Rates Of Drinking Research Articles

CONTRIBUTION TO THE HYDROCHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE OF AQUIFERS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF TANDJILE-EAST, SOUTHERN CHAD

The province of Tandjile is one of the 23 provinces of the Republic of Chad. The drinking water supply rate in this region remains low. Part of the population obtains its water supply through open wells and / or surface water. Climatic and anthropogenic variations in recent years have shown how much groundwater can be influenced both in terms of its quality and its quantity to be used. The objective of this study is to provide knowledge on the state of the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical parameters of the aquifer of the department of Tandjile-Est to help decision-makers in their approach. This study is based mainly on existing data collected in Chadian institutions and literary journals. The analysis of these data showed that the lithology is represented by clayey, sandy, lateritic formations and clay-sandy mixtures. The aquifers are sandy and sandy-clayey. The groundwater temperature values are in equilibrium with those of the air, the pH shows values close to neutrality and the electrical conductivity below standards (Chad, WHO). The groundwater in the study area is not very mineralized and the concentrations of elements indicating contamination (nitrates, chloride, etc.) are clearly in traces. Chemical analyzes revealed two chemical facies: calcium and magnesium bicarbonate and sodium and / or potassium bicarbonate.

The Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sociosexual Behaviors in the South Korean Military Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis study evaluated the epidemiological factors of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among South Korean troops including the prevalence, therapeutic methods, and sexual risk behaviors.Material and MethodsThe medical records of the STIs diagnosed troops at the Armed Forces Capital Hospital (AFCH) for 36 months (between January 2018 and December 2020) were retrospectively reviewed. The data collection for the study began after obtaining research approvals from the institutional ethics committee of AFCH. The patients were classified into two subgroups, pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID-19 groups. The clinical parameters of the patients including STI-related symptoms and underlying diseases were analyzed. The sociosexual conduct of the two study groups was evaluated and compared by using a survey questionnaire.ResultsOverall, 138 STI patients with mean age of 21.2 years were included (pre-COVID-19: 106 patients/COVID-19: 32 patients). 32.6% of the patients received college education before the military service. Regarding previous history of STIs, 24 patients (17.4%) had previous experience of STIs, which occurred before participation in the current study. Initial urine analysis results showed that 95 (68.8%) and 79 patients (57.2%) showed pyuria and bacteriuria, respectively. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (29.7%) was the most commonly identified pathogen. Each pathogen was treated with the therapies recommended by the current treatment guidelines, and no patient showed any recurrence of the disease during follow-up. Both pre-COVID-19 (91.5%) and COVID-19 (93.8%) groups showed high rates of binge drinking during off-duty. The pre-COVID-19 group had a greater number of patients (21.7%) having multiple sex partners (during the past 12 months) than the COVID-19 group (15.6%). The COVID-19 group had 18.8% of the troops involved in sexual activity even after the onset of STI-related clinical symptoms, whereas the rate was significantly higher than 2.8% of the pre-COVID-19 group (P = .001). The COVID-19 groups showed a significantly higher number of patients (four patients, 12.5%) experiencing suicidal ideation than the pre-COVID-19 group (two patients, 1.9%) (P = .010). Both groups showed <40% of condom use rates at the last sexual intercourse.ConclusionThe soldiers with STIs showed high rates of binge alcohol consumption, while the rates of engaging in safe sex by using condoms are markedly low. Although the COVID-19 group was under influence of social distancing and military base lockdown, the soldiers’ sociosexual conduct was not significantly different in the pre-COVID-19 group. The importance of education on alcohol misuse and safe sexual relationships should be taken more seriously within the military.

The impacts of coping style and perceived social support on the mental health of undergraduate students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in China: a multicenter survey

BackgroundAn increasing number of undergraduate students in China have been reported to have psychological problems. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of preventive and control measures were implemented, which undoubtedly worsened their psychological health. Coping style and social support were probably important factors that affected the psychological well-being of undergraduate students during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effects of coping style and perceived social support on the psychological well-being of college students and relevant risk factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed in February and March of 2020 by distributing an online questionnaire among undergraduate students from seven geographical regions across China. The questionnaire included sociodemographic information; the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS); and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). For the analyses, t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Kruskal–Wallis test and multiple linear regression were utilized. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsAmong 3113 college students, the rates of anxiety, depression and stress symptoms were 13.3, 15.4 and 6.8%, respectively. Increased rates of current smoking and drinking (5.5 and 25.2%, respectively) among undergraduates were identified. The results indicated that the PSSS subscales and SCSQ subscales were significantly associated with DASS-21 scores (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that active coping style and family support were protective factors while passive coping style could aggravate psychological problems among participants (P < 0.001).ConclusionsA remarkable number of college students adopted passive coping strategies to cope with negative feelings, such as smoking and drinking, which were detrimental to their mental health. In contrast, active coping strategies helped improve their psychological well-being. Moreover, family support was particularly important for maintaining their mental health and ameliorating mental health challenges in this major health crisis. Consequently, suitable psychointervention, routine screening for risk behaviors, and provision of further social support are needed for undergraduate students in the COVID-19 pandemic or other emergency public health events.

Students in Danger: Binge Drinking Behaviour and Associated Factors in Hungary.

IntroductionAmong young adults, high rates of binge drinking were observed in certain European countries. Binge drinking is associated with several health problems (unplanned pregnancy, HIV infections, problems with memory, and injuries). The aim of this questionnaire-based study was to measure the frequency of binge drinking and its association with sociodemographic, familial, lifestyle factors and school performance among secondary and university students (n=2449) in Csongrád County, Hungary.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study the students’ sociodemographic data, parents’ educational and economic level, and students’ academic performance and self-reported use of tobacco, drugs, and alcohol were collected by a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were applied using SPSS 24.0 software.ResultsAltogether 2449 Hungarian secondary school students and university students participated in the study. Nearly one-third of the students were classified as binge drinkers, significantly more male university students. Tobacco or illicit drug use resulted in higher odds of being a binge drinker in both subgroups. Poor school performance and binge drinking were significantly correlated especially among secondary school students.ConclusionsTargeting alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use together, including education, parent interventions, and public health policies, are crucial in the prevention of possible serious consequences.

University Freshmen&amp;apos;s Problem Drinking: Its Individual- and Family-Level Factors

Background: University students have been known as having a higher rate of problem drinking than the general population in South Korea. In particular, the university freshmen may experience problem drinking from increased occasions of frequent social gatherings at the first school year as they have increased time to freely use compared to the high school days. Problem drinking among university freshmen may be influenced by multiple factors. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of problem drinking and to identify individualand family-level factors associated with university freshmen's problem drinking.Methods: A cross-sectional, correlation study was conducted. Participants were 227 university freshmen (70 men and 157 women) under the parenting of mother and father from 10 universities in Seoul. The problem drinking was evaluated by using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale and Parental Authority Questionnaire for parenting behaviors were used.Results: The prevalence of problem drinking was 58.6% among university freshmen. An individual-level factor of alcohol abstinence self-efficacy was significantly associated with the prevalence of problem drinking (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.96) among university freshmen. However, any of family-level factors including types of parenting behaviors were not significantly associated with the prevalence of problem drinking.Conclusions: Alcohol abstinence self-efficacy may be a strong protective factor against university freshmen's problem drinking. University-based alcohol abstinence programs should comprise of nursing strategies including the enhancement of abstinence self-efficacy at the first school year.

Debunking the myth of low behavioral risk among Asian Americans: The case of alcohol use

Background and purposeAsian Americans (AAs) are the fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States. There is a paucity of research on alcohol-related problems among AAs. However, alcohol use and misuse are a growing concern within this population and are associated with adverse health and mental health consequences. MethodsUsing data from the 2015–2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), we examined the prevalence, psycho-social-behavioral correlates, and gender differences in drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) among AA adolescents and adults. We also estimated the prevalence of binge drinking and AUD by country of origin and nativity. ResultsOlder adolescents (15−17) had the highest prevalence of past-month drinking (8.00%), binge drinking (4.3%), and AUD (1.8%). Among AA adults, the highest rates of binge drinking (23.0%) and AUD (7.2%) were observed among young adults ages 18–25. The highest rates of binge drinking and AUD were observed among US-born Korean Americans (binge drinking: 26.9%, AUD: 13.1%) and US-born Filipino Americans (binge drinking: 25.9%, AUD: 6.2%). ConclusionsContrary to the common perception that AA is a low-risk group for alcohol problems, we found that AA young adults, US-born Korean, Filipino, and Indian Americans have a high risk for drinking, binge drinking, and/or AUD. We also identified risk and protective factors against alcohol use/misuse among AAs. Preventions and interventions that incorporate the important risk/protective factors for AAs using a culturally sensitive approach are needed.

Problem drinking as intentional risky behavior: Examining the association between state health insurance coverage and excessive alcohol consumption

The moral hazard theory asserts that having health insurance may increase individual risk-taking behaviors. We examined the association between state health insurance coverage and excessive alcohol use among U.S. adults. We used 2001–2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to estimate annual binge and heavy drinking rates for each state. In a multivariable regression analysis, we used difference-in-difference (DID) models to assess the association between state-level insurance coverage and binge and heavy drinking. Additionally, we assess the potential asymmetric effect and whether economic recessions (2001, 2008–09) had a moderation effect. In the multivariable DID analysis, aggregate state insurance coverage was not significantly associated with binge drinking rates in baseline analysis with state-fixed effects (Model 1), and in the analysis that extends the baseline model to include state unique time trend (Model 2). A similar result was found for heavy drinking in Model 1. In contrast, the result showed a significant association between health insurance coverage and heavy drinking rates in Model 2. However, we found no significant association for binge and heavy drinking rates in both models in the analyses restricting data to periods before the methodological change in the BRFSS sampling frame. The results did not show asymmetric effects, and the association between health insurance and excessive alcohol use did not differ during economic recessions. These findings largely do not support assertions that health insurance may lead to moral hazards (risk-taking behaviors), especially binge drinking

Assault-injured youth in the emergency centres of Khayelitsha, South Africa: A prospective study of recidivism and mortality.

IntroductionViolence is a major cause of death worldwide among youth. The highest mortality rates from youth violence occur in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We sought to identify risk factors for violent re-injury and emergency centre (EC) recidivism among assault-injured youth in South Africa.MethodsA prospective follow up study of assault injured youth and controls ages 14–24 presenting for emergency care was conducted in Khayelitsha, South Africa from 2016 to 2018. Sociodemographic and behavioral factors were assessed using a questionnaire administered during the index EC visit. The primary outcomes were return EC visit for violent injury or death within 15 months. We used multivariable logistic regression to compute adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of associations between return EC visits and key demographic, social, and behavioral factors among assault-injured youth.ResultsOur study sample included 320 assault-injured patients and 185 non-assault-injured controls. Of the assault-injured, 80% were male, and the mean age was 20.8 years. The assault-injured youth was more likely to have a return EC visit for violent injury (14%) compared to the control group (3%). The non-assault-injured group had a higher mortality rate (7% vs 3%). All deaths in the control group were due to end-stage HIV or TB-related complications. The strongest risk factors for return EC visit were prior criminal activity (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1–5.1), and current enrollment in school (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0–4.6). Although the assault-injured group reported high rates of binge drinking (73%) at the index visit, this was not found to be a risk factor for violence-related EC recidivism.DiscussionOur findings suggest that assault-injured youth in an LMIC setting are at high risk of EC recidivism and several sociodemographic and behavioral factors are associated with increased risk. These findings can inform targeted intervention programs.

Binge drinking following residential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans with and without alcohol use disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is complicated by high rates of problematic drinking and comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study examined veterans seeking residential PTSD treatment, comparing those with and without AUD, to determine whether trauma type and/or PTSD symptom changes during treatment were associated with binge drinking at 4-month follow-up. Analyses compared characteristics of veterans (N = 758) in residential treatment, as well as associations of demographic, trauma, and alcohol-related variables, with binge drinking episodes at follow-up. Results showed no differences in PTSD symptom improvements based on AUD diagnosis. Among AUD-diagnosed veterans, 21.3% endorsed binge drinking 4 or more (14.3% endorsed 9 or more) days, while 10.8% of veterans without AUD endorsed binge drinking 4 or more (5.2% endorsed 9 or more) days at follow-up. Among AUD-diagnosed veterans, while PTSD symptom improvements were not associated with binge drinking outcomes, drinking days at admission and military sexual trauma (MST) predicted a greater likelihood of binge drinking. Among veterans without AUD, drinking days at admission, PTSD symptom increases, being unmarried, ‘other’ race, and less education, were associated with a higher likelihood of binge drinking, while MST and combat exposure predicted a lower likelihood of binge drinking. In conclusion, drinking days at admission is a predictor of binge drinking following treatment; thus, alcohol use should be assessed at intake and addressed among those who endorse drinking to reduce the likelihood of alcohol resumption following residential treatment. Furthermore, among AUD-diagnosed veterans, despite PTSD symptom decreases during treatment, MST predicted a greater likelihood of 9 or more binge drinking days at follow-up.

Municipal Takeovers: Examining State Discretion and Local Impacts in Michigan

State interventions during municipal financial emergencies can play a critical role in ensuring the continuation of public services and preventing municipal bankruptcy but have often been applied unevenly. Using a case study of municipal takeovers in Michigan, we examine their predictability based on financial stress indicators and effects on drinking water services. We find financial stress alone does not explain takeover decisions, and that a city’s reliance on state revenue and racial and economic context play a role. Cities that have been taken over are more likely to experience drinking water privatization and rate increases than similarly financially stressed cities. The malleable definition of financial distress and discretion in implementation allow takeover policies to be applied unevenly, creating additional challenges for already distressed communities. Decision makers should seek alternative approaches to municipal financial emergencies that address underlying causes while minimizing the potential for bias and significant changes to public services.

Primary headaches among gender dysphoric female-to-male individuals: A cross-sectional survey on gender transition experience.

To investigate the frequency, attack characteristics, and treatment experiences of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) among gender dysphoric female-to-male (FtM) participants as well as in relation to psychiatric comorbidities and real-life experience that relates to being transgender in Turkey. There are only a few publications to date on transgender individuals with headache. Further studies to understand the distinctive needs might provide better management. A total of 88 gender dysphoric FtM individuals (mean (SD) age: 24.8 (5.7) years) were included on a voluntary basis in this cross-sectional survey. Each participant filled out the questionnaire form that elicited items on sociodemographic characteristics, Gender Identity Transition Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Headache Questionnaire. Overall, 32/88 (36.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 27.0%-47.0%) participants were diagnosed with migraine, and 36/88 (40.9%; 95% CI: 31.5%-52.3%) participants were diagnosed with TTH. High rates of unemployment, smoking, and social drinking were observed in our sample compared with the general population in Turkey. The three-item ID migraine screener was positive in 20.5% (18/88 patients) of our population. Patients with migraine in comparison with patients with TTH had statistically significantly higher BDI [12.0 (1-50) vs. 7.0 (0-33); p=0.013] and BAI [13 (1-48) vs. 5 (0-22); p=0.016] scores, longer headaches in the past month [median 3 vs. 1day; p<0.001], higher Numerical Rating Scale scores for headache severity [7 (2-10) vs. 5 (1-9), p<0.001], and higher likelihood of menstruation acting as a triggering factor [8/32 patients (25.0%) vs. 0/36 patients (0.0%); p=0.001] as well as increased rates of previously given diagnosis by a physician [15/32 patients (46.9%) vs. 4/36 patients (11.1%); p<0.001], a greater number of neuroimaging tests being performed [12/32 patients (37.5%) vs. 3/36 patients (9.1%); p=0.012], and a higher rate of emergency room utilization [7/32 patients (21.9%) vs. 1/36 patients (2.8%); p=0.039] for headache. In the FtM transgender population we investigated, migraine and TTH were quite common. The screening and early recognition of comorbid migraine, as well as the comorbid depression and anxiety, seem to be important in gender dysphoric FtM individuals. Further studies are needed to better understand the potential interaction of migraine with comorbid psychiatric disorders and the prevalence of headache types and gender-affirmative hormone treatment outcomes in the transgender population.

Alcohol Use Disorder Risk and Protective Factors and Associated Harms Among Pacific Islander Young Adults.

Pacific Islander (PI) young adults (age 18 to 30 years) experience elevated rates of hazardous drinking, AUDs, and alcohol-related harms. Yet, we know little about the risk and protective factors that drive, or can prevent, PI young adult hazardous drinking behaviors and AUDs due to a lack of targeted alcohol disparities research. This large qualitative study presents data from 8 focus groups with 69 PIs (51 young adults, 18 informal providers) to explore the major risk factors, protective factors, and negative consequences associated with PI young adult hazardous drinking and AUDs. Findings revealed (1) major risk factors including the presence of significant life stressors that trigger alcohol self-medication, peer/social pressure to drink, permissive drinking norms, and frequent access to alcohol and (2) negative consequences involving physical fights, health and relationship problems, harm to personal reputation, and community harms including driving-under-the-influence and sexual violence. Protective factors against hazardous drinking and AUDs included the cultural norm of protecting the family's reputation by avoiding AUDs, church/religious faith, family responsibilities, and culturally relevant prosocial activities (e.g., sports, dance, choir). Obtaining this in-depth data revealed that an effective culturally grounded AUD prevention intervention for PI young adults-which does not currently exist-should (1) target these identified major risk factors for AUDs, while (2) integrating culturally responsive strategies that incorporate their reported protective factors.

Alcohol abstinence and binge drinking: the intersections of language and gender among Hispanic adults in a national sample, 2002-2018.

Prior research examining alcohol use using national data has often overlooked vital heterogeneity among Hispanics, especially that related to language dominance and gender. We examine the prevalence of alcohol abstinence and-given prior research suggesting that many Spanish dominant Hispanics do not drink-examine rates of binge drinking among past-year alcohol users with a focus on the intersections of language and gender among Hispanics, while drawing comparisons with non-Hispanic (NH) White and NH Black adults. Drawing from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health-a nationally representative survey between 2002 and 2018-we examine the year-by-year prevalence of alcohol abstinence and binge drinking among adults ages 18 and older in the United States. A disproportionate number of Spanish-dominant Hispanics abstain from alcohol use (54%), with particularly high levels of alcohol abstinence observed among Spanish dominant women (men: 39%, women: 67%). The prevalence of alcohol abstinence among English-dominant Hispanic men (24%) and women (32%) is far lower, approximating that of NH Whites (men: 23%, women: 32%). Importantly, however, among Spanish-dominant drinkers, the prevalence of binge drinking (men: 52%, women: 33%) is comparable to or greater than NH Whites (men: 42%, women: 32%). Binge drinking levels among English-dominant Hispanic men (50%) and women (37%) are greater than among their NH White counterparts. Findings paint a complex picture; consistent with prior research, we see that many Hispanics abstain from alcohol, but we also see new evidence underscoring that-among Hispanic drinkers-the prevalence of binge drinking is disconcertingly elevated.

Trends in binge drinking, marijuana use, illicit drug use, and polysubstance use by sexual identity in the United States (2006–2017)

Background: National studies often examine associations between sexual identity and substance use at a single point in time and neglect to examine whether these associations change over time. The present study examines U.S. trends in the past-year prevalence of binge drinking, marijuana use, illicit drug use, and polysubstance use across sexual identity subgroups (gay, lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual). Methods: The data come from four independent, cross-sectional samples measured by the National Survey of Family Growth (2006–2010, 2011–2013, 2013–2015, and 2015–2017). Based on the consistency in the sampling procedures used over time, merging the four data sets was possible. The target population is men and women 15–44 years of age. Results: Lesbian women had the sharpest decline in past-year binge drinking over time, followed by heterosexual women. The prevalence of binge drinking for bisexual women did not change significantly over time and was higher in 2015–2017 than for any sexual identity subgroup. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of binge drinking among men by sexual identity subgroup. Past-year abstinence from substance use was consistently lower among lesbian women, gay men, and bisexual women relative to other sexual identity subgroups. Polysubstance use was consistently more prevalent among bisexual women (e.g., 32.3% in 2015–2017) as compared to other sexual identity subgroups. Conclusion: This is the first study to examine U.S. national trends in alcohol, marijuana, illicit drug, and polysubstance use across sexual identity subgroups, and demonstrates that sexual identity subgroup differences were robust with relatively few changes in trends over time. The consistently high rates of binge drinking and polysubstance use among bisexual women deserve much closer attention based on the related health consequences.

Binge Drinking Relates to Worse Neurocognitive Functioning Among Adults Aging with HIV.

Given the aging population of people with HIV (PWH), along with increasing rates of binge drinking among both PWH and the general older adult population, this study examined the independent and interactive effects of HIV, binge drinking, and age on neurocognition. Participants were 146 drinkers stratified by HIV and binge drinking status (i.e., ≥4 drinks for women and ≥5 drinks for men within approximately 2 h): HIV+/Binge+ (n = 30), HIV-/Binge+ (n = 23), HIV+/Binge- (n = 55), HIV-/Binge- (n = 38). All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery measuring demographically-corrected global and domain-specific neurocognitive T scores. ANCOVA models examined independent and interactive effects of HIV and binge drinking on neurocognitive outcomes, adjusting for overall alcohol consumption, lifetime substance use, sex, and age. Subsequent multiple linear regressions examined whether HIV/Binge group moderated the relationship between age and neurocognition. HIV+/Binge+ participants had worse global neurocognition, processing speed, delayed recall, and working memory than HIV-/Binge- participants (p's < .05). While there were significant main effects of HIV and binge drinking, their interaction did not predict any of those neurocognitive outcomes (p's > .05). Significant interactions between age and HIV/Binge group showed that HIV+/Binge+ participants demonstrated steeper negative relationships between age and neurocognitive outcomes of learning, delayed recall, and motor skills compared to HIV-/Binge- participants (p's < .05). Results showed adverse additive effects of HIV and binge drinking on neurocognitive functioning, with older adults demonstrating the most vulnerability to these effects. Findings support the need for interventions to reduce binge drinking, especially among older PWH.

Sex and alcohol use disorder predict the presence of cancer, respiratory, and other medical conditions: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III

Background: Women experience greater health consequences of alcohol compared to their male counterparts. In recent years, rates of drinking and heavy alcohol use have increased in women while remaining relatively steady in men. Thus, our aim was to newly examine associations between sex, AUD, and the presence of medical conditions in a large nationally representative, cross-sectional dataset. Methods: Using data from the U.S. National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III; n = 36,309), we evaluated relationships among sex and DSM-5 AUD, and their association with past year clinician-confirmed medical conditions. Results: Women were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to be diagnosed with a past year cancer, pain, respiratory, or other significant medical condition compared to men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.331–2.027). Individuals with an ongoing DSM-5 AUD were nearly 1.5 to 2 times more likely to report a confirmed past year liver, cardiovascular, cancer, or other significant medical condition compared to those without an AUD (OR = 1.437–2.073). Interactive effects demonstrated that women with an ongoing AUD were 2 to 3 times more likely to report a past year doctor- or health professional-confirmed medical condition compared to men; specifically, respiratory conditions and cancers (OR = 1.767–2.713). Conclusions: Results identify that AUD is a critical factor associated with disease that spans organ systems. Associations between AUD and respiratory conditions or cancers are particularly robust in women. Effective interventions for a broad spectrum of medical conditions should consider the role of problematic alcohol use, especially given that rates of drinking in women are increasing.

A Mobile Phone-Based Life-Skills Training Program for Substance Use Prevention Among Adolescents: Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundLife skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. Life-skills training programs conducted within the school curriculum are effective in preventing the onset and escalation of substance use among adolescents. However, their dissemination is impeded due to their large resource requirements. Life-skills training provided via mobile phones may provide a more economic and scalable approach.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to test the appropriateness (ie, acceptance, use, and evaluation) and short-term efficacy of a mobile phone–based life-skills training program to prevent substance use among adolescents within a controlled trial.MethodsThe study design was a two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomized controlled trial with assessments at baseline and follow-up assessments after 6 and 18 months. This report includes outcomes measured up to the 6-month follow-up. The efficacy of the intervention was tested in comparison to an assessment-only control group. The automated intervention program SmartCoach included online feedback and individually tailored text messages provided over 22 weeks. The contents were based on social cognitive theory and addressed self-management skills, social skills, and substance use resistance skills. Linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed models, as well as logistic or linear regressions, were used to investigate changes between baseline and 6-month follow-up in the following outcomes: 30-day prevalence rates of problem drinking, tobacco use, and cannabis use as well as quantity of alcohol use, quantity of cigarettes smoked, cannabis use days, perceived stress, well-being, and social skills.ResultsA total of 1759 students from 89 Swiss secondary and upper secondary school classes were invited to participate in the study. Of these, 1473 (83.7%) students participated in the study; the mean age was 15.4 years (SD 1.0) and 55.2% (813/1473) were female. Follow-up assessments at 6 months were completed by 1233 (83.7%) study participants. On average, program participants responded to half (23.6 out of 50) of the prompted activities. Program evaluations underlined its appropriateness for the target group of secondary school students, with the majority rating the program as helpful and individually tailored. The results concerning the initial effectiveness of this program based on 6-month follow-up data are promising, with three of nine outcomes of the intention-to-treat analyses showing beneficial developments of statistical significance (ie, quantity of alcohol use, quantity of tobacco use, and perceived stress; P<.05) and another three outcomes (ie, problem drinking prevalence, cannabis use days, and social skills) showing beneficial developments of borderline significance (P<.10).ConclusionsThe results showed good acceptance of this intervention program that could be easily and economically implemented in school classes. Initial results on program efficacy indicate that it might be effective in both preventing or reducing substance use and fostering life skills; however, data from the final 18-month follow-up assessments will be more conclusive.Trial RegistrationISRCTN Registry ISRCTN41347061; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN41347061

Jealousy and Electronic Intrusion Mediated by Relationship Uncertainty in Married and Cohabiting Couples During COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic poses unique threats to romantic relationships as couples were issued to stay at home by a mandatory order, limiting social interactions with others. Although technology allows for social interactions, the privacy of interactions through technology may be compromised. Electronic intrusion (EI) occurs when individuals covertly gain access of their partner's mobile device to go through content (e.g., text messages, private messages on social media sites), and previous study indicates serious consequences of EI, including increased rates of intimate partner violence, depressive symptoms, and heavy episodic drinking. This study examines jealousy, relationship uncertainty (RU), and EI in a sample of American adults. We hypothesized that jealousy would be related to greater acts of EI, and that this association will be mediated by RU. Data were collected from 754 Qualtrics Panels participants (50 percent male) with an average age of 41.7 years. Most participants (85.7 percent) were married. Results supported hypotheses, demonstrating that jealousy was associated with more EI, and this was due to uncertainty about the relationship's future. This study illuminates a need to study cyberdating abuse (CDA) in older and married populations. Future research should consider the effects of other relationship-specific emotions and cognitions on EI and further develop strategies aimed at reducing risks for CDA in romantic relationships.

국민건강증진종합계획에서의 알코올관련 정책변화와 함의

Objectives: Although Korean Health Plans are first and official alcohol policies of Korean government, changes and implications have not scrutinized from. So we followed those from wider view for new era. Methods: We compared the alcohol-related policies of first to fifth Korean Health Plan. The implication was deducted from wider view based on recent international and domestic evidences. Results: Major effective alcohol control policies have only slowly and incrementally introduced in Korea. Regulating the availability of alcohol and marketing restrictions have tried recently. Pricing policies were not apparent in official policies. Regarding to changes of governance bodies, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (1stHP), the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (2nd and 3rd HPs), and the Korea Health Promotion and Development Institute (4th and 5th HPs) were governance bodies. About changes in contents, in the latest HP, 6 divisions, 29 tasks, 83 projects, and 400 performance indicators were made and these are more confirmed than the previous plans. The 1st Health Plan 2010 launched a campaign with alcohol prevention education, establishment of a healthy drinking culture, educational counseling. In the 2nd New Health Plan 2020, it was changed to a more comprehensive plan, including consumption restrictions. In the 3rd plan, performance indicators such as high-risk drinking rate indicators and the number of projects were further expanded. In the representative indicators by sector, the adult high-risk drinking rate indicator was selected as the representative indicator. In the 4th and 5th plans, detailed projects and indicators were revised without major changes in the framework. Conclusions: Korean Health Plans have been improve continuously toward evidence based alcohol policy. More progresses are expected. In the future, it is thought that a diverse interdisciplinary approach will be necessary, focusing on the business fields and performance indicators approached in the Comprehensive National Health Promotion Plan.

US trends in binge drinking by gender, occupation, prestige, and work structure among adults in the midlife, 2006–2018

Rates of binge drinking have nearly doubled among US women ages 30-49 since 2006. Employment influences alcohol use and varies by the prestige and structure (e.g., authority, autonomy, expertise) of one's occupation. We examined trends in binge drinking among adults ages 30-49 in the labor force in 2006-2018 National Health Interview Surveys (N=108,981) by occupation, work prestige (General Social Survey's occupational prestige score), work structure (occupational authority, autonomy, automation, expertise), and gender. We estimated odds of binge drinking by year with survey-weighted logistic regression controlled for sociodemographics, smoking, and disability. In 2018, 30% of women and 43% of men reported binge drinking; drinking increased annually from 2006-2018 (OR for women=1.08, OR for men=1.03). Work status, prestige, and work structure modified the association. Women in high- (OR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.09-1.12) versus low-prestige (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.04-1.06) jobs had higher increases, as did men in high-prestige jobs (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.03-1.05). Respondents in higher relative to lower authority, autonomy, and expertise jobs increased binge drinking. Though all strata of workforce adults increased binge drinking, increases were concentrated among women in higher-status careers, implicating gendered shifts in labor as one determinant of recent national alcohol trends.