Shortage Of Drinking Water Research Articles

Monitoring spatiotemporal variation of groundwater level and salinity under land use change using integrated field measurements, GIS, geostatistical, and remote-sensing approach: case study of the Feija aquifer, Middle Draa watershed, Moroccan Sahara.

The cultivation of watermelons has been a fast growing agriculture industry in the arid, desert regions of Morocco, relying on groundwater pumping and transformation of rangelands to farms due to growing demand for the fruit in national and international markets. This study aims to measure the impact of watermelon expansion on groundwater resources in the Feija Basin, which is one of the largest watermelon cultivation areas in Southern Morocco. Field measurements, statistics, Kriging interpolation, and regression methods were used to measure the temporal variations in the groundwater level (GL) and salinity between 2013 and 2018 to determine the correlation between different parameters. Remote sensing data was also used to monitor the watermelon cultivation expansion. Results show a rapid expansion of agricultural areas from just 185.11 ha in 2007 to 2560.1 ha in 2018. The groundwater level declined rapidly by about 10 m below ground level during the 5 years of the study period. Additionally, the decline was accompanied by a significant increase in electrical conductivity (salinity) values over the same time interval from 1077.55 to 1211.9 µS/cm. As a consequence of the continuous overexploitation and unsustainable management, a lot of wells have run dry and there have been drinking water shortages in the city of Zagora, the closest city nearby. Results can help target efforts to improve the implementation of conservation strategies to ensure the sustainability of water use and food production in this region of Morocco.

Prediction of Karst Suitable Area Using Fuzzy AHP Method and Dempster‐Shafer Theory

AbstractFinding abundant sources of drinking water is a must in practically every country throughout the world. The issue is even more dire in arid and semi‐arid regions, such as Iran, where the shortage of healthy drinking water is quite serious. Finding and maintaining groundwater resources is therefore potentially the best alternative for supplying the water demand of the country. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the potential of karstic areas as a major source of water supply in southwestern regions of the Maharlou watershed, Iran. For this purpose, a combination of fuzzy‐AHP (analytical hierarchy process) and DST (Dempster‐Shafer Theory) methods are used to locate suitable karstic regions in the study area. Karstic zone maps were also generated using a variety of parameters including lithology, fault, precipitation, elevation, temperature, river and slope. Fuzzy maps were also produced using fuzzy membership functions for each parameter, after which the AHP approach was incorporated to assign weights to each layer and eventually generate the final fuzzy‐AHP map. Ultimately, the DST model was used at three confidence intervals of 99.5%, 99%, and 95%. Based on the final results of the fuzzy‐AHP method, approximately 30% of the study region was unsuitable in terms of access to karstic areas, whereas unsuitable zones obtained using the DST method contributed to about 41%, 44%, and 46% of the study region at 95%, 99%, and 99.5% confidence levels, respectively. Taking into account the fact that reductions in the distance from faults increases the probability of the presence of karst regions (with other parameters being constant), by comparing the results of the two models with fault maps, it was determined that the DST model achieves higher accuracy. The DST method is among common methods employed to predict suitable karstic regions, which ultimately produces different maps based on the configured confidence level.

Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses

Nowadays, desalination continues to expand globally, which is one of the most effective solutions to solve the problem of the global drinking water shortage. However, desalination is not a fail-safe process and has many environmental and human health consequences. This paper investigated the desalination procedure of seawater with different technologies, namely, multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO), and with various energy sources (fossil energy, solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy). The aim was to examine the different desalination technologies’ effectiveness with energy sources using three assessment methods, which were examined separately. The life cycle assessment (LCA), PESTLE, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods were used to evaluate each procedure. LCA was based on the following impact analysis and evaluation methods: ReCiPe 2016, IMPACT 2002+, and IPCC 2013 GWP 100a; PESTLE risk analysis evaluated the long-lasting impact on processes and technologies with political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors. Additionally, MCDA was based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to evaluate desalination technologies. This study considered the operational phase of a plant, which includes the necessary energy and chemical needs, which is called “gate-to-gate” analysis. Saudi Arabia data were used for the analysis, with the base unit of 1 m3 of the water product. As the result of this study, RO combined with renewable energy provided outstanding benefits in terms of human health, ecosystem quality, and resources, as well as the climate change and emissions of GHGs categories.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING IN CHAKARIA UPAZILA OF COX’S BAZAR IN BANGLADESH

Aquaculture has become one of the fastest-growing economic sub-sectors of the Bangladesh economy, providing protein-rich food, the source of employment and foreign currency earnings. Therefore, shrimp farming is very much common in the brackish water which affects the coastal natural ecosystem and livelihood of the coastal communities, prticularly in Chakaria Upazila of Cox’s Bazar district. Due to rapid and unplanned growth of this farming, socio-ecological systesms has been changing. This study aims to assess shrimp farming’s environmental, social, and economic impacts in Chakaria upazila in Bangladesh. Soil sample was collected to determine the environmental impacts of shrimp farming. Besides, we selected the shrimp farmers, rice producers, and alternative shrimp-rice producers through simple random sampling. Purposive sampling was conducted to choose the other stakeholders. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed for interviewing different stakeholders. We found that, because of the high economic benefit, high production rate in short time, and availability of brackish water, the people in this Upazila are attracted to continue the shrimp farming. As a result, mangrove forest and agricultural land converted into shrimp farming. Our soil analysis showed that organic matter content in was low (0.25-3.56%). In addition to this, most people suffer from water-borne diseases during the flooding period. We also found clear evidene of shortage of safe drinking water due to salinity intrusion in grounwater. The tendency of raring livestock such as cow, goat, and buffalo decreased due to insufficient grazing land. The study also revealed that some internal conflicts exist between different stakeholders in Chakararia Upazila. Most local shrimp fry collectors collect fry from the tidal river and use an unscientific traditional method which was harmful for the other aquatic fish population. Poor quality of larvae supply from hatchery caused various diseases in cultivated ghers and ponds. The findings from this study provide useful information for sustainable coastal zone management in Bangladesh to build a more resilient coastal communities.

Universal substrate growth of Ag-modified ReS2 as visible-light-driven photocatalyst for highly efficient water disinfection

Developing highly-efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for water disinfection is an attractive strategy to address the current shortage of safe drinking water and environmental remediation. Since the low dependence on growth substrate and the narrow bandgap nature made ReS2 one of the best two-dimensional (2D) materials for photocatalytic sterilization. Herein, we fabricated Ag/ReS2 composite, a 0D/2D heterostructure, which can be grown on three universal substrates through a facile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and thermal evaporation process. Benefiting from the vertical growth of ReS2 nanosheets and the hybrid effect from Ag and ReS2, the visible-light response of Ag/ReS2 can be greatly enhanced, exhibiting an excellent photocatalytic antibacterial efficiency towards Escherichia coli (E. coli) after 30 min of visible-light exposure, providing a promising environmentally friendly alternative method for water disinfection. Moreover, the universal substrate growth and good stability also endow the photocatalyst with potential applicability in various fields.

Evaluating the Applicability of Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing in Estimating Water Potential of the Karst Aquifer: A Case Study in North Adriatic, Croatia

One of the most prominent tourist destinations in the Adriatic coast, the city of Opatija, is facing a problem concerning seasonal drinking water shortages. The existing water resources are no longer sufficient, and attention is being given to alternative resources such as the underlying karstic aquifer and several coastal springs in the city itself. However, the water potential of the area still cannot be estimated due to the insufficient hydrological data. The goal of this research was to evaluate the use of thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing as the source of valuable information that will improve our understanding of the groundwater discharge dynamics. Ten Landsat ETM+ (enhanced thematic mapper plus) and two Landsat TM (thematic mapper) images of the north Adriatic, recorded during 1999–2004 at the same time as the field discharge measurements, were used to derive sea surface temperature (SST) and to analyze freshwater outflows seen as the thermal anomaly in the TIR images. The approach is based on finding the functional relationship between the size of the freshwater thermal signatures and the measured discharge data, and to estimate the water potential of the underlying aquifer. It also involved analyzing the possible connection between the adjusted size of the spring’s thermal signatures and groundwater level fluctuations in the deeper karst hinterland. The proposed methodology resulted in realistic discharge estimates, as well as a good fit between thermal anomalies with measured discharges and the groundwater level. It should be emphasized that the results are site specific and based on a limited data set. However, they confirm that the proposed method can provide additional information on groundwater outflow dynamics and coastal springs’ freshwater quantification.

Feed digestibility, digesta passage and faecal microbial biomass in desert-adapted goats exposed to mild water restriction.

In arid and semi-arid environments, extensively managed ruminants regularly experience drinking water shortage, especially in the dry season. The present study therefore investigated the effects of mild drinking water restriction on feed intake, feed digestibility, solid digesta passage and composition of faeces including faecal microbial biomass. A feeding trial was conducted in Oman, during the dry summer months. Nine adult male Batinah goats were subjected to three watering regimes in a 3×3 Latin Square design. Treatments were (1) water offered ad libitum (100%, W100); (2) water restricted to 85% ad libitum consumption (W85); and (3) water restricted to 70% ad libitum consumption (W70). Animals were offered Rhodes grass hay and whole barley grains (1:1 ratio) at 1.3 times maintenance energy requirements. Each of the three experimental periods comprised 16days of adaptation and 8days of measurements. During the latter, feed offered and refused as well as faeces were sampled and quantified. Gastrointestinal digesta passage was determined using ytterbium-labelled Rhodes grass hay. Ergosterol and amino sugars were used as markers for faecal microbial biomass, that is the sum of fungi and bacteria. Water restriction had no effect on feed intake and digesta passage. However, feed dry matter, organic matter and fibre digestibility increased (p<0.05) in W70 compared with W85, and the excreted amount of faecal dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and neutral detergent fibre decreased (p<0.05) in W70 compared with W85. Even though water restriction did not affect total faecal microbial biomass carbon (C) concentration, that of fungal biomass C increased (p<0.05) in W70 compared with W85. Therefore, mild water restriction seems unproblematic from a physiological and nutrient utilization perspective as it increases feed digestibility without compromising feed intake.

Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal

Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal

Region-specific nutritious, environmentally friendly, and affordable diets in India

Region-specific nutritious, environmentally friendly, and affordable diets in India

Accelerated Synthesis of a Ni2Cl2(BTDD) Metal–Organic Framework in a Continuous Flow Reactor for Atmospheric Water Capture

Atmospheric water capture (AWC) has tremendous potential to address the global shortage of clean drinking water. The Ni₂Cl₂(BTDD) metal–organic framework (MOF) has shown optimal water sorption performance under low relative humidity conditions, but its potentially high production costs, stemming in part from its lengthy multiday synthesis, has hindered widespread implementation. As with most traditional MOF syntheses, the original synthesis of Ni₂Cl₂(BTDD) involves batch reactors that have intrinsic inefficiencies impacting productivity during scale-up. We report a continuous manufacturing process for Ni₂Cl₂(BTDD) that can achieve higher yields, reduced solvent use, and drastically faster crystallization times in comparison to the batch process. Optimization of the synthesis space in the flow reactor as a function of residence time, temperature, and solvent volume yields 50% and 40% reductions in methanol and hydrochloric acid consumption by volume, respectively, with a simultaneous 3-fold increase in productivity (defined in units of kgMOF m–³day–¹). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to quantitate productivity enhancements in the flow reactor based on improved heat-transfer rates, larger surface-area to volume ratios, and effective residence times. This work adds critical facets to the growing body of research suggesting that the synthesis of MOFs in flow reactors offers unique opportunities to reduce production costs.

Evaluation of willingness to pay toward improving water supply services in Sebeta town, Ethiopia

Abstract Sebeta town is one of the rapidly growing towns in Ethiopia. Its closeness to Addis Ababa city has attracted industrial, urban development, and population growth. This development has created problems with drinking water shortages in the community. This study aimed at determining the household's willingness to pay (WTP) amount toward improving water supply services and analyzing the influencing factors of WTP. A contingent valuation (CV) technique was applied in quantifying the households' WTP and the influencing factors toward the program. The field observations, key informant interviews, and household questionnaire interviews from 250 respondents out of the targeted 280 were employed in collecting field data. Results from CV revealed that 66% of the households were WTP toward improving the water supply services beyond their current monthly water bills. Households were WTP about 20 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) above the average current water bill of 161 ETB. The binary logistic model results statistically demonstrated that independent variables of gender, age, marital status, education level, years in Sebeta, and average monthly income were significantly influencing the household's WTP at p = 0.01 and 0.05. This study provides vital hints for further research and baseline information for local administration and communities about the water supply in the area and holistic appropriation of water tariffs in line with government policy.

ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ МОНИТОРИНГ КАЧЕСТВА ПИТЬЕВОЙ ВОДЫ ГОРОДА НОРИЛЬСКА

According to UN estimates, the shortage of safe drinking water can become one of the most acute and pressing problems. The specificity of this problem for Russia is not a shortage of water resources, but their pollution and ongoing degradation of water bodies. The quality of water is understood as the totality of its properties associated with the nature and concentration of impurities in the water. Water analysis is the only tool for monitoring its condition and properties. During the experiment, a team of researchers took samples of drinking water from the water supply network in various districts of the Norilsk industrial region, studied the dependence of the quality characteristics of water on the location and sampling method. Based on the findings, conclusions on the quality of drinking water were drawn. During the experiment, the authors found that in terms of organoleptic indicators, drinking water in all areas of the NIR meets the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations and GOST. Taking samples at three control points of the Norilsk industrial region, it has been proven that the water is soft and its salt content is mainly due to the presence of hardness salts. Having made the necessary analyses, the authors found that the presence of microorganisms in the water supply network of the NIR is not significant, the permanganate oxidisability indicator does not exceed the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations.

Investigating the Total Losses of Water in the Entire Drinking Water Supply System: The Case of Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia

Safe and adequate drinking water is the most vital human rights and necessities, it is critical for life and economic activities, but drinking water shortage is the primary cause of livelihoods and economic crisis because of drastic water losses in the water supply system. This study aimed to investigate the current crucial issue of drinking water losses in the entire water supply system using water meter at the source of supply, at the transfer pump station and at the water demand areas for Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia. Therefore, the total volume of water loss in the transmission pipelines was covered 33.32% and distribution network has 27.96% water lose. Therefore, an average losses of water in the town is not recommended. And, increased by one cubic meter in one unit increase of water production at the source due to poor operations and maintenances in the pipelines. However, it could be reduced by one cubic meter through one unit increasing of water at the transfer pumps and at the distribution reservoirs by the means of proper operations and maintenance of transmission and /or the distribution pipelines. Therefore, due to this drastic water losses, the maximum numbers of households were supplied pipe water once per 15 days and cluster two supplied in 20 days. Keywords : loss, billed water, unbilled water, authorized water and NRW. DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

Enhancement of water quality using natural coagulant in Shah Alam Lakes, Malaysia

Drinking water shortage has become a significant problem in urban areas due to the growth of population and high economic activities. It is known that Shah Alam is the city and the state of Selangor, Malaysia. This city has the most manufacturing sector and services with a huge number of inhabitants. Thus, this urban area needs to have sufficient clean water supply. However, the raw water needs to undergo several water treatments processes before it can safely distribute to the residents. This untreated water from incoming surface waters contains suspended particles that need to go through the water treatment process, and most importantly, the coagulation and flocculation process. Normally, aluminum sulfate (alum) or polymer were added as the coagulant for the treatment of untreated water. However, due to health concerns, natural coagulants have been preferred to replace the conventional method. This natural coagulant is environmentally friendly and has no side effects if being consumed. This research aims to investigate the optimum condition of natural coagulant (Moringa oleifera) for the treatment of surface water from Shah Alam Lakes in Selangor Region, Malaysia. These lakes can be a potential source of water if water shortage occurs. At first, the characteristics of the water samples were determined. Later, the sample of surface water from the lakes was examined with the jar test for the coagulation-flocculation process using Moringa oleifera with different concentrations. The water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, suspended solids, phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand were evaluated. From the results obtained, Moringa oleifera can be considered as suitable alternatives to replace chemical coagulants for a sustainable water treatment system.

ГИДРОГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ "ОСЕННЕЕ"

The Osennoye field is located in the Dombarovsky district of the eastern Orenburg region. The territory under study is characterized by a sharp shortage of drinking and industrial water. This hinders the social and economic development of the territory. In complex natural and man-made conditions, the formation of surface and underground waters occurs on the area of the deposit. The purpose of the work is to analyze the hydrogeological situation of the territory in connection with the natural and man-made transformation of surface and underground waters of the studied territory. Research methods include zoning and mapping, routine monitoring of the quality of natural waters, and sources of pollution. As a result of the study, it was found that the surface and underground waters in the area of the deposit have a variegated chemical composition, depending on both natural and anthropogenic factors, this should be taken into account when planning the development of the productive forces of the territory. To improve the situation, it is necessary to introduce new technologies related to the replenishment of reserves at underground water intakes.

Sustainability assessment and environmental impacts of water supply systems: a case study in Tampa Bay water supply system

Due to the accelerated industrial and urbanization development, climate change, and increasing populations and life quality expectations, the issue of drinking water shortage has raised much public awareness. The desalination system has been widely applied to accommodate the growing demand for clean water resources despite the continuous concerns about its relatively higher energy consumption and environmental footprints. This research conducted a case study in the Tampa Bay Regional Surface Water Treatment Plant and Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant in Florida, U.S. It analysed the performance and environmental impacts of conventional and desalination water supply systems on three sides: energy consumption, carbon footprint, and solid waste. Potential negative effects of both water supply systems are generally associated with surface water ecology, groundwater aquifers, coastal environment, and marine organisms. Various environmental impact mitigation plans have been proposed to prevent or restore the detriments caused by carbon dioxide emissions, plant construction, and concentrated brine discharge. Due to the deficiency in freshwater resources, desalination technology is more promising through proper regulations and regional sustainable development.

Стратегирование российской индустрии бутилированной воды: тренды, приоритеты и принципы

Water is the basic value of human life. However, the shortage of drinking water in the world is increasing and this global negative trend creates a strategic humanity threat. Because of this, the importance, economics, and water supply strategy are becoming more relevant and have become national security important factor. The authors analyze the main strategic tools for the drinking water shortage compensating in a number of regions and countries of the world and show that one of them is the drinking water bottling. Unlike the majority of foreign and domestic studies devoted to commercial aspects of the production and sale of bottled drinking water, the authors of this study consider these aspects mainly from the point of view of public and state (budget) efficiency. The article formulates the strategic possibility, feasibility and forms of fresh water in Russia commercialization – a country with one of the highest levels of availability of this resource. The authors consider the main priorities and formulate the main principles of strategizing the development of the Russian bottled drinking water industry. The authors also show that one of the most effective tools for successful implementation of the industry development strategy is strategic marketing and branding.

Analyzing Willingness to Pay for Improved Tap Water Quality: A Case of Kathmandu Valley of Nepal

Solving chronic drinking water shortage problem of Kathmandu Valley has been finally achieved after arduous two decades of effort of Melamchi Water supply project. At this moment, though it is futile to ask economic worthiness of this national pride project but there is still ample room to investigate ability and willingness to shoulder such lumpy financial burden by ultimate beneficiaries of potable water in Kathmandu valley. Accordingly, this paper intends to measure and investigate the factors affecting household’s willingness to pay for improved water supply. The study enumerated 4941 households falling under Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) service areas during 2015 to 2016 period. It incorporated contingency valuation (CV) tools to estimate willingness to pay by residents. We applied ordinal logistic regression model to analyze the major determinants of WTP for improved water supply system and measured different elasticity on the base of simple OLS using STATA version 12. The findings show that a third of households are headed by females, while the average family size and families per building are 5.2 and 9.6 persons respectively; all above national average. The reported major source of water by residents in the study area are Kathmandu Upattyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) (36%), jar water (20%), tanker (15%); and well/Kuwa and handpump (20%); while total expenditure in Nepalese Rupees (NRs) is 1314 per household per month. The willingness to pay for KUKL’s improved water by the household is NRs 404, just over 2.5 times the mean current KUKL tariff (NRs. 155) per month. The ordinal logistic regression result shows household current quantity of water utilization, price of jar water, income and perceived water quality and waterborne diseases as major determinants of WTP for improved water supply. The odds of paying higher WTP for improved water supply are significantly positive for aforementioned factors except the price of jar (which affects negatively). The income inelastic (&lt;1) demand for KUKL’s water demand signifies water as basic necessity commodity and proportion of income spent is small. The negative signs of coefficients of cross elasticity of KUKL water demand with respect to prices of jar water and tanker supplied water indicates that jar water and tanker water as strong substitutes of KUKL supply system. The study concluded that the low WTP for improved KUKL’s water supply in comparison to current total water expenditure is ‘wait and see’ signal for KUKL authorities and government. The study infers that KUKL needs to win confidence of its consumers in terms of sufficiency, regularity and quality before scaling up water tariffs.

Development and Characterization of Iron Coated Chitosan Beads (ICCB) to remove Arsenic from Groundwater

The current situation of Pakistan is reaching to an alarming situation in context of polluting water bodies as well as groundwater due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, which can be foreseen for shortage and unavailability of safe and heathy drinking water for the population. The greater part of Pakistani individuals (almost 60%) living underneath the neediness line so they don't move toward perfect and safe drinking water supplies. Arsenic is one of the hazardous metals presents in various territories of Pakistan as well as in various zones of the world. Its essence strokes individuals' wellbeing by sullying the water. This experimental adsorption study emphasizes on the arsenic removal from drinking water by utilizing cost-effective adsorbent called "Iron Coated Chitosan Beads (ICCB)". This technique is more useful and effective when contrasted with different removal methodologies to remove arsenic from groundwater. Iron Coated Chitosan Beads (ICCB) was utilized and it was discovered a compelling and productive adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from groundwater. From all clump tests, the removal level of arsenic is achieved from 79 % to 98%. These results demonstrated that ICCB can be utilized as a productive adsorbent material for the removal of arsenic from water.

Development and Characterization of Iron Coated Chitosan Beads (ICCB) to remove Arsenic from Groundwater

The current situation of Pakistan is reaching to an alarming situation in context of polluting water bodies as well as groundwater due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, which can be foreseen for shortage and unavailability of safe and heathy drinking water for the population. The greater part of Pakistani individuals (almost 60%) living underneath the neediness line so they don't move toward perfect and safe drinking water supplies. Arsenic is one of the hazardous metals presents in various territories of Pakistan as well as in various zones of the world. Its essence strokes individuals' wellbeing by sullying the water. This experimental adsorption study emphasizes on the arsenic removal from drinking water by utilizing cost-effective adsorbent called "Iron Coated Chitosan Beads (ICCB)". This technique is more useful and effective when contrasted with different removal methodologies to remove arsenic from groundwater. Iron Coated Chitosan Beads (ICCB) was utilized and it was discovered a compelling and productive adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from groundwater. From all clump tests, the removal level of arsenic is achieved from 79 % to 98%. These results demonstrated that ICCB can be utilized as a productive adsorbent material for the removal of arsenic from water.