Dry Extract Research Articles

Quantification of Glycyrrhizic Acid in FLEGMEN-SIP Capsules Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for CNS Disorders

Background: Neurological diseases affect over one billion people globally, presenting a significant health burden, especially for vulnerable populations. The FLEGMEN-SIP capsule was developed as a treatment option for central nervous system disorders, containing glycyrrhizic acid as its primary active ingredient. This study aims to quantify the glycyrrhizic acid content in FLEGMEN-SIP capsules using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to ensure compliance with therapeutic standards. Methods: The study utilized HPLC to quantify glycyrrhizic acid in FLEGMEN-SIP capsules. The capsules contain a dry extract derived from Phlomis regelii, Leonurus turkestanicus, Mentha piperita, and Glycyrrhiza glabra, with glycyrrhizic acid comprising 1.39% of the dry extract. Samples were prepared by dissolving 0.050 g of the drug in the mobile phase and filtered using a 0.45 µm membrane filter. The HPLC system included a Zorbax column and UV detection at 254 nm. The analysis was repeated five times for accuracy. Results: The glycyrrhizic acid content in FLEGMEN-SIP capsules was determined to be 0.55%, surpassing the minimum regulatory requirement of 0.4%. The chromatographic method demonstrated high reproducibility and reliability, confirming the quality and therapeutic efficacy of the capsules. Conclusion: The study validated the use of HPLC as an effective method for quantifying glycyrrhizic acid in FLEGMEN-SIP capsules. The results confirm the capsules meet regulatory standards, ensuring their suitability for treating central nervous system disorders.

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Metabolic Profiling of Synechocystis sp. Extract Encapsulated in Nano-Liposomes and Nano-Niosomes Using LC-MS, Complemented by Molecular Docking Studies.

Liposomes and niosomes can be considered excellent drug delivery systems due to their ability to load all compounds, whether hydrophobic or hydrophilic. In addition, they can reduce the toxicity of the loaded drug without reducing its effectiveness. Synechocystis sp. is a unicellular, freshwater cyanobacteria strain that contains many bioactive compounds that qualify its use in industrial, pharmaceutical, and many other fields. This study investigated the potential of nano-liposomes (L) and nano-niosomes (N) for delivering Synechocystis sp. extract against cancer cell lines. Four different types of nanoparticles were prepared using a dry powder formulation and ethanol extract of Synechocystis sp. in both nanovesicles (N1 and N2, respectively) and liposomes (L1 and L2, respectively). Analysis of the formed vesicles using zeta analysis, SEM morphological analysis, and visual examination confirmed their stability and efficiency. L1 and L2 in this investigation had effective diameters of 419 and 847 nm, respectively, with PDI values of 0.24 and 0.27. Furthermore, the zeta potentials were found to range from -31.6 mV to -43.7 mV. Regarding N1 and N2, their effective diameters were 541 nm and 1051 nm, respectively, with PDI values of 0.31 and 0.35, and zeta potentials reported from -31.6 mV to -22.2 mV, respectively. Metabolic profiling tentatively identified 22 metabolites (1-22) from the ethanolic extract. Its effect against representative human cancers was studied in vitro, specifically against colon (Caco2), ovarian (OVCAR4), and breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines. The results showed the potential activities of the prepared N1, N2, L1, and L2 against the three cell lines, where L1 had cytotoxicity IC50 values of 19.56, 33.52, and 9.24 µg/mL compared to 26.27, 56.23, and 19.61 µg/mL for L2 against Caco2, OVCAR4, and MCF7, respectively. On the other hand, N1 exhibited IC50 values of 9.09, 11.42, and 2.38 µg/mL, while N2 showed values of 15.57, 18.17, and 35.31 µg/mL against Caco2, OVCAR4, and MCF7, respectively. Meanwhile, the formulations showed little effect on normal cell lines (FHC, OCE1, and MCF10a). All of the compounds were evaluated in silico against the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR). The molecular docking results showed that compound 21 (1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-3-(6'-sulfo-alpha-D-quinovosyl)-sn-glycerol), followed by compounds 6 (Sulfoquinovosyl monoacylgycerol), 7 (3-Hydroxymyristic acid), 8 (Glycolipid PF2), 12 (Palmitoleic acid), and 19 (Glyceryl monostearate), showed the highest binding affinities. These compounds formed good hydrogen bond interactions with the key amino acid Lys721 as the co-crystallized ligand. These results suggest that nano-liposomes and nano-niosomes loaded with Synechocystis sp. extract hold promise for future cancer treatment development. Further research should focus on clinical trials, stability assessments, and pharmacological profiles to translate this approach into effective anticancer drugs.

Dihydromyricetin improves growth performance, immunity, and intestinal functions in weaned pigs challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Enteric infection is a major cause of enteric disorder in neonatal pigs during the weaning transition. Dihydromyricetin (DMY) is a natural flavanonol compound extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata with numerous biological activities such as antioxidative and immunomodulatory functions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary dihydromyricetin supplementation on growth performance, immunity, and intestinal functions in weaned pigs challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In total, 24 weaned DLY (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) pigs were allotted to 3 treatments. Pigs fed with basal diet or basal diet containing 300 mg/kg DMY were orally infused with sterilized culture or ETEC (2.5 × 1011 colony-forming units). Dietary DMY supplementation significantly elevated the final weight and average daily gain (ADG) but reduced diarrhea incidence in the weaned pigs of the EDMY group compared to the pigs of the ECON group (p < 0.05). Compared to the ECON group, DMY also improved the digestibility of dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), and ash of the EDMY group (p < 0.05). Moreover, DMY not only significantly decreased the ratio of albumin/globulin but also elevated serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (e.g., IgA and IgG) in the weaned pigs of the EDMY group compared to the pigs of the ECON group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V:C), and the activities of mucosal alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and maltase in the duodenum and jejunum of the EDMY group were higher than those in the ECON group (p < 0.05). Importantly, DMY significantly elevated the expression levels of jejunal zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT-1), and fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP-1) in the weaned pigs of the EDMY group compared to the pigs of the ECON group (p < 0.05). Additionally, compared to the ECON group, DMY increased the concentrations of microbial SCFA metabolites (e.g., acetic acid and propanoic acid), but reduced the abundance of Escherichia coli in the cecum of the EDMY group (p < 0.05). Dietary DMY supplementation can attenuate the ETEC-induced growth retardation and intestinal injury, which was attributed to the amelioration of intestinal nutrient digestion and transport functions as well as the improved microbiota.

Study on the preparation of green tea hand wash gel

Green tea exhibits beneficial effects on the skin, such as deodorization, antibacterial properties, sun protection, and antioxidant activity. Formulating hand wash from green tea leverages these advantages in personal hygiene products. This study was conducted to investigate the ratios of surfactants, thickeners, and moisturizers in the formulation of hand wash gel containing green tea. Nine different formulations with surfactant ratios ranging from 9-15%, thickener ratios 1-2%, and moisturizer ratios 5-9% were examined. Sensory characteristics, pH, dirt dispersion ability, viscosity, foam height, and foam stability were evaluated to select the most appropriate formulation. The results showed that the F8 formulation had suitable sensory characteristics, a pH of 5.53, good dirt dispersion ability, a viscosity of 152.6 Cps, a foam height of 5.1 cm, and foam stability of 94.12%. According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines, the product did not exhibit skin irritation in tests conducted on rabbits.Thus, the optimal formulation for green tea hand wash gel was determined to include 1% green tea extract (dry extract form), 12% surfactant, 1.5% thickener, 7% moisturizer, other additives, and water to make up to 100%.

Neuroprotective effect of Orostachys spinose dry extract in cholinergic insufficiency

Background. Orostachys spinosa (L.) Sweet. – a perennial plant of a wide habitat and contains various metabolites (amino acids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, etc.). Extracts from the aerial part of the plant are used in traditional medicine as an anticonvulsant and sedative.The aim of the work. To study the neuroprotective effect of O. spinosa in cholinergic deficiency.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 52 Wistar rats. The animals were administered scopolamine (1 mg/kg) daily for 21 days, followed by O. spinosa dry extract per os at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 14 days. On the day 32, the animals developed a conditioned passive avoidance reflex (CPAR), the integrity of which was checked after 1, 24 and 72 hours; on the day 35 they were tested in an “open field”. On the day 36, biochemical and histological studies of the brain were carried out.Results. It has been established that O. spinosa, against the background of scopolamine intoxication, reduces the anxiety of animals, stimulates exploratory activity in the open field test, improves the production and preservation of the CPAR, and also reduces the number of functionally inactive neurons (pyknotic and shadow cells) in the cerebral cortex. The extract reduces the lactate/pyruvate ratio by 47 %, intensifies the activity of mitochondrial complexes I and II by 54–64 %, and increases the concentration of adenosine triphosphate by 1.6 times compared to the control. O. spinosa exhibits antioxidant properties by reducing malondialdehyde and increasing the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the brain.Conclusion. O. spinosa dry extract has a neuroprotective effect in cholinergic deficiency. The studied extract exhibits antioxidant properties and stimulates energy processes in the brain

In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts and Their Potential Application in Xerosis cutis

Xerosis cutis represents one of the most common dermatological diagnoses, which, when untreated, can be the trigger for open wounds, infections, and other skin diseases. Plant extracts are a valuable option for long-term treatments for xerosis due to their phytocompounds, especially polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenes, and polysaccharides, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, moisturizing, and reparatory effects. Active substances have different mechanisms; therefore, evaluating the effects on the cells can be a key indicator, providing valuable information in terms of both cytotoxicity and efficacy. The in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests performed for Betulae extractum, Liquiritiae extractum, and Avenae extractum highlighted potential toxic effects at higher concentrations in a dose-dependent relationship, but at lower levels they can be considered safe (12.5 µg/mL for birch and licorice extracts, 50 µg/mL for oat extract). Concerning the re-epithelialization process, the results revealed that all three dry extracts effectively stimulate skin cell migration, highlighting a potential anti-inflammatory effect by increasing the cell migration rate in conditions of induced inflammation associated with oxidative stress. Among the tested concentrations with a potential contribution to wound healing, the following standout: are birch bark extract 3 μg/mL, licorice root extract 7.5 µg/mL, and oat herb (harvested before flowering) extract 7.5 µg/mL.

Single-dose comparative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of a micellar formulation versus a native Boswellia serrata dry extract in healthy volunteers

BackgroundExtracts of oleogum resins of Boswellia trees possess anti-inflammatory activities. Micellar formulations have been developed to increase the oral bioavailability of bioactive boswellic and lupeolic acids. PurposeThe current single-dose crossover clinical trial compares for the first time pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of two Boswellia serrata nutraceuticals, native Biotikon® BS-85 and micellar Boswellia-Loges®. MethodsAfter oral administration of the study preparations (800 mg) to 20 healthy volunteers, plasma concentrations of 8 boswellic and lupeolic acids were measured by using HPLC-MS/MS for up to 48 h Blood samples collected 2 and 5 h after drug administration were stimulated for 24 h with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide. The release of proinflammatory cytokines analyzed by flow cytometry was used as readout of the pharmacodynamic properties of the preparations. Registration: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) No. DRKS00027369. ResultsAdministration of the micellar extract significantly increased Cmax, AUC0–48, and shortened Tmax for all boswellic and lupeolic acids compared to native extract. Accordingly, their relative bioavailability increased to 1,720-4,291 % with the highest difference for acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA). Both preparations reduced the release of TNF-α and the native formulation diminished also IL-1β and IL-6. However, no significant differences were observed between the preparations, except for a higher decrease in IL-1β by the native formulation Biotikon® BS-85. In a lymphocytic gene reporter cell line, both nutraceuticals similarly inhibited the NF-κB transcription factor activity as well as the TNF-α release, yet the native formulation Biotikon®BS-85 was more efficient in inhibiting TNF-α. ConclusionAdministration of the micellar Boswellia serrata nutraceutical increased the oral bioavailability of boswellic and lupeolic acids. Yet, the increase in plasma concentration did not enhance the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the micellar extract compared to the native extract in this ex vivo model.

Chemical characterization and antibacterial activities of Brazilian propolis extracts from Apis mellifera bees and stingless bees (Meliponini).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis extracts from different types, concentrations, and extraction solvents and from different regions in Brazil. A total of 21 samples were analyzed, comprising 14 samples from Apis mellifera (12 green, 1 brown, and 1 red) and 7 samples from stingless bees (3 mandaçaia, 2 jataí, 1 hebora, and 1 tubuna). The analyses performed were dry extract, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). The antibacterial activity was performed by Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The results showed that very low levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity decreased the antimicrobial activity of the propolis extracts from tubuna and jataí. However, there was no correlation between the increase in propolis concentration in the extract, and the increase in antimicrobial activity. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity was obtained for green propolis extract made with 70% raw propolis that presented similar antibacterial activity to the samples formulated with 30% or less raw propolis. The aqueous propolis extract showed lower antimicrobial activity compared to the alcoholic extracts, indicating that ethanol is a better solvent for extracting the active compounds from propolis. It was observed that the MIC (0.06 to 0.2 mg/mL) and MBC (0.2 to 0.5 mg/mL) values for Gram-negative bacteria were higher compared to Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.001-0.2 mg/mL, and the MBC 0.02-0.5 mg/mL). The propolis extracts that exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities were from stingless bees hebora from the Distrito Federal (DF) and mandaçaia from Santa Catarina, showing comparable efficacy to samples 5, 6, and 7, which were the green propolis from the DF. Hence, these products can be considered an excellent source of bioactive compounds with the potential for utilization in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Common bean polyphenolic enriched extracts decrease reactive oxygen species induced by heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hs27 and Hs68 human fibroblasts

The increase of coarse particulate matter (PM10) due to industrialization and urban sprawl has been identified as a significant contributor to air pollution and a threat to human skin health and premature aging. The objective was to analyze the antioxidant effect of phenolic-enriched extracts (PHE) obtained from black bean (BB) and pinto bean (PB) varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pure phenolic compounds (rutin, catechin, and gallic acid) in two human dermal fibroblasts cell lines exposed to PM10. Petunidin-3-O-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin, with 57 ± 0.9 mg/g dry extract (DE) in PHE-BB. Gallic acid was the prevalent phenolic acid with 8.2 ± 2.8 mg/g DE in PHE-BB (p < 0.05). Hs27 and Hs68 cell lines were exposed to PM10 (100 μg/mL) to induce oxidative stress; PHE-BB reduced it by 69% ± 12 and PHE-PB by 80% ± 5 relative to PM10 treatment (p < 0.05). Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest binding affinity in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with −9.0 kcal/mol and quercetin-3-D-galactoside with −6.9 kcal/mol in sirtuin 1 (Sirt1). Rutin increased the expression of Sirt1 by 30% (p < 0.05) in the Hs27 cell line treated with PM10. Common bean extracts can potentially reduce oxidative stress induced by PM10 in human dermal fibroblasts.

ОЦЕНКА ИММУНОМОДУЛИРУЮЩЕГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ СУХОГО ЭКСТРАКТА ТРАВЫ TRIFOLUM PRATENSE L.

The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal concentration of dry extract of the herb Trifolium pratense L. to reduce the immunosuppressive effect of methotrexate on the lymphoid organs of mice. Materials and methods. The immunomodulatory effect of the dry extract of the herb Trifolium pratense L. was assessed by the ability to bring the weight and cellularity of the lymphoid organs of the immune system of mice when exposed to methotrexate to the level of intact animals. Experimental studies were performed on 129 mature outbred white male mice. Immunomodulatory activity was assessed by determining the mass of the thymus and spleen, the number of thymocytes, splenocytes and myelokaryocytes. Results. A study of the immunomodulatory properties of the dry extract of the herb Trifolium pratense L. revealed that this phytosubstance in the selected dosage of 50 mg/kg did not change the weight and number of cells in the thymus and spleen of mice, including the number of bone marrow cells, while restoring the weight and cellularity of the immune system organs of mice exposed to methotrexate, which is comparable to the effect of the immunomodulator «Immunal». Conclusion. Dry extract of the herb Trifolium pratense L. at an optimal dosage of 50 mg/kg can reduce the immunosuppressive effect of methotrexate, which may be due to the high content of phenolic compounds. This herbal medicine can be considered as an immunomodulatory herbal remedy.

Nutraceutical Value of Eleven Aromatic Medicinal Plants and Azorean Camellia sinensis: Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents

Drug discovery based on medicinal plants remains an important source of bioactive compounds, many of which have been the basis for new chemical structures for the pharmaceutical and food industries. According to the World Health Organization, about 80% of the worldwide population still depends on plant drugs, and several medicines have been obtained from medicinal plants. Unfortunately, the potential benefits of these plants have led to unscientific exploration of natural resources, a fact that is being globally observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate eleven aromatic medicinal plants and compare them to Azorean Camellia sinensis green tea in terms of antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and flavonoid content, and also to evaluate the possibility of their valorization as a nutraceutical material. The results revealed that Camellia sinensis presented higher values for free radical scavenging activity (FRSA, EC50 = 3.43 µg/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, EC50 = 5.12 µg/mL), and total phenolic content (TPC, 294.43 mg acid gallic equivalents per g of dry extract (DE)). However, the aromatic medicinal plants also presented significant results in terms of FRSA and FRAP, particularly Aloysia citrodora, Mentha pulegium, and Stevia rebaudiana. For ferric ion chelating (FIC), the highest value was found in Cymbopogon citratus (80.60%). Mentha pulegium and Aloysia citrodora had significant values for TPC (199.15 and 187.15 mg GAE/g DE, respectively), but were lower than the values of Camellia sinensis. For flavonoid content (TFC), the highest value was shown in Achyrocline satureioides (265.75 mg rutin equivalents per g DE). This study revealed the importance of some aromatic medicinal plants in terms of bioactivities, and that their combination with green tea is a perfect blend for added value with beneficial nutraceutical effects for human health.

Assessment of antinociceptive property of Cynara scolymus L. and possible mechanism of action in the formalin and writhing models of nociception in mice.

Cynara scolymus has bioactive constituents and has been used for therapeutic actions. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms underlying pain-relieving effects of the hydroethanolic extract of C. scolymus (HECS). The antinociceptive activity of HECS was assessed through formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing tests at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Additionally, naloxone (non-selective opioid receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg), atropine (non-selective muscarinic receptors antagonist, 1 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (histamine HH1-receptor antagonist, 20 mg/kg), cimetidine (histamine H2-receptor antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg), flumazenil (GABAA/BDZ receptor antagonist, 5 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (serotonin receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg) were used to determine the systis implicated in HECS-induced analgesia. Impact of HECS on locomotor activity was executed by open-field test. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was done. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was conducted iploying 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. HECS (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly indicated dose dependent antinociceptive activity against pain-related behavior induced by formalin and acetic acid (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with naloxone, atropine and flumazenil significantly reversed HECS-induced analgesia. Antinociceptive effect of HECS riained unaffected by chlorpheniramine, cimetidine and cyproheptadine. Locomotor activity was not affected by HECS. TPC and TFC of HECS were 59.49 ± 5.57 mgGAE/g dry extract and 93.39 ± 17.16 mgRE/g dry extract, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50) of HECS was 161.32 ± 0.03 μg/mL. HECS possesses antinociceptive activity which is mediated via opioidergic, cholinergic and GABAergic pathways.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using food supplement from Avena sativa L., and their antioxidant, antiglycation, and anti-aging activities: In vitro and in silico studies

Food supplement of Avena sativa L. dry extract (AsDE) is produced with green leaves of wild oats and it is commonly used in patients with cognitive disorders and muscle deficits. These symptoms and pathologies can be promoted and/or aggravated by oxidative stress and protein glycation. In order to prevent or treat these disorders, new formulations that could enhance and benefit AsDE have been developed and the formation of metallic nanoparticles by green synthesis has shown to be an alternative. Thus, this study aimed to prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis using AsDE and characterize these AgNPs. Besides, it aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and antiglycation activities of AsDE and AgNPS, and analyze in vitro and in silico inhibitory action on aging enzymes (collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase). UV–visible spectroscopy, Zeta potential and scanning transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize AgNPs. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing power (FRAP), lipid peroxidation inhibition, ABTS radical scavenging, and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC). Molecular docking analyses were performed to evaluate interactions between the major compounds of AsDE and aging enzymes or DNA. Antioxidant tests demonstrated antioxidant activity of 19.67 % for AsDE and 42.98 % for AgNPs in DPPH test; and 115.67 µM Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g for AsDE and 554.33 µM TE/g for AgNPs in FRAP test. In addition, AsDE and AgNPs inhibited 25.40 % and 11.33 % of lipid peroxidation, respectively, and presented 255.22 µM TE/g for AsDE and 317.44 µM TE/g for AgNPs in ABTS test. AsDE and AgNPs exhibited antioxidant potential observed in ORAC assay. In addition, AsDE presented inhibitory action on collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase activities (78.23 %, 68.14 % and 62.27 % inhibition, respectively). Antiglycation tests demonstrated that bovine serum albumin exposed to ribose and treated with AsDE at 0.5 mg/mL exhibited the highest percentage of free amino groups (45.21 %), while samples treated with AgNPs showed 35.41 % free amino groups. On the other hand, AgNPs exhibited the highest percentage of inhibition of advanced glycation end-products formation (85.75 %), which did not differ from aminoguanidine, a known antiglycation agent. Besides, relative electrophoretic mobility assay demonstrated that samples treated with AsDE at 0.1 mg/mL or AgNPs showed antiglycation activity comparable to aminoguanidine. The in silico assays showed interactions between the major compounds of AsDE and aging enzymes or DNA. Therefore, results represent an important indicator for the development and discovery of new nanostructured pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations using plants and their bioactive compounds.

STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE CUMULATIVE PROPERTIES OF THE DRY EXTRACT "HELMINTH-ART"

The object of this study was the dry extract of "Helminth-ART". The cumulative properties of the anthelmintic dry extract "Helminth-ART" were studied in an experiment on mice. It was also found that it does not have cumulative properties.

152. Standardized dry grape extract, an ally to strengthen pullets’ bone health

152. Standardized dry grape extract, an ally to strengthen pullets’ bone health

Parameter optimization of hot dry rock heat extraction based on discrete element crack network model

Hot-dry-rock (HDR) has long been considered a potential exploitable energy source due to its high energy content, cleanliness, and abundant reserves. However, HDR typically resides in ultra-deep strata with high temperatures and pressures, which makes its extraction a highly complex thermal-hydrological-mechanical (THM) coupling. In this paper, the THM coupling relationship in the geothermal extraction is clarified. It establishes a dynamic porosity and permeability model and creates a pair-well geothermal extraction model. The investigation focuses on understanding the influence of the pressure difference between pair-wells, number of cracks, and injection temperature on the heat extraction temperature, permeability ratio, geothermal reservoir reduction rate, and heat extraction temperature. The research findings indicate the following: (1) Increasing the inter-well pressure difference from 2 to 10 MPa reduces the extraction temperature from 155 to 138 °C. However, the thermal reservoir permeability ratio increases from 1.07 to 1.35. Consequently, the extraction efficiency rises from 6.2 to 12.4 MW. (2) The number of cracks from 200 to 400 led to a decrease in extraction temperature from 160 to 115 °C. However, the thermal reservoir permeability ratio increases from 1.12 to 1.35. In the first 8 years of extraction, the thermal pumping power of 400 cracks exceeded 200 cracks, but later this trend reversed. (3) Elevating the injection temperature from 20 to 60 °C increases the extraction temperature from 142 to 158 °C while reducing the permeability ratio from 1.28 to 1.20. Consequently, the extraction power decreases from 8 to 6 MW. (4) The inter-well pressure difference has the greatest impact on the decrease in extraction temperature, whereas the number of cracks has the greatest impact on the increase in permeability ratio. Injection temperature has the most significant impact on extraction power. This study reveals that increasing the pressure difference between wells, increasing the number of cracks, and lowering the injection fluid temperature will enhance geothermal extraction power. These findings provide valuable insights for geothermal development.

In vitro and in silico evaluation of bioactivities and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Anchusa officinalis L. methanol extract.

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of Anchusa officinalis L. in vitro and in silico. The dried aerial parts of A. officinalis L. were extracted with methanol. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was analyzed. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects were tested against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 10 phytochemical compounds, and cyclobutane (26.07%) was identified as the major photochemical compound. The methanol extract exhibited the maximum amount of total phenolic content (118.24 ± 4.42 mg QE/g dry weight of the dry extract) (R2 = 0.994) and the total flavonoid content was 94 ± 2.34 mg QE/g dry weight of the dry extract (R2 = 0.999). The IC50 value for 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid was 107.12 ± 3.42 μg/mL, and it was high for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (123.94 ± 2.31 μg/mL). The IC50 value was 72.49 ± 3.14 against HepG2 cell lines, and a decreased value was obtained (102.54 ± 4.17 g/mL) against MCF-7 cell lines. The methanol extract increased the expression of caspase mRNA and Bax mRNA levels when compared to the control experiment (p < .05). The conclusions, A. officinalis L. aerial parts extract exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.

Potensi Antimikroba dan Antioksidan Beberapa Ekstrak Daun Benalu (Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack) Danser dari Archidendron sp. terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Candida albicans

Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack) Danser is known for its role as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent due to its content of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids. S. ferruginea has been widely used in traditional medicine for skin infections, diarrhea, hypertension, and digestive tract diseases. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of various treatments of S. ferruginea mistletoe extracts. The experimental method used in this research is the nested pattern experiment. The extract treatments applied include fresh extract, boiled dry extract, boiled fresh extract, brewed dry extract, and brewed fresh extract. Antimicrobial potential was assessed using disc diffusion and dilution methods. Antioxidant activity (IC50) was determined using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazine) method, and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was also determined. The results indicate that the highest antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was found in the strong category of fresh extract treatment, whereas there was no significant effect on Candida albicans growth. The fresh extract treatment exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with a total phenolic content of 20.77321 mgGAE/mL. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for the fresh extract against S. aureus and E. coli were 6.25%, and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values were 12.5% against both bacteria. The antioxidant value of the fresh extract was 101.26 μg/mL, categorized as moderate. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that S. ferruginea leaf extract can inhibit the activities of S. aureus and E. coli, while showing no effect on Candida albicans growth.

Sensory, nutrition and physiochemical properties of beef in relation to their genotype

The study aimed to evaluate the sensory, nutritional, and physicochemical characteristics of meat from crossbred cattle (CBC) and indigenous cattle (IC) at different time intervals. Samples of M. longissimus dorsi muscle were collected from three Holstein-Friesian crossbred cattle and three indigenous cattle in the Mymensingh district. The analysis included two treatments based on cattle genotype and time intervals, labeled T0 (0 hours) and T24 (24 hours), and was conducted using a 2×2 factorial design in a completely randomized format. The study assessed various factors such as sensory attributes (color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, overall acceptability), proximate composition (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash), and physicochemical properties (pH, cooking loss, drip loss, water holding capacity, CIE L*, a*, b*, saturation index, and hue angle). Results showed no significant difference in color, flavor, and overall acceptability between the two treatments. However, juiciness was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in IC (3.83) compared to CBC (3.17). While dry matter, crude protein, and ether extract did not differ significantly between the two groups, ash content was significantly higher in IC (1.48) compared to CBC (1.05) (p&lt;0.05). There were no significant differences in pH, cooking loss, drip loss, CIE L*, a*, b*, and saturation index between the two treatment groups, but water holding capacity (WHC) was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in IC (96.03%) compared to CBC (92.67%). Aged meat (24 hours) showed better quality based on sensory attributes. Physicochemical properties like pH and WHC decreased over time, while cooking loss and hue angle increased at the 24-hour mark.

Formulation and evaluation of red ginger extract tablet (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) as lozenges

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) with a high content of phenols (e.g. gingerol, shogaol, etc.) has potential effects against throat inflammation such as cold, sore throat, tonsilitis, etc. This research aims to determine the formulation of lozenge tablets using red ginger extracts. Lozenges tablets are made from dry ginger extract using a wet granulation method prepared by various concentrations of pregelatinized cassava starch 1 % w/v (F0); 2 % w/v (F1) and 5 % w/v (F2) as a binder and HPMC 2 % w/v (F3) as a comparative binder. Red ginger extract was prepared by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent which is then evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Thick red ginger extract is formulated into lozenges with various formulations F0, F1, F2, and F3. Physical characteristics evaluation of lozenge tablets includes physical appearance, weight uniformity, hardness, and disintegration time. The physical appearance of the tablet is round in shape and bright yellow in color. Based on the evaluation of all the formulas made, F2 has good criteria as a red ginger extract lozenge which has a hardness of 6 kg and disintegration time of 5 minutes 4 seconds.