Drilling Research Articles

Thermal Evaluation of Bone Drilling: Assessing Drill Bits and Sequential Drilling.

Sequential drilling is a common practice in dental implant surgery aimed at minimizing thermal damage to bone. This study evaluates the thermal effects of sequential drilling and assesses modifications to drilling protocols to manage heat generation. We utilized a custom drill press and artificial bone models to test five drill bits under various protocols, including sequential drilling with different loads, spindle speeds, and peck drilling. Infrared thermography recorded temperature changes during the drilling process, with temperatures monitored at various depths around the osteotomy. The results reveal sequential drilling does not eliminate the thermal damage zone it creates (well over 70 °C). It creates harmful heat to surrounding bone that can spread up to 10 mm from the osteotomy. The first drill used in sequential drilling produces the highest temperatures (over 100 °C), and subsequent drill bits cannot remove the thermal trauma incurred; rather, they add to it. Modifying drill bit design and employing proper drilling techniques, such as reducing drilling RPM and load, can reduce thermal trauma by reducing friction. Inadequate management of heat can lead to prolonged recovery, increased patient discomfort, and potential long-term complications such as impaired bone-to-implant integration and chronic conditions like peri-implantitis. Ensuring healthy bone conditions is critical for successful implant outcomes.

Deep learning-based temperature prediction during rotary ultrasonic bone drilling

Bone drilling is a common but critical medical procedure in orthopedic surgeries used to treat fractured bones. During this procedure, the temperature of the bone increases due to generation of frictional energy. Temperature control has been a major challenge in bone drilling since its foundation. If this temperature increases over 47°C for 1 min, then it can result in permanent bone damage. To control the temperature elevation this study proposes a deep learning-based robust predictive model which has been trained and tested on data from pig bones. Excessive in-house testing has been done on pig femur bones to gather data and verify the results. Rotary ultrasonic bone drilling was the machining process used for drilling. Four independent variables which were rotational speed, feed rate, abrasive grit size, and vibrational ultrasonic power were varied and the temperature for each set of values was recorded. Multiple deep learning models were made and were compared on different error metrics. It was found that convolutional neural network 1D gave the least error over other models. The error generated by deep learning models was less than mathematical and experimental models.

Influence of HSS drill coatings on surface finish and cylindricity of AA6061/C/ZrO2 composite in CNC drilling operations under dry conditions

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the effect of HSS drill tool coatings, namely single-layer TiN, single-layer AlCrN, and double-layer AlTiN + TiSiXN (Durana), on the surface roughness and cylindricity of AA6061 (90 wt%)/C (5 wt%)/ZrO2 (5 wt%) hybrid composite material processed by the stir casting method. The fabricated sample was examined for the uniform particle distribution of reinforcements using Scanning Electron Microscope. The drilling operation was carried out on the fabricated in a CNC machining center by setting the spindle speeds of 800, 1200, and 1600 rpm, depths of cut of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm, and feeds of 50, 100, and 150 mm/rev. An orthogonal array (L27) designed by Taguchi’s method was used as the design of the experiment for the optimization of the best cutting parameters and coating. Surface roughness and cylindricity errors were determined for the 27 experimental runs. Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) examination and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the surface integrity and elemental composition, respectively. The results revealed that Durana had a significant effect on the surface substrate with minimum surface roughness (Ra) of 1.666 μm and obtained the minimum cylindricity error for the parameters of depth of cut 0.5 mm, spindle speed of 1200 and feed of 100 mm rev−1.

Outer spiral drill rod lunar soil sampling resistance moment simulation study

Abstract The task of unmanned automated sampling of China’s lunar exploration is to bring back lunar soil samples with a certain depth, and sampling of external auger drill pipe is the best way. The power and moment size of the lunar surface is limited, so a special design is required. In this paper, a unique structural model of a double-auger drilling tool is designed. It is a movement analysis of lunar soil and drill pipe. We use simulated lunar soil simulations and experiments. The Hertz-Mindlin slip-free model in the discrete element software EDEM was used for numerical simulation. Given the disadvantage of the large amount of computation of discrete elements, the “embedding simulation method” proposed in this paper reduces the amount of computation. When drilling 0.4m and 1m under lunar and earth gravity, the magnitude and influence of drill pipe rotation and vertical velocity on the drag moment were analyzed. We provide the relevant technical parameters of the real unmanned drilling activities on the lunar surface. Through simulation, the rationality parameters of several groups of drill pipe drilling are obtained to ensure the smooth progress of drilling.

Analytical Study of Random Oscillations of Vibration Protection Devices with an Elliptical Hysteresis Loop for Absorbing Harmful Energies by Non-Linear Mechanical Systems and their ElasticDamping Elements

The paper discusses the analysis of forced random oscillations of a non-linear mechanical system, namely a heavy drilling machine, taking into account the damping ability of the operator (human body) as a mechanical system and the elliptical hysteresis loop of the absorption of harmful energies by the elastic-damping element.

Optimization of Machining for the Maximal Productivity Rate of the Drilling Operations

Machining processes focused primarily on the quality of surfaces and sizes of machined workpieces, as well as minimizing costs and tool wear. Existing publications related to maximizing the productivity of machining processes, present results that are in fact sub-optimal. The increase in machining regimes improves productivity but may reduce the quality of machined products. Mathematical optimization methods help find a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of machining processes. The tool life of cutters largely influences machining productivity and sets limits on machining speed. The normative tool life equations developed in research labs do not take into account the reliability of machine units and the specificities of technological processes. The normative machining speeds are suboptimal for manufacturing processes and may not maximize productivity. This paper presents a mathematical model for optimizing the cutting speed of a drilling machine tool to achieve its maximum productivity under realistic manufacturing conditions.

Design and development of a combined seedbed compactor and teff seed cum fertilizer drill machine

Teff, which is surged in other continent and a cornerstone Ethiopian grain used as injera, suffers from low yield due to outdated sowing practices and minimal use of modern fertilizers. The traditional method is inefficient, squandering seeds and fertilizer, and relying on a large number of animals for trampling. Researchers addressed this challenge by creating a new machine that combines a seedbed compactor with a tool that sows both teff seeds and fertilizer. They conducted lab tests to analyze how different settings affected the machine's performance. These settings included the speed (varying from 2.11 to 3.14 km per hour), the amount of fertilizer and seeds in the hopper (full, half, or quarter full), and the shape of the opening in the metering plate (circular, square, or a specific angled square). The weight of the compactor was also adjusted (40, 50, or 60 kg).Analysis of the results using Design Expert-13 software showed that a circular opening in the metering plate combined with a speed of 2.6 km per hour yielded optimal results, distributing 4.2 kg of seeds and 96.2 kg of fertilizer per hectare. Additionally, the compactor filled with 50 kg of sand generated a compaction force of 483.7 N. These findings satisfy the design requirements of applying 3–5 kg of seeds, 50–100 kg of fertilizer, and achieving a compaction force of 480 N per hectare. This method significantly reduces seed waste by 81 % compared to traditional techniques.

Multi-Objective Optimization Study of Annular Fluid Flow Structure in Cordless Core Drilling Tools

Multi-Objective Optimization Study of Annular Fluid Flow Structure in Cordless Core Drilling Tools

A Monitoring System for Failure Risk of Downhole Drilling Tools in Complex Formations

A Monitoring System for Failure Risk of Downhole Drilling Tools in Complex Formations

Optimizing Orchard Planting Efficiency with a GIS-Integrated Autonomous Soil-Drilling Robot

A typical orchard’s mechanical operation consists of three or four stages: lining and digging for plantation, moving the seedling from nurseries to the farm, moving the seedling to the planting hole, and planting the seedling in the hole. However, the digging of the planting hole is the most time-consuming operation. In fruit orchards, the use of robots is increasingly becoming more prevalent to increase operational efficiency. They offer practical and effective services to both industry and people, whether they are assigned to plant trees, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, or carry heavy loads to relieve staff. Robots can operate for extended periods of time and can be highly adept at repetitive tasks like planting many trees. The present study aims to identify the locations for planting trees in orchards using geographic information systems (GISs), to develop an autonomous drilling machine and use the developed robot to open planting holes. There is no comparable study on autonomous hole planting in the literature in this regard. The agricultural mobile robot is a four=wheeled nonholonomic robot with differential steering and forwarding capability to stable target positions. The designed mobile robot can be used in fully autonomous, partially autonomous, or fully manual modes. The drilling system, which is a y-axis shifter driven by a DC motor with a reducer includes an auger with a 2.1 HP gasoline engine. SOLIDWORKS 2020 software was used for designing and drawing the mobile robot and drilling system. The Microsoft Visual Basic.NET programming language was used to create the robot navigation system and drilling mechanism software. The cross-track error (XTE), which determines the distances between the actual and desired holes positions, was utilized to analyze the steering accuracy of the mobile robot to the drilling spots. Consequently, the average of the arithmetic means was determined to be 4.35 cm, and the standard deviation was 1.73 cm. This figure indicates that the suggested system is effective for drilling plant holes in orchards.

Applying transfer learning to address data scarcity: A case study on LWD gamma ray depth-lag remediation from Volve to another gasfield

In petroleum engineering, obtaining comprehensive subsurface data is challenging due to significant costs and protective regulations. This complexity often restricts the extensive use of data-driven approaches. This study investigates the applicability of deep learning with transfer learning, to tackle this prominent challenges. Grounded in a practical fusion of engineering and geology, we address a specific issue: the depth-lagged measurements of the Logging While Drilling (LWD) tool's Gamma Ray detector, owing to its position meters behind the drill bit. Our approach uniquely integrates real-time drilling engineering parameters with the delayed Gamma time-series features, aiming to predictively correct these lagged measurements.The research extends from the Volve oil field in Norway to a distinct gas field in China, covering a wide geographical range and diverse geological conditions. The results indicated that in environments with limited data, transfer learning could enhance accuracy by up to 13% compared to traditional methods. This transition tests transfer learning's adaptability to various gasfield settings, demonstrating its potential to enhance model accuracy in data-limited environments and advocating for data-driven approaches in petroleum engineering.

Numerical Simulation and Flow Field Analysis of Porous Water Jet Nozzle Based on Fluent

The water jet nozzle is a penetrating drilling tool, which sends the pumped water to the nozzle through a high-pressure hose. It can work in a variety of working environments. When it dredges the blockage in the pipeline, its structural parameters will affect the jet flow field in the pipeline. Taking the self-propelled water jet nozzle as the research object, SolidWorks was used to establish the nozzle model with different parameter structures. Based on Fluent, the k-ε turbulence model was used to simulate the jet of nozzles with different nozzle sizes and arrangements in the pipeline. The distribution of the jet flow field and the change in velocity and displacement of nozzles with different parameters in the pipeline were compared, and then computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to process the simulation data for further research. The results show that when the inclination angle of the rear nozzle is 35°, the attenuation of the front jet velocity and the fluctuation of the wall fluid velocity are the smallest. When the nozzle aperture is increased from 2 mm to 3.5 mm, the vortex area inside the pipe is reduced, and the velocity attenuation of the front jet is also reduced, with the velocity attenuation rate decreasing by about 10%. This study provides a reference for the design and parameter optimization of self-propelled water jet nozzles.

Evaluation of drilling by induced delamination of hybrid biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: A statistical analysis by RSM

Studying the drilling of a hybrid jute/palm composite material offers significant contributions to sustainable material development. Incorporating renewable jute and palm fibers represents an innovative, eco-friendly approach compared to synthetic composites. This research aims to optimize drilling parameters to reduce defects and evaluate the performance of different drilling tools, crucial for industrial applications. Drilling is performed via three different types of drills bit: High-Speed Steel, HSS-Co5 coated high-speed steel with 5% cobalt, and carbide. The drilling process involves adjusting the feed and rotational speed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to select drilling settings by validating experimentally obtained data and predicting the behavior of the structure based on cutting circumstances. The findings indicated that the most effective cutting parameters for minimizing delamination are achieved using the HSS drill bit, namely at lower feed and rotational speeds. Delamination remains below the threshold of 1.106 when the feed is 0.04 mm/rev and the rotational speed is 1592 rpm. The analysis of the results obtained using the response surface methodology indicates that the R2 coefficient for cylindricity is 0.96%. In contrast, the rate of delamination is 0.79% and the rate of circularity is 0.89%.

Optimasi Penjadwalan Mesin Bor Manual pada Produksi Side Chair Menggunakan Metode Shortest Processing Time (SPT)

CV Mandiri Abadi is a manufacturing industry that operates on a make-to-order system, specifically for side chair products, necessitating a carefully considered scheduling system. Issues with the use of manual drilling machines causing delays in component deliveries to the warehouse prompted an evaluation of optimal production scheduling using the shortest processing time (SPT) method. This study includes detailed calculations to determine average completion time, utilization, average job time, and average job delay. Analysis results show that using manual drilling machines achieved an average completion time of 854.28 minutes, a proposed utilization improvement of 28%, an average job time of 3.46 minutes, and an average delay of 614.14 minutes. This approach is more effective in optimizing processing time and reducing delivery delays. Therefore, the use of the shortest processing time (SPT) method is recommended to improve production performance within the company.

Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of High-Temperature-Resistant Extreme-Pressure Lubricants for a Water-Based Drilling Fluid Gel System.

Addressing the high friction and torque challenges encountered in drilling processes for high-displacement wells, horizontal wells, and directional wells, we successfully synthesized OAG, a high-temperature and high-salinity drilling fluid lubricant, using materials such as oleic acid and glycerol. OAG was characterized through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The research findings demonstrate the excellent lubricating performance of OAG under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions. After adding 1.0% OAG to a 4% freshwater-based slurry, the adhesion coefficient of the mud cake decreased to 0.0437, and at a dosage of 1.5%, the lubrication coefficient was 0.032, resulting in a reduction rate of 94.1% in the lubrication coefficient. After heating at 200 °C for 16 h, the reduction rate of the lubrication coefficient reached 93.6%. Even under 35% NaCl conditions, the reduction rate of the lubrication coefficient remained at 80.3%, indicating excellent lubrication retention performance. The lubricant OAG exhibits good compatibility with high-density drilling fluid gel systems, maintaining their rheological properties after heating at 200 °C and reducing filtration loss. The lubrication mechanism analysis indicates that OAG can effectively adsorb onto the surface of N80 steel sheets. The contact angle of the steel sheets increased from 41.9° to 83.3° before and after hot rolling, indicating a significant enhancement in hydrophobicity. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the formation of an extreme-pressure lubricating film through chemical reactions of OAG on the metal surface. Consequently, this film markedly reduces the friction between the drilling tools and the wellbore rocks, thereby enhancing lubrication performance and providing valuable guidance for constructing high-density water-based drilling fluid gel systems.

Comparison of curved and straight tip radiofrequency cannula deflection in a ballistic model

BackgroundPercutaneous pain and spine procedures play an important diagnostic and therapeutic role in the treatment of various pain diagnoses. Accurate placement of needles or cannulae during these procedures is paramount to the success of these procedures. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine and quantify the amount of deflection of radiofrequency cannulae based on curved tip versus no curved tip, using a ballistic gel tissue simulant. Materials and methodsSix different types of cannulae commonly used for spinal and peripheral nerve ablations were selected, including 18, 20, and 22 gauge curved and straight radiofrequency cannulae. Ballistic gel samples were made in molds of 40 mm and 80 mm. Each cannula was mounted in a drill press to ensure accurate trajectory. ResultsCurved RFA cannula had increased deflection when compared to straight cannula for 18-, 20-, and 22-gauge cannulae at a depth of 40 mm. Curved RFA cannula had increased deflection when compared to straight cannula for 20- and 22-gauge cannulae at a depth of 80 mm. Overall, the mean deflection for a curved cannula increased 1.9x for 20-gauge cannulae and 2.5x for 22-gauge cannulae when compared to a straight cannula. ConclusionsFor interventionalists, understanding the effects of needle or cannula shape is crucial for accurate placement. When a procedure requires additional steerability, additional deflection up to 2.5x obtained by placing a bend in the needle or cannula tip should be considered.

Learning periodic skills for robotic manipulation: Insights on orientation and impedance

Many daily tasks exhibit a periodic nature, necessitating that robots possess the ability to execute them either alone or in collaboration with humans. A widely used approach to encode and learn such periodic patterns from human demonstrations is through periodic Dynamic Movement Primitives (DMPs). Periodic DMPs encode cyclic data independently across multiple dimensions of multi-degree of freedom systems. This method is effective for simple data, like Cartesian or joint position trajectories. However, it cannot account for various geometric constraints imposed by more complex data, such as orientation and stiffness. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel periodic DMP formulation that enables the encoding of periodic orientation trajectories and varying stiffness matrices while considering their geometric constraints. Our geometry-aware approach exploits the properties of the Riemannian manifold and Lie group to directly encode such periodic data while respecting its inherent geometric constraints. We initially employed simulation to validate the technical aspects of the proposed method thoroughly. Subsequently, we conducted experiments with two different real-world robots performing daily tasks involving periodic changes in orientation and/or stiffness, i.e., operating a drilling machine using a rotary handle and facilitating collaborative human–robot sawing.

Suicide by an Electric Power Drill and Spade Drill Bit: An Unusual Mechanism of Death.

Self-inflicted penetrating brain injuries with drills have been reported but are uncommon and typically involve the use of conventional drill bits. We report an unusual case of a 56-year-old man with a history of psychiatric illness who completed suicide using an electric drill and spade-type drill bit. Multiple superficial scalp and deeper bony injuries were sustained, although without breach of the dura, and death was not from brain injury, but secondary to venous air embolism related to entrainment of air into diploic vessels.

Numerical investigation of rock-breaking mechanisms and influencing factors of different PDC cutters during rotary percussion drilling

While drilling deep or ultra-deep wells in hard rock formations, there are significant problems such as easy wear of drilling cutters and a low rate of penetration (ROP), and rotary percussion drilling technology is one of the essential techniques for improving drilling efficiency. However, there is currently limited research on the compatibility of rotary percussion drilling tools, polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters, and hard rock formations. Considering the motion mechanism of rotary percussion drilling tools, a three-dimensional rock-breaking numerical model was established for different cutters (planar, axe-shaped, and triple-ridged) under impact loads. Penetration depths, cutting widths, and rock-breaking volumes of different cutters under static and dynamic load coupling were analyzed. Changes in tensile, compressive, and shear stresses during the cutter rock-breaking process were compared, revealing the different cutter rock-breaking mechanisms under impact loads. The cutter rock-breaking laws under different impact amplitudes and frequencies were analyzed quantitatively, and the differences in rock-breaking effects of different cutters under various geological conditions were assessed. The results indicated that cutter penetration depth during rotary percussion drilling could be increased by 16.04% compared to that during conventional drilling. Under the same impact load, the rock-breaking effects of different cutters on hard and soft rocks exhibited similar variation patterns. The penetration depth followed the order axe-shaped > triple-ridged > planar cutters, with an average tangential order of triple-ridged < axe-shaped < planar cutters. When drilling through hard rock, the average penetration depths of planar, axe-shaped, and triple-ridged cutters were 5.57, 6.06, and 3.91 mm, respectively. The average tangential forces were 670.57, 541.76, and 347.89 N, respectively. During the transition from soft to hard rock during drilling, the tangential forces of the planar, axe-shaped, and triple-ridged cutters increased by 8.41%, 3.21%, and 2.64%, respectively. The planar cutter experienced the most significant instantaneous tangential-force change and was more prone to impact damage. Increasing the amplitude of the axial stress waves helps enhance the penetration depth of the drill bit, whereas increasing the frequency of the stress waves can reduce the intensity of fluctuations during drill-bit penetration and increase drill-bit stability. The research results provide insights into optimizing drilling cutters and engineering parameters during rotary percussion drilling.

High-precision U-Pb geochronology for the Miocene Climate Optimum and a novel approach for calibrating age models in deep-sea sediment cores

Abstract Scientific ocean drilling cores recovered years ago (legacy cores), especially as recovered by rotary drilling, commonly show incomplete recovery and core disturbance. We present a novel method to date such cores by presenting the first high-precision U-Pb zircon ages targeting the duration of the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO; ca. 17–14 Ma) from volcanic ashes at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1000 (on the Nicaragua Rise in the Caribbean Sea). We place these ages within a newly developed framework to address incomplete core recovery and use them to calibrate a high-resolution bulk carbonate δ13C and δ18O record. Our Site 1000 ages show that volcanism of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) large igneous province was coincident with the interval of greatest sustained MCO warmth at this site. However, if the CRBG were the primary driver of the MCO, our chronology may allow for outgassing preceding volcanism as a major source of CO2. We thus document a promising new way to obtain highly resolved, accurate, and precise numerical age models for legacy deep-sea sediment cores that does not depend on correlation to other records.