relevant of which are the reliance on alternative resources, the presence of waterways and the local climate seasonality. The average actual specific consumption is estimated at 3.83 ± 3.43 L/people/day. Finally, a decision tree for the choice of suitable specific consumption value as a function of the physical settings of a given area is proposed for optimal sizing of DDWS systems in Burkina Faso.

Lmplementation of a national regulatory framework for drinking water safety plans in Uruguay.

The establishment of national strategic frameworks for systematic scaling-up of water safety plans (WSPs) implementation needs to overcome major constraints: lack of legislation and policies, and the need for appropriate monitoring tools. In 2018, the Uruguayan regulator for energy and water services promulgated a regulation intended to ensure an ambitious and pragmatic strategy that supports and promotes WSP implementation and auditing at a national scale. The goal is to have all drinking water supply systems with their WSP implemented by 2030. For this, a demanding schedule was recommended considering the size of the drinking water supplies: (i) large systems serving more than 2,000 inhabitants and (ii) small and very small systems serving fewer than 2,000 inhabitants. A mandatory verification through internal and external audits was also established. This work describes the legal and regulatory framework as well as the challenges and opportunities that open up for the generalization of WSP implementation in Uruguay. Despite the impact of COVID-19 on working conditions for water suppliers, as for the year 2022, WSPs have been successfully implemented in 94 water systems serving more than 2.4 million people. Results of successful implementation and auditing processes are presented and discussed covering methods and outcomes.

PUBLIC HEALTH RISK FROM CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER WITH CARCINOGENIC CHEMICALS IN CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

The paper presents the results of assessing the carcinogenic risk to public health from consuming drinking water contaminated with priority chemicals at the level of their hygienic standards. A comparative analysis of SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 “Hygienic Standards and Requirements for Ensuring the Safety and (or) Harmlessness of Environmental Factors for Humans” and repealed SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 “Drinking Water and Water Supply to Populated Areas. Drinking Water. Hygienic Requirements for Water Quality of Centralized Drinking Water Supply Systems. Quality Control” valid since March 01, 2021, is carried out. Maximum allowable concentrations of carcinogenic chemical substances and values of slope factors and risk potential factors have been analyzed. A comparative analysis of SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 that is currently in force and the US EPA “2018 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables” has been conducted. The average daily intake doses of each studied substance in drinking water at the level of maximum permissible concentrations were determined. It has been found that, despite the tightening of standards for some substances, the content of many carcinogens in water at the maximum allowable concentrations or below can lead to high values of potential carcinogenic risk, and a list of activities is needed to complement the current standards regarding the quality of water.

The status of water access, sanitation, and hygiene in schools: A cross sectional survey to identify capacities and assess coverage in Garoua, North Cameroon

There has been an increasing global interest in understanding, documenting, and monitoring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in schools. This study is the first to identify existing WASH-in-school capacities and understand the magnitude of the gaps in WASH coverage in schools in the Northern Cameroon, a region of the country marked by recurrent sanitary emergencies, the highest prevalence of acute malnutrition, and representing the largest and heaviest focus of food and water insecurity. Using a cross-sectional design, relevant authorities of 176 schools in Garoua, were interviewed. The survey guide included core questions for monitoring WASH in schools from recommended guidelines. Eleven indicators-related variables were extracted from data to calculate the WASH-in-school indicators composite score, which could be used as a more reliable and useful tool for comparison across settings and can contribute to harmonize data with WASH in schools related indicators applied in national surveys. The results of this research showed suboptimal drinking water supply systems and sanitation facilities whereas most schools had hand washing points available. However, activities that aimed to promote and sustain a WASH positive environment among children still need to be put in place. The WASH-in-school indicators composite score predictive value corroborated the disparities related to WASH access in schools located in Garoua. This score hence provides an assessment of the spatial dimensions of reduced access to water in schools, improper hygiene practices, and inadequate sanitation facilities. Such a score could be used to identify hotspots lacking WASH infrastructural facilities and strategize optimal interventions to reduce the incidence of WASH related diseases in schools.

OPTIMALISASI DAN STRATEGI PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM PT. AIR MINUM INTAN BANJAR (PERSERODA) WILAYAH PELAYANAN GAMBUT

PT. Air Minum Intan Banjar (Perseroda) as a drinking water manager is required to fullfill the water needs of the society in Banjarbaru and Banjar Regency. It is necessary to study the optimization and drinking water supply strategy of PT. Air Minum Intan Banjar Specifically for Gambut Service Area. The purpose of this research is to optimize and to formulate a drinking water supply strategy for the people who are included in the Gambut service area of PT. Air Minum Intan Banjar (Perseroda). The method used in this research is to collect primary and secondary. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The place of research PT. Air Minum Intan Banjar (Perseroda) Gambut service area. The results showed that during the existing conditions and service development, the drinking water supply system was not optimal. For this reason, optimization steps and strategies for drinking water supply. Optimization can be carried out by reducing leakage, increasing the water supply, increasing the pressure at the connection points and changing the diameter of the pipes and changing the dimensions of the Gambut Booster. The drinking water supply strategy can be carried out by maintaining the continuity of the existing water supply, controlling leaks, modifying the pipelines system as well as carrying out pipe washing.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLIC COMPANY REGIONAL DRINKING WATER TIRTA KHATULISTIWA IN PONTIANAK CITY

Pontianak City's only regional public water corporation is PERUMDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa. PERUMDAM must measure its SPAM management's success as the Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) organizer. More is needed if solely financial metrics are used to quantify PERUMDAM's SPAM management success. The BPPSPAM team, BPKP, Perpamsi, and numerous PERUMDAMs developed this performance assessment based on four performance factors: financial, service, operational, and human resources. Each part has various assessment indications to improve assessment accuracy. The performance assessment results are Healthy, Less Healthy, and Sick. PERUMDAM must be healthy to operate SPAM effectively and efficiently through internal solid management to promote drinking water coverage and quality (BPPSPAM, 2014). The company's performance was assessed by PERUMDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa utilizing KEMENDAGRI Number 47 of 1999 metrics. This examination shows that low-value firm indicators still hinder performance.This article presents research on measuring the performance of PERUMDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa Kota Pontianak for the 2021 period through an assessment of the financial aspects, service aspects, operational aspects, and human resource aspects based on the Decree of the Head of the Supporting Agency for the Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems Number 002/KPTS/K-6/IV/2010 concerning Performance Assessment of Services for the Implementation of the Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems in Drinking Water Regional Companies using the Balance Scorecard approach and making the most suitable strategy for the lowest valued assessment indicator based on performance assessment in optimizing PERUMDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa's performance using SWOT analysis.Based on the study, PERUMDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa has a total score of 3.72 for all factors; this means it is a "healthy" PERUMDAM. After studying the best way to improve PERUMDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa, we found that its weaknesses should be fixed so that existing opportunities are used to their fullest. Another way to boost PERUMDAM's performance is to increase technological innovation by using more reliable technology and making apps that fit the needs of every part of PERUMDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa and improve customer service.

Modelos de calidad de servicio en el suministro público de agua potable en México

To analyze service quality models in the public drinking water supply in Mexico. The paper conducts a systematic review of various works of erudition on the subject, with the models being identified based on their application. A systematic literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) and the 3-stage approach by Arksey and O’Malley. The study design was chosen because it helps in the identification of articles through predefined criteria. Electronic searches were conducted via Web of Science and Scopus, with articles published between 1980 and 2022 being identified. The articles were then screened for relevance, applicability, validity, and reliability. The review identified at least five GAPS under the GAP model, which include knowledge, policy, delivery, communication, and consumer. Subsequently, the SERVQUAL model shows that the public drinking water supply systems fall below the set expectations of reliability, assurance, empathy, tangibles, and responsiveness. Contrarily, the government has set up programs like PROME and the Citizens’ Initiatives for General Water Law aimed at improving citizen participation and comprehension of key GAPS in the water supply system. The research is novel as it prods the subject of service quality models in Mexico. This topic is an unexplored area, especially with regard to the GAP and SERVQUAL models. The insight derived from this paper will bridge the existent dearth of knowledge while improving policy formulation and implementation.

Planning Of The Main Distribution Network Of Gerokgak Distribution Reservoir In The Burana Drinking Water Supply System (Spam), Buleleng Regency

The increasing population growth rate in Bali Province has led to the depletion of water sources, while the demand for providing clean drinking water continues to rise each year. To improve water supply, the Central Government, Provincial Government, and Local Authorities are undertaking an effort to construct the Titab Dam with an associated water supply system called the Burana Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM Burana) with a flow rate of 350 liters per second. Considering this situation, a research study is needed to analyze the water demand over the next 15 years based on the projected population using Arithmetic, Geometric, and Least Square Methods in five service areas: Penyabangan Village, Musi Village, Sanggalangit Village, Gerokgak Village, and Patas Village. According to the analysis results, the Geometric Method was used for population projection, with the smallest standard deviation of 185.368 and the coefficient of correlation (r) closest to 1, with a value of 0.877. The water demand for the next 15 years was found to be 82.39 liters per second in the five service areas. To optimize the provision of clean drinking water, the analysis recommends using GIP (Galvanized Iron Pipe) with diameters of 40cm, 20cm, and 25cm, starting from the Gerokgak Reservoir to Patas Village, with a total distribution pipeline length of 15,438 meters. WaterNet, a computer program, is required for simulating water flow in the distribution network with minimal relative errors. The WaterNet analysis results showed that the criteria for flow velocity (0.3 – 1 m/s), headloss (< 10 m/km), and pressure (15 – 100 m for GIP) were all met. The required capacity of the Gerokgak Reservoir for the water supply service is 1400m3.

Technical Feasibility Analysis of Main Distribution Network in the Development of Paraku Drinking Water Supply System, Padang City, Indonesia

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the technical viability of the main distribution network (MDN) of the Paraku Drinking Water Supply System in Padang City, Indonesia Theoretical Framework: A water distribution system is a component of a WSS that delivers treated water from a water treatment facility to consumers (residential, commercial, industrial, and firefighting requirements). The main distribution network's dimensions are determined using MDN pipe specifications based on Indonesian National Standard 7509: 2011. Method/design/approach: The approach began with secondary data collecting, field observations, and technical feasibility analysis. Technical Feasibility Analysis of Main Distribution Network for the Development of Paraku Drinking Water Supply System, Padang City, Indonesia. Results and conclusion: The feasibility study considers the technical provisions of the MDN pipeline based on SK SNI 2005, where the pipeline is as short as possible and avoids difficult and expensive construction. There were two potential MDNs, and Line 2 was chosen as the alternative. The pressure and flow velocity in the pipe were then checked to see if Line 2 was technically feasible using Epanet 2.0 software. The Epanet 2.0 calculation results demonstrate that the flow of raw water from a water treatment plant with a capacity of 50 L/second can be flowed by gravity and sufficient pressure to the point of connection on the By-Pass Road. The route is completed at the pipe connection on By-Pass Road Padang (0°57'52.0"S 100°24'12.7"E) at an elevation of 30.86 meters. Research implications: Understanding the technological viability of the MDN line in developing Paraku DWSS that complies with statutory laws Originality/value: Technical Feasibility Analysis of the Main Distribution Network in the Development of the Paraku Drinking Water Supply System

A Review on Chlorination of Harvested Rainwater

The supply of safe drinking water to rural communities has always been challenging, unlike in most large cities where government authorities have constructed central water supply systems. In many rural areas, primary water sources such as surface water and groundwater are at risk of contamination with rapid agricultural and industrial growth and climate change-related issues. Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice for rural communities, and the momentum around its use is continually growing in recent years. However, the lack of sustainable treatment facilities on a small scale encourages dwellers to consume harvested rainwater (HRW) without any treatment even though drinking untreated HRW may have multiple health impacts in many cases. There are several methods of treating HRW. While chlorination is extensively used to disinfect water in large volumes, e.g., central drinking water supply systems), it has not been widely adopted for treating water on a small scale. We present a scoping review to explore whether chlorination could be a viable option for disinfecting HRW at a domestic level. It is found that inadequate treatment prior to chlorine disinfection could produce chlorine disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Limited data on DBP concentrations in HRW are available to assess its health implications. Based on this review, it is argued that chlorination could be an option for treating HRW at a domestic level when limitations associated with this method (such as safe storage, appropriate sustainable technology, and lessening DBPs by lowering total organic carbon before chlorination through other treatment methods) are resolved.

Lithium concentration in tap water, bottled mineral water, and Danube River water in Hungary

Due to increased manufacture and recycling of lithium batteries across the world, we may anticipate a rise in lithium pollution in the aquatic environment and drinking water reservoirs. In order to investigate the current status regarding the lithium content in Hungarian tap waters, samples were collected from the public drinking water supply systems of 19 county seats in Hungary during seasonally selected times. Depending on the water sources, such as bank-filtrated river water, surface water from open reservoirs, and groundwater, the lithium concentrations varied between 0.90–4.23, 2.12–11.7 and 1.11–31.4 µg/L, respectively, while the median values were 3.52, 5.02 and 8.55 µg/L, respectively. The lithium concentration in the bottled Hungarian mineral waters was also determined since the daily intake of lithium can be influenced by the consumption of mineral waters. The concentrations ranged from 4.2 to 209 µg/L, while the median value was only 17.8 µg/L. Additionally, a correlation was only found between lithium and potassium concentrations. The lithium concentration was also assessed at ten sampling locations in the Hungarian segment of the Danube River since the Danube water is also a water source for additional drinking water utilities using bank filtration technology. The mean and median lithium concentrations were 2.78 and 2.64 µg/L, respectively.

Modifications to sorption and sinking capability of microplastics after chlorination

Abstract Chlorination disinfection in water treatments may be highly destructive to microplastics (MPs). Herein, low- and high-dose (concentration–time values at 75 and 9,600 mg min L−1, respectively) chlorination processes were used to simulate short-term chlorination in drinking water treatment plants and long-term residual chlorine reaction in drinking water supply systems, respectively. Both chlorination processes induced modifications to polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs, varying in polymer types and sizes. Oxidized and chlorinated bonds were detected, and destructed surfaces with increased specific surface area and reduced hydrophobicity were observed. As a result, the sorption capacity of all MPs was weakened, e.g., low-dose chlorination (pH 7) depressed the sorption of ciprofloxacin by 6.5 μm PE (Kf from 0.140 to 0.128 L g−1). The sinking behavior of PET, PS, and PVC MPs was enhanced, e.g., the sinking ratio of 200 μm PET increased by ∼30% after low-dose chlorination (pH 7). By contrast, PE tended to float after high-dose chlorination. Furthermore, chlorination of MPs generated various products, which were the degraded fragments from the MP skeleton. In general, chlorination disinfection reduces the potential of MPs as transport vectors of organic contaminants.