Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles Research Articles

Supplementation of distiller's grains during late gestation in beef cows consuming low-quality forage decreases uterine, but not mammary, blood flow.

Positive effects have been observed in offspring from beef cows supplemented with corn dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) during late gestation. The hypothesis of this study was that late gestational DDGS supplementation to beef cows would increase blood flow (BF) to the gravid uterus and mammary gland thus impacting birthweight and post-natal growth of the offspring. Experiment 1 investigated mammary gland BF in multiparous cows during late pregnancy. Beef cows were fed a control (CON1) diet of low-quality hay (n=5) or a supplement diet (SUP1) of low-quality hay with DDGS [1.7g/kg of body weight (BW); n=6]. In Experiment 2, multiparous late pregnant beef cows were fed either a control (CON2) diet of a low-quality hay (n=4) or a supplement diet (SUP2) of low-quality hay with DDGS (1.7g/kg of BW; n=5). Uterine and mammary gland BF were recorded every 21days during late gestation. In Experiment 1, there were no effects of diet or day on mammary gland hemodynamics. In Experiment 2, total and ipsilateral uterine BF was less (p≤0.04) in SUP2 vs. CON2 cows and similar BF to contralateral horns. Mammary gland BF was unaltered by maternal supplementation. Even when measured in two different years in two different environments, mammary gland BF remained unaltered to DDGS supplementation. Investigations on the mechanism that may impact uterine BF during late gestation remain to be known.

Predicting the Chemical Composition of Aqueous Phase from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Model Compounds and Biomasses

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technique for conversion of wet biomasses containing varying amounts of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and lignin. In this work, mixtures of these model compounds were subjected to HTL at 335 °C. As many as 67 compounds were quantitated in the aqueous phase, including small organic acids, cyclic oxygenates, fatty acids, nitrogenates, and oxygenated aromatics. The concentrations correlated with the ratio of the model compounds. Principal component analysis separated samples on the basis of their quantitative results which could be linked to their biochemical composition. Concentrations of the analytes were modeled with partial least squares regression, and high-quality predictions were made from quality control (QC) samples and to varying degrees from Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), Miscanthus x giganteus, and Chlorella vulgaris. Values for total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and pH were also predicted from QC samples, DDGS, M. x giga...

Water adsorption characteristics of extruded blends of corn gluten meal and distillers dried grains with solubles

Corn-based ethanol has experienced exponential growth during the last decade. As a consequence, the production of byproduct corn protein meals, in the form of DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) and CGM (corn gluten meal) has grown as well. These materials are used as livestock feed. Extrusion processing is one method of converting these materials into other value-added materials, bioplastics, or other industrial precursors. The objectives of this study were to extrude blends of these materials, then examine dynamic and equilibrium relationships of extruded products with water. Blends consisted of DDGS:CGM ratios of 0, 33, 50, 66, and 100%. After processing, extrudates were placed in sealed chambers with headspace relative humidities ranging from 10% to 90%. Moisture contents were monitored over time. All samples achieved moisture equilibrium in less than three weeks. As with all biological materials, the extruded corn protein blends exhibited sorption behavior, the magnitude of which varied according to blend ratio. EMC values ranged from approximately 0% to nearly 50%, depending upon the humidity level and fiber:protein ratio. Nonlinear regression was successfully used to model the effects of relative humidity and blend ratio on the equilibrium moisture contents, with a coefficient of determination of ∼99%. Future work should aim to characterize the mechanical properties of these blends to assess their suitability as either bioplastic feedstocks or pelletized animal feeds.

Nutritive value of distillers dried grains with solubles from barley, corn and wheat for growing rabbits

Due to their fibrous nature, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from the bioethanol industry could be considered an interesting feedstuff for rabbit nutrition. To characterize the DDGS available in the Iberian Peninsula the chemical, amino acid and fatty acid composition of eight DDGS batches (2, 2 and 4 from barley, corn and wheat grains, respectively) was performed. Five diets were formulated to determine the nutritive value of DDGS in growing rabbits by the substitution method: a control diet and four experimental diets containing 200g of the DDGS being evaluated kg−1 dry mater (DM) [DDGS from national barley, national corn, Brazilian corn and national wheat grains]. The digestibility trial was performed using 60 three-way crossbred fattening rabbits (12 per diet), aged 42days with average live weight of 1.49kg (S.E.: 0.033kg). DDGS can be characterized as a raw material really rich in fibre (neutral detergent fibre and neutral detergent soluble fibre) and crude protein (CP, on av. 352, 208 and 318gkg−1 DM, respectively). Barley DDGS had higher fibre and lower protein contents than wheat DDGS (+25g of acid detergent fibre and −91g of CPkg−1DM, respectively; P<0.05), as well as the highest ash content (on av. +16gkg−1DM; P<0.05). Corn DDGS had intermediate fibre and protein values between barley and wheat DDGS, but were the richest in ether extract (on av. +70gkg−1 DM). DDGS’ protein was richer in proline, phenylalanine, valine and arginine for barley DDGS (107, 55, 54 and 51gkg−1 CP, respectively), in leucine, alanine and histidine for corn DDGS (114, 75 and 27gkg−1 CP, respectively), and in glutamic acid for wheat DDGS (290gkg−1CP). Barley DDGS was richer in saturated (236gkg−1 total fatty acids), corn DDGS in monounsaturated (278gkg−1 total fatty acids) and wheat DDGS in polyunsaturated fatty acids (615gkg−1 total fatty acids). Barley DDGS was characterized by the lowest nutritive value traits of DDGS evaluated (11.9MJ digestible energy (DE) and 168g digestible protein (DP)kg−1DM). In spite of higher protein and lower fibre content of the Brazilian corn (+1.7gCP and −31g neutral detergent fibrekg−1DM), no significant differences for the nutritive value of both corn DDGS were observed (on av. 15.3MJ DE and 208gDPkg−1DM). Wheat DDGS might be considered as the DDGS with the highest nutritive value of those evaluated (15.7MJ DE and 263gDPkg−1DM).

Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from soils amended with compost and manure from cattle fed diets containing wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles

The N2O and CO2 emissions from soil amended with cattle manure and compost from animals fed a diet including wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) were evaluated in a 105 d aerobic in...

Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed ingredients and complete feed from different Province in China

BackgroundThe current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.MethodsA total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed (powder), 90 pig complete feed (pellet), six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China, respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.ResultsThe incidence rates of AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were 80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %. Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.ConclusionThe current data provide clear evidence that AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB1. Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.

Properties of Extrusion Processed Corn and Corn Coproducts

As the world population continues to grow, the demand for human food and animal feed grows exponentially. Aquaculture is the food sector which has been growing at the greatest rate for several years. Because of the expense of fishmeal in aquaculture fees, an inexpensive protein source could be corn-based proteins. Although many studies have focused on the effects of extruding corn-based blends along with other supplement ingredients, few studies have focused on the extrusion of individual corn-based ingredients. This study examined physical effects of extrusion on distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) and corn. Specific objectives included determining moisture content, water activity, color, unit density, durability, water stability, floatability, and bulk density for each corn-based extrudate. Blends were prepared with three levels of moisture (15, 25, and 35% db), and extrusion conditions included three screw speeds (50, 75, and 100 rpm) and three barrel temperatures (100, 125, and 150°C). Results showed that as the moisture content increased, the water activity increased in the raw ingredients, and the moisture content of the extrudates increased. As the screw speed increased, the bulk density decreased in the extrudates, and the mass flow rate increased. As the temperature increased, the floatability of the extrudates increased, while the bulk density decreased. The amount of protein and starch content in the corn products affected the physical quality of the pellets, which is important in aquaculture feed development.

Effect of feeding duration of diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles on productive performance, egg quality, and lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations of egg yolk in laying hens

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding duration of diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on productive performance, egg quality, and lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations of egg yolk in laying hens. A total of 300 57-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to one of 5 treatment groups (feeding duration) with 6 replicates consisting of 5 consecutive cages with 2 hens per cage. Diets were formulated to contain either 0% (the control diet) or 20% DDGS. Experimental diets were fed to hens for 12 wk. The feeding duration of diets containing 20% DDGS was 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 wk before the conclusion of the experiment. Feeding the diet containing 20% DDGS for 3, 6, or 9 wk followed feeding the control diet for 9, 6, or 3 wk, respectively. The data for productive performance were summarized for 12 wk of the feeding trial. Results indicated that increasing feeding duration of diets containing 20% DDGS had no effects on productive performance of laying hens, but increased egg yolk color (linear, P < 0.01), hunter a* value (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01), and b* values (linear, P < 0.05) with a decrease in hunter L* value (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05). Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations of egg yolks also were increased (linear, P < 0.01) by increasing the feeding duration of diets containing 20% DDGS. In conclusion, feeding diets containing 20% DDGS to laying hens has no adverse effects on productive performance. Increasing the feeding duration of diets containing 20% DDGS improves egg yolk coloration with a concomitant increase in lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations of egg yolks in laying hens.

Effects of Different Sources of Fat in the Diet of Pigs on the Liver Transcriptome Estimated by RNA-Seq

Abstract In this study, we have attempted to analyse the impact of dietary fats on the liver transcriptome in pigs. Four nutritional groups were created. The animals’ diets differed among groups in terms of the presence of corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) (group I - no DDGS, groups II, III, IV - 20% DDGS) as well as the type of fat (rapeseed oil - groups I and II, beef tallow - group III, coconut oil - group IV) used. Using the RNA-Seq method we identified 39 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as a result of Cuffdiff analysis of the differences among all groups. Analysis of these genes with Panther Gene Classification System revealed that among identified DEGs, genes responsible for lipid and fatty acids metabolism are overrepresented as well as the genes engaged in oxidoreductase and catalytic activity. The article presents for the first time the RNAseq analysis of the liver transcriptome in pigs fed with different sources of fats. The results may be useful for the elaboration of new therapies for cardiovascular diseases in humans as well as for the preparation of new nutrition strategies in animals.

0612 Frequency of feeding distillers dry grain with solubles as a supplement to beef cows grazing corn residue

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of delivery frequency of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a supplement to cows grazing corn residues in the northern Great Plains. The 36-d study was conducted in the fall of 2015, with 80 first and second calf cows (520 ± 34.5 kg BW). Ten cows were assigned to one of eight paddocks (4 ha each) of corn residue. Four applied treatments with two replications per treatment were no DDGS supplementation (control), DDGS fed daily, DDGS fed every third day, and DDGS fed every sixth day. The DDGS was fed at 0.35% BW per day. Body weight and body condition scores were recorded on two consecutive days at the beginning and end of the study. All cows had ad libitum access to water and a mineral supplement. After corn harvest, corn grain drop was estimated by counting the number of ears on the ground in three 30.5 m rows. Gusty winds in excess of 90 km · h−1 before harvest resulted in approximately 1004 kg · ha−1 of corn grain on the ground. Above normal temperatures were encountered through the six week course of the study. Average daily gain was greater (P < 0.05) following daily (1.57 ± 0.12 kg) and every third day supplementation (1.62 ± 0.12 kg) relative to control (1.22 ± 0.12 kg) or every sixth day supplementation (1.19 ± 0.12 kg). Body condition score change was greater (P < 0.05) following daily supplementation (0.7 ± 0.08) relative to every sixth day supplementation (0.4 ± 0.08). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in BCS change among control cows and cows supplemented daily or every third day. These results show that under certain conditions, such as mild weather and high grain drop, cows grazing corn residue may not require supplementation. Dried distillers grains with solubles can be supplementally fed every third day to reduce winter labor costs, with no detrimental effects to animal performance.

Nutrient Leaching from Soil Amended with Manure and Compost from Cattle Fed Diets Containing Wheat Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles

Livestock manure and compost are commonly used to supply nutrients for crops and improve soil quality. However, excess application may increase the risk of nutrient loss and eutrophication. We investigated the potential leaching losses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) over 105 days in the laboratory. Soils were amended with four treatments: (1) manure (BM) and (2) compost (BC) from cattle fed a typical finishing diet, (3) manure (DDGSM), and (4) compost (DDGSC) from cattle fed diets containing 60 % wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) replacing barley grain. A non-amended control soil was included for comparison. Leachate samples were collected 0, 7, 21, 42, 70, and 105 days after amendment application. Amendment application significantly increased leaching loss of total nitrogen (TN), NO3 −-N, NH4 +-N, total phosphorus (TP), ortho-P (PO4 3−-P), and NPOC from soils by 2.2 to 154.8 times compared with the control. Regardless of whether DDGS was included in cattle diet, cumulative leaching losses of TN, NO3 −-N, TP, and PO4 3−-P were significantly higher, while NH4 +-N and NPOC were lower from compost-amended soil than manure-amended soil. The proportion of cumulative N leaching losses relative to the total N applied was greater with DDGSM and DDGSC than BM and BC, while a greater proportion of total P was leached from DDGSM and DDGSC than BM. Based on the results, more attention should be paid to the potential risk of soil nutrient leaching posed after applying manure and compost, and the higher risk of N and P leaching losses from soil amended with DDGS manure and compost than manure from beef cattle fed typical finishing diets.

Concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestibility of energy and nutrients by growing pigs in distillers dried grains with solubles produced in and around Illinois

ABSTRACT Illinois is one the major corn producing states in the nation, and much of the corn produced in Illinois is used to produce ethanol. In recent years, ethanol plants have been centrifuging solubles, and the resulting distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) contains less fat than conventional DDGS. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to determine if the concentration of DE and ME in DDGS produced in and around Illinois varies among plants. Twenty-four barrows (average initial BW: 28.1 ± 1.8 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 24 dietary treatments in a 24 × 8 Youden square design with 24 diets and 8 periods. Approximately 250 kg of DDGS was procured from 23 ethanol plants, and a corn diet and 23 corn–DDGS diets were formulated. Results indicated that only 3 of the 23 sources of DDGS could be categorized as conventional DDGS with more than 10% acid hydrolyzed ether extract, whereas the remaining 20 sources of DDGS contained between 5 and 10% acid hydrolyzed ether extract, thus categorizing these sources as low-oil DDGS. The concentration of DE in conventional DDGS was greater (P

Effects of dietary roughage and sulfur in diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles on hydrogen sulfide production and fermentation by rumen microbes in vitro.

Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) have been used in production animal diets; however, overuse of DDGS can cause toxic concentrations of ruminal hydrogen sulfide gas (HS), resulting in polioencephalomalacia, a deleterious brain disease. Because HS gas requires an acidic rumen environment and diet can influence ruminal pH, it has been postulated that dietary manipulation could help mitigate HS production. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary roughage and sulfur concentrations on HS production and rumen fermentation. In Exp. 1, 7 dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in 4 consecutive 9-d periods consisting of 6 d of adaptation followed by 3 d of sampling. At the conclusion of each 9-d continuous culture period, adapted rumen fluid was used for inoculation of 24-h batch culture incubations for Exp. 2. For both experiments, 6 dietary treatments were formulated to consist of 0.3%, 0.4%, or 0.5% dietary sulfur (LS, MS, and HS, respectively) and 3% or 9% dietary roughage (LR and MR, respectively), using grass hay as the roughage source. A corn-based diet without DDGS was used as a control diet. Headspace gas was sampled to determine HS production and concentration. In Exp. 1, greater dietary roughage had no effect ( = 0.14) on HS production but did create a less acidic environment because of an increase ( < 0.01) in the in vitro pH. In Exp. 2, an increase in dietary sulfur caused an increase ( = 0.04) in ruminal HS production, but there was no direct effect ( = 0.25) of dietary roughage on HS production. Greater dietary roughage resulted in a less ( = 0.01) acidic final batch culture pH but a lower ( < 0.01) total VFA concentration. Further investigation is needed to determine a more effective way to mitigate ruminal HS production using dietary manipulation, which could include greater inclusion of dietary roughage or the use of different roughage sources.

Evaluation of Selected Nutrients and Contaminants in Distillers Grains from Ethanol Production in Texas

This article contains the results of the evaluation of distillers grain (DG) coproducts from different ethanol plants around the United States and supplemented in animal diets in Texas, based on samples analyzed from 2008 to 2014. The samples were assessed for concentration, occurrence, and prevalence of selected nutrients and contaminants. Protein and sulfur contents of DG were largely different between maize and sorghum coproducts, as well as wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS) and dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), indicating a significant effect of grain feedstock and dry grind process stream on DG composition and quality. Salmonella was isolated in 4 DDGS samples of a total of 157 DG samples, a percentage (2.5%) that is lower than the percentage of Salmonella -positive samples found in other feed samples analyzed during the same period. A small amount of virginiamycin residue was found in 24 maize DDGS, 1 maize WDGS, and 2 sorghum DDGS samples of 242 samples in total. One sorghum DDGS sample of 168 DG samples was contaminated with animal protein prohibited for use in ruminant feed and was channeled to poultry feed. The concentrations of aflatoxin and fumonisin DG coproducts averaged 3.4 μg/kg and 0.7 mg/kg, respectively. Among contaminated maize DG samples, five DDGS samples for aflatoxin contained a higher concentration than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) minimum action level of 20 μg/kg for use in animal feed, whereas no sample for fumonisin was found above the action level of 5 mg/kg. The study provides the most current results involving DG coproducts and associated hazards that will assist development of food safety plans required by the FDA in their September 2015 rule titled "Current Good Manufacturing Practice Hazard Analysis and Risk Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals."

Effects of diet form and xylanase supplementation in a high maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) diet on performance, nutrient digestibility and non-starch polysaccharide degradation in broiler

Effects of diet form and xylanase supplementation in a high maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) diet on performance, nutrient digestibility and non-starch polysaccharide degradation in broiler

Effects of Amylose-To-Amylopectin Ratios on Binding Capacity of DDGS/Soy-Based Aquafeed Blends

Demands for seafood products are steadily increasing. Alternative protein sources are required to compensate for enormous amounts of fishmeal that is needed for global seafood production. Starch is a food polymer that can be added to fish feed formulations to enhance binding and expanding capabilities of extrudates. Floatability, a key factor for most aqua feeds, can be optimized by the addition of certain starch sources. Six ingredient blends with a similar protein content (~32.5%) containing two starch sources, Hylon VII (containing 70% amylose, 30% amylopectin) or Waxy I (containing 0% amylose, 100% amylopectin), 20% distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), and 15, 25, and 35% moisture content were used along with appropriate amounts of soybean meal, menhaden fishmeal, whey, vitamin and mineral mix to investigate nutritionally-balanced feeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The blends were processed using a laboratory single-screw extruder with varying temperature settings (90-90-90°C, 100-120-120°C, and 100-120-140°C), screw speeds (100, 120, and 140 rpm), and length/diameter ratio (3.4, 6.6, 9.2) of the die. Extensive analyses of expansion ratio (ER), unit density (UD), sinking velocity (SV), and pellet durability indices (PDI), water absorption (WAI) and water solubility indices (WSI) were conducted to evaluate the effects of the two starch sources on extrudate binding and floating capacity. By varying process conditions, significant differences (P&gt;0.05) among the blends were detected for all extrudate physical properties. Significantly higher values for ER, UD, and PDI were achieved by using the Waxy I starch source, while values for SV and WAI decreased. For WSI no significant differences were detected. Increasing the moisture content from 15-35% resulted in a significant increase in ER, WAI, and PDI and a significant decrease in UD. WSI showed no clear pattern in changes. The impact of different amylopectin to amylose ratio, temperature and moisture content on extrudate stability, cohesion and physical properties was demonstrated in this study. All formulations yielded viable extrudates while the blends with the amylopectin as the sole source of starch resulted in higher quality extrudates.

Effect of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase recycling on bio-crude yields and composition

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising thermo-chemical processing technology for the production of biofuels but produces large amounts of process water. Therefore recirculation of process water from HTL of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) is investigated. Two sets of recirculation on a continuous reactor system using K2CO3 as catalyst were carried out. Following this, the process water was recirculated in batch experiments for a total of 10 rounds. To assess the effect of alkali catalyst, non-catalytic HTL process water recycling was performed with 9 recycle rounds. Both sets of experiments showed a large increase in bio-crude yields from approximately 35 to 55wt%. The water phase and bio-crude samples from all experiments were analysed via quantitative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to investigate their composition and build-up of organic compounds. Overall the results show an increase in HTL conversion efficiency and a lower volume, more concentrated aqueous by-product following recycling.

A whole stillage sieving process to recover fiber for cellulosic ethanol production

A sieving step was developed to recover corn fiber from whole stillage of a dry grind process as a cellulosic ethanol feedstock, and to reduce fiber contents in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Several processes have been developed to recover fiber in the dry grind process, such as wet fractionation, dry fractionation and elusieve process. Wet fractionation and dry fractionation recover fiber before liquefaction, but addition of these steps to existing plants requires considerable modifications with high capital costs. The elusieve process recovers fiber from DDGS, but it requires drying of DDGS. To simply integrate fiber recovery to current dry grind plants with less operating and capital costs, sieving was applied to whole stillage. Commercial whole stillage samples were ground, incubated with protease or with a surfactant, and sieved. Sieving was effective to recover neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and NDF contents in retentate samples were increased by 45–101%. In addition, permeate samples, called enhanced DDGS, exhibited decreased fiber contents and increased oil contents. Among treatments, grinding before sieving was more effective to recover fiber with high NDF contents and low protein and oil contents. Fiber recovered from whole stillage and ground whole stillage were hydrolyzed for cellulosic sugars. Whole stillage and ground whole stillage were sieved in a scaled-up (15×) vibrator shaker. The retentate samples were pretreated with dilute acid followed by hydrolysis. Ground whole stillage showed higher sugar yields than whole stillage. After hydrolysis, glucose, xylose and arabinose yields from ground whole stillage were 90.78, 92.93 and 76.99%, respectively. Grinding before sieving produces more eDDGS, and could potentially increase downstream ethanol yields.

Impact of Dietary Carbohydrate and Protein Source and Content on Swine Manure Foaming Properties

Abstract. Diet ingredients are thought to contribute to foaming problems associated with swine manure stored in deep-pit systems. Two experiments explored the impact of protein and carbohydrate sources and levels in swine diets on the physicochemical properties, methane production potential, and foaming potential of swine manure. The first experiment was specific to protein and evaluated the impact of dietary protein level and source on manure properties, while the second experiment focused on evaluating the impact of different dietary carbohydrate sources on manure foaming properties. Manure from the animals was tested for total and volatile solids, methane production rate and biochemical methane potential, surface tension, foaming capacity and stability, and microbial community structure. No single diet yielded manure with all of the anticipated qualities associated with foaming manure. However, manure collected from pigs fed diets containing soy hulls and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) exhibited higher methane production rates (0.95 ±0.20 and 0.96 ±0.20 L CH 4 kg -1 VS, respectively) and biochemical methane potential (322 ±25 and 269 ±22 mL CH 4 g -1 VS, respectively) when compared to manure obtained from pigs fed the other diets. Additionally, the results showed that both protein level and source exhibited greater influence over the microbial community than carbohydrate source, with manipulations in the protein diet leading to positive correlations with specific microbial community and higher methane production rates, foaming capacity, and foam stability. In this study, these parameters appeared to be tied to higher levels of corn, or corn protein, in the diet. Although some of the microbial community was explained by diet, this study also demonstrated that factors other than diet have significant influence on microbial community.

Use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), with and without xylanase, in dog food

The effects of different levels of inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with and without the addition of xylanase in extruded diets for dogs on total tract apparent macronutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics and palatability were evaluated in two experiments. In the first experiment, the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and faecal characteristics were measured in eight adult Beagle dogs according to a 8×8 Latin square design. The following diets were evaluated: 0, 60, 120 and 180g/kg of DDGS (as fed) with and without added xylanase. In the second experiment, the palatability of the diets was evaluated in separate tests to make three pair-wise comparisons: 0 vs 60g/kg of DDGS, 0 vs 180g/kg of DDGS and 180g/kg of DDGS without enzyme vs 180g/kg of DDGS with enzyme. Increasing the level of DDGS linearly reduced the CTTAD ether extract after acid hydrolysis (EEAH), gross energy (GE) and estimated metabolizable energy (ME). However, the CTTAD dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and organic matter (OM) indicated an increase in diet digestibility after xylanase supplementation (P<0.05). The DDGS CTTAD CP, EE, and DM, which were estimated from regression analyses, were 0.76, 0.63, and 0.59, respectively. Regarding faecal characteristics, no differences were observed for ammonia and faecal score. However, pH decreased as the dietary inclusion of DDGS increased (P<0.05). The dietary inclusion of 180g/kg (as fed) of DDGS improves palatability. Results indicated that the addition of DDGS reduces diet digestibility, however this effect can be attenuated by dietary xylanase supplementation.