Dry Fruit Research Articles

Extraction of Flavonoids from Flavedo Layers of Citrus Fruits Peels and its Expected Anti-Diabetic and Psychological Significance; a Biochemical and Family Medicine Overview

This study was aimed at the Extraction of Flavonoids from Albedo layers of citrus fruits peels and its expected anti-diabetic significance. Lemon (Citrus limon) is the third most important species of citrus after orange and mandarin. Flavedo is the peel’s outer layer. It is a rich source of essential oils. Albedo extract was separated. Study results clearly showed the presence (p ≤ 0.05) of flavonoids in Albedo citrus layers; peel > pulp > seeds. Flavonoids are the major constituents of dry citrus fruits as well as citrus peels. Citrus fruit prevents free radical generation and reduces homocysteine level; it also possesses anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids applications in medicinal chemistry includes anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects.

Response of Sunmuscat (Vitis vinifera L.) to Varying Cane Numbers When Managed on a Shaw Swing-Arm Trellis for Dried Grape Production

Background and Aims. Dried grapes from Sunmuscat compose more than 50% of Australia’s production. Sunmuscat is late ripening which can lead to suboptimal drying conditions and darkening of the final product. The response of Sunmuscat to varying cane number per vine was studied with the aim to promote earlier ripening and optimise berry size and yield, without detrimental effects on dried product quality. Methods and Results. The study was conducted in a trellis dried, commercial vineyard with pruning level treatments of 6, 9, 12, and 15 canes per vine over 3 seasons. It included assessment of budburst and fruitfulness in spring; monitoring of grape ripening; measurement of yield, bunch number, and moisture content at harvest; and post-harvest assessment of dry berry mass and fruit colour. Traits strongly affected by season were fruitfulness, yield, berry development, juice composition (TSS, pH, and TA), and dried grape quality (colour, dry berry mass, and sugar per berry). Retention of high cane numbers produced a slight delay in ripening (i.e., a mean of 1.1°Brix), small berries, and an asymptotic yield response without an effect on dried fruit colour or moisture. A linear response for bunch loss between spring and harvest was found with increasing cane number. Conclusions. Retention of fewer canes increased berry size and promoted earlier ripening, but at the expense of yield. Significance of the Study. Bunch loss between spring and harvest was the major yield determinant being more important than budburst, shoot fruitfulness, or berries per bunch.

Accumulation of Nutrients and the Relation between Fruit, Grain, and Husk of Coffee Robusta Cultivated in Brazilian Amazon.

Coffee genotypes cultivated in the Amazonian region have been gaining increasing prominence in Brazilian plantations. This study aimed to quantify nutrient accumulation in the fruits, grains, and husks of Robusta coffee genotypes cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon and estimate genetic diversity. The experiment was conducted in Alta Floresta D'Oeste-Rondônia, Brazil. To assess nutrient accumulation, fresh fruits were collected. These were dried, processed, separated into grains and husks, and subjected to chemical analysis. Nutrient accumulation in fruits, grains, and husks, as well as the grain/husk ratio, underwent analysis of variance through the F-test (p < 0.01. For each evaluated trait, the experimental coefficient of 337 variation (CVe), genetic coefficient of variation (CVg), and genotypic determination coefficient (H2) were also estimated. Variability was observed among Robusta coffee genotypes, with VP06, AS4, and AS10 being the most dissimilar. LB080 had the lowest dry fruit weight and the lowest percentage of grains in relation to husks. ZD156 accumulated more K in the grains, while VP06 and AS10 were the genotypes that accumulated more nutrients in the husks. Nutrients N, K, Ca, and P are accumulated in larger quantities, necessitating the calibration of mineral fertilization dosages and distribution.

The effect of three plant extracts in the control of Khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium Everts) (Coleoptera Dermistidae)

Trogoderma granarium (Everts) is one of the world’s most destructive pest of stored products (Legumes and cereals), oilseeds, dry fruits, copra and other stored products. In this research paper alternative of chemical control were applied to give a repellent effect and more safety method, however Repellent effect of acetone extracts of three medicinal plants: (Eucaaliptus, Rosemary and Ginger) to the Trogoderma granarium (Evetrs) larvae (Stage 3 and 4) was evaluated under laboratory condition. There were four treatments including control and three replications in this experiment. Rotary Shaker was used for the preparation of extracts 0, 10, 14 and 18% concentrations were used in this experiment. Eucalyptus plant extracts showed good results, maximum mean repellency (6.33%) followed by Ginger (5.33 %) and Rosemary (3.00%). The results show repellency was increased with increase in concentration. The application of these plant extracts can protect stored grains against attack of Trogodema granarium.

ORGANIC ACIDS OF THE FRUITS OF STAGHORN SUMAC (RHUS TYPHINA L.)

Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) of the Anacardiaceae family is a deciduous tree originating from North America, cultivated in Russia. The aim of the work was to determine the organic acids in the fruits of staghorn sumac. The object of the study was the fruits of staghorn sumac, fresh, dried and overwintered (last year). For qualitative analysis of ascorbic acid and organic acids, extracts were obtained in three ways: in a flask in a water bath with a reverse refrigerator, in infusion mode, in decoction mode. The determination of organic acids was carried out using qualitative reactions, as well as by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. By the method of thin-layer chromatography in extracts from three samples of raw materials were identified oxalic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic and malic acids. The method of high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed the presence of five organic acids. The content of the sum of organic acids was: in fresh fruits – 6.52%, in dry fruits – 6.26%, in overwintered fruits – 6.35%. The content of ascorbic acid is 0.78%, 0.75% and 0.76%, respectively. The high content of the sum of organic acids and ascorbic acid allows us to consider the fruits of staghorn sumac as a valuable source of biologically active compounds.

Genotypes performance and genetic variability studies in Hot Pepper (Capsicum annum L.)

Pepper (Capsicum sp.) is one of the most widely used food worldwide. To assess the magnitude and extent of genetic variability among some chili accessions and varieties, and their contributions to yield, a field experiment was conducted using 30 genotypes during the off-season period from November 2016 to May 2017 under irrigation. The experiment was conducted using an RCBD design with three replicates. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed highly significant differences for all traits tested, except for fruit girth, pedicel length, and plant height. Primary branch per plant, dry fruit yield per plot, fruit length, stem width, and number of fruits per plant all had high GCV(genotype coefficient of variation) and PCV(phenotypic coefficient variation) values among the yield components, along with high heritability and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean. For all traits, the phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation, indicating an environmental influence on these traits. High heritability, along with high genetic advance as a percentage of mean, was observed for primary branch per plant, stem width, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, and dry fruit yield per plot, implying the potential for crop improvement in chilli through selection.

Distribution Pattern of Urban Street Trees in Rome (Italy): A Multifactorial Evaluation of Selection Criteria

Street trees play a significant ecological role in modern urban ecosystems, but usually the selection criteria follow pragmatic reasons rather than bio-ecological suitability. Understanding the influence of such factors can be relevant, especially in cities having a certain complexity and area. This paper aims to analyze the variation in the distribution of street tree species within the city’s municipia of Rome to determine the influence of some factors in the selection process. Here, we have described the species of street trees in fourteen municipia of Rome, and we created five clusters of factors (bio-ecological, aesthetic, historical–cultural, health, and economic) that could constitute selection criteria for street trees. From our data analysis, the municipia of Rome were grouped into four main groups and the choice of trees was based on multiple selection criteria. Foliage type, longevity, fruit type, autochthony, and economic value were the primary criteria. In 90–100% of municipia, deciduous species dominate, with 50–150 years longevity, dry fruits, exotic species, and prices of &lt;€500 per tree. Additionally, the flower type, allergenicity, size class, and cultural value were the secondary criteria. The biological and ecological characteristics of trees are key factors to consider in order to reduce the management of street trees and relative costs.

Edible coatings and films for shelf-life extension of fruit and vegetables

The execution of the edible coatings and films for food preservation; vegetables, fruits, meat, and dry fruits has been ladened in history. The study of literature portrays enough pieces of evidence dating back from centuries of coatings or films being utilized for the conservation of numerous fruits and vegetables to stretch their average shelf-life. The mechanism that remains operative in extending the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables beyond the normal shelf-life is the controlled entry and exit of moisture and gases. The non- biodegradable packaging which is also non-sustainable can be substituted with compostable and edible coatings and films made up of natural biopolymers. Therefore, keeping in mind the environment and consumer safety, a score of research has been going on from former decades for the development of edible coatings and films with efficient shelf life-extending qualities. The films composed of proteins exhibit a good mechanical strength while the polysaccharide composed films and coatings show efficient gas blocking qualities, however, both lack moisture shielding attributes. These shortcomings can be fixed by combining them with lipids and or some appropriate hydrocolloids. The edible coatings and films have been integrated with various food products; however, they haven't been completely successful in substitution of the total fraction of their non-edible counterparts. The implementation of edible coatings and films have shown to serve an immense value in extending the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables along with being a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for food packaging.

What happens when fire is too early? Observations of fire‐stimulated fruit opening releasing underdeveloped seeds for an endemic Cerrado shrub

AbstractThe relation of fire with the reproductive process of species from tropical grasslands and savannas has long been investigated. Post‐fire flowering is well documented in the Cerrado, but fire‐mediated fruit opening and seed dispersal has rarely been described, with very few historical records being known. Even less is known about the effects of different fire seasons on species reproduction. Here, we describe the fire‐stimulated fruit opening of Jacaranda ulei, an endemic Cerrado shrub with medical importance to traditional communities. We show that fruits opened within 2 weeks after an early dry season fire, but there were almost no viable seeds as fruits were still immature when burned. When put together with the known records for other species, dry dehiscent fruits and anemochory arise as common traits that favour fire‐mediated fruit opening. As these are common attributes in the Cerrado, it is possible that several other species also have fire‐stimulated seed dispersal but remain vastly unnoticed and underreported in the literature. Additionally, the peak reproductive effort of these species coincides with the period of prescribed burns of the Integrated Fire Management Program and, consequently, several species could also have their reproductive cycle interrupted to disperse immature seeds. We hope our note encourages further studies on the fire‐mediated fruit opening and seed dispersal of Cerrado species, particularly in relation to fire season and seed quality.

Recent Advances in Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Cultivation: A Review

Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.), also known as carom seed, belongs to the family Apiaceae, a native from Egypt. It is a popular seed spice crop in India. It is an annual herbaceous plant bearing small egg shaped greyish brown fruits. Seeds contain medicinal values, especially for curing indigestion, stomach pain, and elements concerning the digestive system. Thymol (30-35%), γ-terpinene (23.92%), and p-cymene (22.9%) are the major constituents present in the seeds. The essential oil extracted from Ajwain seeds is being used in minor quantities in perfumery, food flavouring as preservatives, and most extensively in folk medicines, especially for remedies of stomach disorders. Dry and hot fruit fermentation is externally applied on the chest to cure asthma, and a crushed fruit paste is applied for colic pains. Evaluation and characterization of seed spices germplasm is required for their documentation and cataloging crop wise for further use by plant breeders and biotechnologists to improve yields, quality, and resistance against biotic as well as biotic stresses. There is an urgent need to enhance the productivity and quality of the crop by adopting suitable agronomic practices such as population densities per hectare and the nutritional status of the soil. Major research is needed on pesticide residue management to earn better foreign exchange. Recent available advanced research and development have been described in this article.

Gender dimorphic species flower earlier than cosexuals

Abstract The timing of flowering is central to plant life‐history as it initiates sexual reproduction, thus controlling plant interaction with pollinators and climate factors. A fundamental question is: what are the drivers of flowering time strategy in a species? We assembled mean flowering times for the indigenous dicotyledonous flora of New Zealand (n = 1303 species, including 177 tree species) and used phylogenetic models to determine how climate, plant traits, and evolutionary history (phylogeny) controlled interspecific variation in flowering times across an island flora. Across all species, on average, flowering was 19 days earlier in abiotically pollinated species relative to biotically pollinated species, 23 days earlier in woody species, relative to herbaceous species, 45 days earlier in species with fleshy‐fruits, relative to species with dry fruits and 31 days earlier in gender dimorphic species, relative to cosexual species. Species in warmer and drier climates flowered earlier than those growing under cool, moist climates. When all factors were considered together, the strongest influence on flowering time was sexual system: gender dimorphic species flowered earlier than cosexuals, even after accounting for other factors. Synthesis. We propose that these differences in flowering time arise because of sexual selection for early male flowering and sexual conflict between male and female individuals. As sexual selection and conflict may be stronger in gender dimorphic species than in cosexual species, our study suggests that plant sexual system is an important force structuring the phenology of plant communities, with potential consequences for ecological interactions and ecosystem processes.

Ecological and biological bases of creating source material of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) on adaptability and productivity for further breeding

The research relevance is determined by the constant striving to improve and enhance sea buckthorn genotypes by using different genetic resources and breeding methods to achieve better adaptability, higher productivity, and fruit quality. The research aims to expand the genetic diversity of sea buckthorn, which combines high productivity and quality for further breeding. Phenology, morphological studies, and evaluation of breeding material for economically valuable traits were carried out according to the methodology for the examination of plant varieties, and molecular genetic studies – according to the polymerase chain reaction method, which is based on multiple copies of a specific DNA region. The formative process in sea buckthorn breeding for adaptability, productivity and quality was expanded by using the gene pool of related forms, which is one of the ways to solve the problems of creating source material for further breeding and is the basis of the research, which established a wide range of formative process by morphological traits and biological properties as a result of the hybridisation of biotypes, which allowed to select valuable hybrids for a set of breeding and, in particular, new forms of Soborna and Adaptyvna Improved were identified, characterised by high winter and drought resistance, productivity and fruit quality, absence of thorns and dry fruit separation, and submitted to the State Variety Testing. The obtained genotypes of sea buckthorn plants combine resistance to high and low environmental temperatures with a complex of other economic traits: disease resistance, low or no thorniness, fruit quality and their suitability for processing and production of products for healthy nutrition. The practical value of the study is based on the fact that the results of the research expand the information on the use of sea buckthorn adaptability, productivity, and quality in breeding, selected and studied in the natural and fallow ecosystems of Polissia and Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. As a result of the study, the best samples were selected and included in the Genetic Bank of Plants of Ukraine as material with valuable horticultural traits and involved in breeding work at the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine

Genome-wide association of dry (Tamar) date palm fruit color.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit (dates) are an economically and culturally significant crop in the Middle East and North Africa. There are hundreds of different commercial cultivars producing dates with distinctive shapes, colors, and sizes. Genetic studies of some date palm traits have been performed, including sex determination, sugar content, and fresh fruit color. In this study, we used genome sequences and image data of 199 dry dates (Tamar) collected from 14 countries to identify genetic loci associated with the color of this fruit stage. Here, we find loci across multiple linkage groups (LG) associated with dry fruit color phenotype. We recover both the previously identified VIRESCENS(VIR) genotype associated with fresh fruit yellow or red color and new associations with the lightness and darkness of dry fruit. This study will add resolution to our understanding of date color phenotype, especially at the most commercially important Tamar stage.

Priming Bean Seedlings to Boost Natural Plant Defenses Against Common Bacterial Wilt: Leaf Architecture, Leaf area, Foliage Water Content, and Plant Biomass Results (Part 3)

This greenhouse study evaluated the effects of two chemicals for priming kidney bean seedlings against bacterial wilt disease (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. Flaccumfaciens) (CFF). The premise of this study was that the oxidant properties of chlorine dioxide would mimic the signaling properties of radical oxygen species thereby initiating a cascade of molecular plant defenses. The factorial study included two levels for the foliar chlorine dioxide treatment, two levels for the bacterial wilt inoculation treatment, and two optional treatments. The biomass variables included oven dry total plant biomass, oven dry fruit biomass, and oven dry leaf biomass. Also, foliage and total plant water content data was collected, as well as total leaf area. Specific leaf area (SLA) was estimated from the leaf area and biomass data. The primers had equivalent leaf area, plant and fruit biomass as the water control for the CFF wilt inoculated plants. The EB 400 mg/l primer reduced SLA for the CFF inoculated plants. Both EB formulations increased aboveground water content in the CFF wilt inoculated plants. Multivariate tables revealed several significant correlations among leaf architecture, plant tissue water content, and biomass growth parameters for the EB primers and the water control treatment for the two CFF wilt treatments. Re-allocation of plant resources from plant growth to plant defenses due to chemical primers were estimated and discussed to determine the tradeoffs between plant yield and enhanced plant defenses. The three articles in this study show that chlorine dioxide primers can initiate a series of ROS and salicylic acid signals. This interplay of ROS signals and salicylic acid signals generated by the chlorine dioxide primers activates a long-term SAR response that protects plants against future pathogen attacks. In addition, interaction of the ROS and salicylic acid signals activates a suite of defense mechanisms that provide universal, multifaceted plant immunity that can be sustained across a crop season.

Cryo-attenuated properties of Tilia miqueliana pericarps and seeds.

Cryo treatment of dry seeds is known to attenuate the structure of fruit and seed coats, but little is known about the microstructural impacts of such treatment. The seeds of Tilia miqueliana are dispersed within a hard pericarp, the manual removal (hulling) of which is time-consuming and inefficient. Rapid hulling technology is urgently needed for sustainable production and convenience of edible nuts. We explored the mechanistic basis of liquid nitrogen (N)-treatment weakening of the pericarp of T. miqueliana fruits using a range of microscopical, biophysical and chemical approaches. Liquid N treatment (40 s) resulted in lower pericarp contents of cellulose and hemicellulose, and increased amounts of lignin. Profound changes in cell structure and mechanical properties included the emergence of large holes and gaps between the mesocarp and endocarp cells. Also, the toughness of the pericarp decreased, whilst the hardness and brittleness increased, thereby changing the fracture type from ductile to brittle. Liquid N treatment of dry fruits followed by tapping with a hammer, reduced the number of damaged seeds three-fold and pericarp peeling time four-fold compared with manual hulling, whilst seed viability was not negatively affected. Comparable findings for the efficient and economical removal of hard covering structures from dispersal units of five more species from three other families following liquid N treatment indicates the potential application of our findings to large-scale production of seeds and seedlings for breeding, forestry and conservation/restoration purposes. Furthermore, it introduces a novel concept for postharvest treatment and pre-treatment of deep processing in nuts.

Investigating the Correlation and Principal Component of Quantitative Traits in Mixed Cropping of Okra and Cucumber

Aims: With the aim of Choosing the most appropriate treatment and investigating the relationships between the traits and investigating the correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) of the morphological and physiological traits, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 replications on mixed cropping of okra and 3 varieties of cucumber in greenhouse.&#x0D; Study Design: In order to conduct the experiment, a randomized complete block design was used (RCBD) in three replications.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Damavand region of Iran in 2019-2020.&#x0D; Methodology: This experiment was conducted in a metal frame greenhouse where the average temperature of the greenhouse was 25°C and the relative humidity was 40%. During the harvest season, 3 cucumber plants and one okra plant were randomly sampled and recorded, and the numerical value of each trait was recorded based on the average of 3 random plants.&#x0D; Results: The results obtained from the correlation coefficients indicated that the trait of dry fruit yield has a positive and significant correlation with the traits of fruit weight and fresh fruit yield. Also, in examining the correlation graph between the traits, dry fruit yield and wet fruit yield traits had positive correlations with chlorophyll a, number of fruits, total chlorophyll and plant height traits. Based on the main components, 4 components accounted for more than 55% of the total variance of the data, respectively, 16% related to the first component, 14% related to the second component, 11% related to the third component, and 10% related to the fourth component. Graphical analysis was used on the data obtained from the experiment. Based on the ranking diagram of treatments in terms of traits, A1B2 (Baker x Mito) and A1B1 (Baker x NEGIN ) treatments were selected as suitable treatments.&#x0D; Conclusion: Comparison of the treatments with the okra single cropping treatment showed that doing mixed cropping of okra: cucumber can have a great effect on increasing the level of desirability in various traits in the target crop.

Patterns and drivers of plant sexual systems in the dry-hot valley region of southwestern China

Sexual systems play important roles in angiosperm evolution and exhibit substantial variations among different floras. Thus, studying their evolution in a whole flora is crucial for understanding the formation and maintenance of plant biodiversity and predicting its responses to environmental change. In this study, we determined the patterns of plant sexual systems and their associations with geographic elements and various life-history traits in dry-hot valley region of southwestern China, an extremely vulnerable ecosystem. Of the 3166 angiosperm species recorded in this area, 74.5% were hermaphroditic, 13.5% were monoecious and 12% were dioecious, showing a high incidence of diclinous species. Diclinous species were strongly associated with tropical elements, whereas hermaphroditic species were strongly associated with temperate and cosmopolitan elements. We also found that hermaphroditism was strongly associated with showy floral displays, specialist entomophily, dry fruits and herbaceous plants. Dioecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, generalist entomophily, fleshy fruits, and woody plants, whereas monoecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, anemophily, dry fruits, and herbaceous plants. In addition, hermaphroditic species with generalist entomophily tended to flower in the dry season, whereas diclinous species with specialist entomophily tended to flower in the rainy season. However, independent of sexual systems, plants that produce dry fruits tended to flower in the rainy season and set fruits in the dry season, but the opposite pattern was found for fleshy fruit-producing plants. Our results suggest that in the dry-hot valleys, plant sexual systems are associated with geographic elements as well as various life-history traits that are sensitive to environmental change.

Karakteristik Morfologi Jenis-Jenis Tanaman Obat Di Kelurahan Prabujaya Kecamatan Prabumulih Timur Kota Prabumulih

Research that examines the morphological characteristics of medicinal plants in Prabujaya Village, Prabumulih City has been carried out from April 2022 to May 2022. This study uses a survey method. Direct retrieval explores the area of ​​Prabujaya Village, East Prabumulih District, Prabumulih City. Sampling was done by direct observation, by looking at the list of Indonesian medicinal plants and the results of direct interviews with the community. The results of the study found that there were medicinal plants from the Spermatophyta divisio, consisting of 2 classes, 12 orders, 12 families, 18 genera and 18 species. The root morphology type (Radix) has taproot and fibrous root. The stem morphology (Caulis) is in the form of pseudo stem, woody stem, wet stem and grass stem. Leaf morphology (Folium) is lanceolate (lanceolatus), elongated (oblongus), ovoid (ovatus), ribbon (ligulatus) and oblong (ovalis). Flower morphology (FLOs) includes single interest, compound interest bunches, compound interest, grain compound interest, pseudo compound interest, umbrella compound interest, strand compound interest. Fruit morphology (Fructus) includes true fruit types of buni fruit, citrus fruit, kendaga fruit, compound stone fruit, dry single true fruit, compound true fruit, and pseudo true fruit. The parts of the organs used as medicine are leaves, rhizomes, roots, stems, flowers, and fruit.

Effect of Optimum Levels of Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cv Pant C 1

A field study was conducted in the Village Sabli of district Tehri Garhwal to know the effect of optimum levels of fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cv Pant C 1. To assess the effect of fertilizers on yield and yield parameters randomize block design (RBD) in field and completely randomized design (CRBD) in laboratory were used with 20 treatment combinations. In this study two levels of nitrogen (40 and 80 kg N ha-1), one level of phosphorus (35 kg P2O5 ha-1), two levels of potassium (35 and 60 kg K2O ha-1) and two levels of farmyard manure (20 and 25 tonns ha-1) were taken. Among all treatment combinations, fertilizer dose of NPK and farmyard manure 80:35:35 kg and 25 t ha-1 (T9 treatment) was found most suitable for cultivation of chilli. A significant increase in yield and yield parameters were recorded like number of fruits plant-1, length of the fruit, 100 fruit weight, fruit yield kg plot-1, fruit yield q ha-1 and dry fruit yield q ha-1. The result found promising when 80 kg nitrogen, 35 kg phosphorus, 35 kg potassium and 25 tonns farmyard manure ha-1 respectively were used and was found significantly superior over other treatments. A significant effect of treatment on mean daily germination, highest value of relative growth index was recorded for T9 treatment. The T7 treatment had registered maximum mean germination time. The various treatments had significant effect on T50 and highest T50 value was observed in T7 treatment. On the basis of above study it can be suggested that fertilizer ratio of N:P:K (80:35:35) with 25 t ha-1 of FYM give good yield and plant growth.

Isolation and Identification of Edible Mushroom Pleurotus spp. and Evaluate its Efficiency in the Production of Pleuran

Three oyster mushroom isolates coded Has. AA-1, Has. AA-2 and Has. AA-3 were isolate from apple, buckthorn and eucalyptus trees, respectively. These isolates were identified to the species level using the nucleotide sequence analysis for 5.8S rRNA as Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus ostreatus var. ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii and registered in the world Gene Bank at the NCBI website with accession numbers ON834486.1, ON834487.1 and ON834484.1, respectively. Pleurotus spp. cultivated in some agricultural residues for production of fruit bodies and pleuran. The results showed that the P.ostreatus var ostreatus cultivated in corn cobs and supplemented with wheat bran (5%) achieved the highest biological efficiency reached 122.21%, followed by 118.51% when cultivated in (barley straw + rice husks) with same supplement. The purity of pleuran purified from Pleurotus spp. was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which showed a concentration of 7.28 μg/mL. The highest Pleuran contents were 41.08 and 39.68 g/100 g dry fruit body of P. eryngii var. eryngii when cultivated in the (barley straw + rice husk) and corn cobs medium supplemented with 5% of crushed sunflower seeds.