Dried Citrus Peel Research Articles

Efecto de la adición de harina de cáscara de naranja y cascarón de huevo a dietas de codornices japonesas

Japanese quail is a species with great productive potential, requiring a diet balanced in energy and nutrient to meet the nutritional requirements. Conventional diets use mostly grains as energy sources, oilseed meals as the main source of amino acids, and limestone as source of calcium. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritive value of dried citrus peel meal (HCN), and eggshell meal (HCH), to be used as unconventional sources of energy and calcium for balanced diets for laying quails. Combined Inclusion of 0, 5 and 10% dried citrus pulp and 0, 1, and 2 % of eggshell meal did not affect daily intake nor feed conversion rate of laying quails, though it has positive effects on pigmentation of yolk.

Effect of Drying Methods on Volatile Compounds of Citrus reticulata Ponkan and Chachi Peels as Characterized by GC-MS and GC-IMS

To reflect the volatile differences of dried citrus peel as affected by cultivars and drying methods, the volatile compounds of dried citrus peel of two cultivars (Citrus reticulata “Chachi” and Citrus reticulata “Ponkan”), prepared under three drying methods (sun-drying (SD), hot-air-drying (AD), and freeze-drying (FD)), were analyzed by GC-MS, odor activity values (OAVs), and GC-IMS. GC-MS data indicated that SD was favorable to preserve terpenic alcohols (linalool, α-terpineol and terpinene-4-ol), β-cymene, methyl methanthranilate, and monoterpenes; while AD was favorable to preserve aliphatic aldehydes and sesquiterpenes; and SD was more similar with AD in GC-MS analysis of volatile profile (of higher MW) for both cultivars from the PCA outcome. Furthermore, significant difference in volatile isomeric composition of different samples was also clearly demonstrated through extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) by GC-MS analysis. GC-IMS analysis showed the favorability of FD to preserve ketones, phenols, esters, and aromatic aldehydes; and SD was more similar with FD in GC-IMS analysis of volatile profile (of smaller MW) for both cultivars from the PCA outcome. Moreover, the OAVs indicate that 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol contributed much to the flavor of dried Ponkan peel, while 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, methyl methanthranilate, and methyl anthranilate played an important role in the flavor of dried Chachi peel; and the highest OAVs for monoterpenes were observed at SD for both cultivars. Thus, the combination of GC-MS and GC-IMS analyses with PCA in this paper suggested the superiority of SD to preserve volatiles and characteristic aroma in dried citrus peel, and that SD contributed much to the quality of dried Chachi peel.

Effect of Chimpi, dried citrus peel, on aquaporin-3 expression in HaCaT human epidermal keratinocytes.

Chimpi, the dried peel of Citrus unshiu or Citrus reticulata, has various pharmacological effects. Chimpi extract was recently shown to affect the skin, including its inhibitory effect against atopic dermatitis. In this study, we analyzed the effects of Chimpi extract on the functional molecule aquaporin-3 (AQP3), which is involved in water transport and cell migration in the skin. Chimpi extract was added to HaCaT human skin keratinocytes, and the AQP3 expression level was analyzed. A wound healing assay was performed to evaluate the effect of Chimpi extract on cell migration. The components of Chimpi extract and fractions obtained by liquid-liquid distribution studies were added to HaCaT cells, and AQP3 expression was analyzed. Chimpi extract significantly increased AQP3 expression in HaCaT cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that Chimpi extract also promoted the transfer of AQP3 to the cell membrane. Furthermore, Chimpi extract enhanced cell migration. Hesperidin, narirutin, and nobiletin did not increase AQP3 levels. Although the components contained in the fractions obtained from the chloroform, butanol, and water layer increased AQP3, the active components could not be identified. These results reveal that Chimpi extract may increase AQP3 levels in keratinocytes and increase the dermal water content. Therefore, Chimpi extract may be effective for the management of dry skin.

Effects of Different Treatment Methods of Dried Citrus Peel (Chenpi) on Intestinal Microflora and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Healthy Mice

Chenpi is a kind of dried citrus peel from Citrus reticulata, and it is often used as traditional Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia and respiratory tract inflammation. In this study, to determine which way of chenpi treatment plays a better effect on the prevention of obesity in healthy mice, we conducted 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing for intestinal microbiota and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detector (GC/MSD) analysis for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of female rats fed with either chenpi decoction or chenpi powder-based diet (n = 10 per group) for 3 weeks. Chenpi powder (CP) group significantly reduced abdominal adipose tissues, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and the serum level of total triacylglycerol (TG). At a deeper level, chenpi powder has a better tendency to increase the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes. It alters the Muribaculaceae and Muribaculum in intestinal microbiota, though it is not significant. The concentrations of acetic acid, valeric acid, and butyric acid increased slightly but not significantly in the CP group. Chenpi decoction just reduced perirenal adipose tissues, but it shows better antioxidant activity. It has little effect on intestinal microbiota. No differences were found for SCFAs in the chenpi decoction (CD) group. The results indicated that chenpi powder has a better effect in preventing obesity in mice. It can provide a basis for the development of functional products related to chenpi powder.

Medicine and food with particular reference to chinpi, dried citrus peel, and a component of Ninjin'yoeito

Kampo medicines contain many kinds of herbal drugs. Chinpi and Kippi, dried citrus peels, are components of a substantial number of Kampo medicine. They contain abundant flavonoids and studies on hesperidin, narirutin, and nobiletin as active ingredient have been conducted. Conversely, in Kagoshima prefecture, located in the southwestern part of the Japanese Islands, various citrus products are cultivated. Among them, Tankan and Daimasaki are specialies. In this study, we conducted high- performance liquid chromatography to determine the difference in flavonoid contents among Tankan, Daimasaki, Tankan related product, Chinpi, and Kippi. As a result, several active components, such as hesperidin, narirutin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, in common with crude drug, Chinpi, were detected in local citrus fruits. In addition, some active components little or not found in Chinpi, for example hesperetin and rutin, were detected in the local products. A detailed analysis of active components considering their genetic origin, the time of fruit collection, and different parts of the fruit used (peel, albedo, edible parts, and the whole) will need to be discussed to get the most out of the citrus fruits or make best use of them for health and longevity.

The effect of microwave vacuum drying process on citrus: drying kinetics, physicochemical composition and antioxidant activity of dried citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peel

Hot air drying (HAD) is the most commonly used method for citrus peel drying. However, the long time and low efficiency of this process leads to the degradation of product quality and a reduction in antioxidant activity. Therefore, in this study, to improve the drying efficiency and increase the product quality of dried citrus peel, the effects of microwave vacuum drying (MVD) were compared with HAD and vacuum freeze drying (VFD) with respect to their drying kinetics, bioactive compound profile and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the drying rate decreased with increasing sample load but increased with increasing microwave power. The Page model was the best model for fitting the drying curve of citrus peel during MVD, and the highest rehydration rate (84.5%) was obtained at a microwave vacuum power of 600 W. The microstructure of citrus peel dried by MVD was assessed by scanning electron microscopy, and a loose structure with highly porous material was observed, whereas citrus peel dried by HAD was compact. The total phenolic content (10.48 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoid content (6.54 ± 0.41 mg RE/g DW) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (279.29 ± 11.37 µmol TE/g DW) values obtained for citrus peel dried via MVD were significantly higher than those obtained using HAD (p < 0.05). Several phenolic acid substances and flavonoid profiles were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD, including coumaric acid, nobiletin, and tangeretin. The nobiletin content observed after MVD was significantly higher than that measured after HAD and VFD. The overall results of this study revealed that MVD at lower microwave powers appears to be a good alternative to the conventional HAD of citrus peel.

Characteristics and intestinal immunomodulating activities of water-soluble pectic polysaccharides from Chenpi with different storage periods.

The traditional view considers that Chenpi (dried citrus peel) stored over the long-term has better health efficacies compared to fresh Chenpi, although the detailed mechanism responsible for this remains obscure. The three water-soluble pectic polysaccharides (CPP1, CPP5 and CPP10) were obtained from 1-, 5- and 10-year Chenpi, respectively, and their physicochemical characteristics and intestinal immunomodulating activities were investigated and compared. The results obtained showed that CPP5 and CPP10 demonstrated a lower dynamic viscosity and degree of methylesterification, as well as a higher molecular heterogeneity, compared to CPP1. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that CPP1 was composed of arabinose, galacturonic acid and galactose, and a small amount of rhamnose; however, CPP5 and CPP10 consisted of arabinose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose and xylose, and a small amount of rhamnose. With the extension of storage period of Chenpi, the content of soluble conjugate phenolic acids increased in the pectic polysaccharide. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the pectic polysaccharides extracted from the 5-year and 10-year Chenpi could significantly enhance the proliferation of bone marrow cells via activating the Peyer's patch cells in vitro. The present study demonstrates the differences in the pectic polysaccharides from Chenpi with different storage periods and also confirms that the pectic polysaccharides extracted from Chenpi stored over the long-term had more significant intestinal activities compared to that obtained from the fresh Chenpi. This phenomenon might partly explain why the Chenpi stored over the long-term has better healthcare effects. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anticarcinogenic Effects of Dried Citrus Peel in Colon Carcinogenesis Due to Inhibition of Oxidative Stress

ABSTRACTColorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Reactive oxygen species produce oxidative stress and contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis. Because dietary citrus has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, we investigated the effects of citrus peel extract at dilutions of 1/200–1/500 on the activity of oxidative-stress-related transcription factors, including AP-1, NF-κB, NRF2, p53, and STAT3, in human colon cancer cell line HCT116 cells using a luciferase reporter gene assay. NRF2 transcriptional activities were 1.8- to 2.0-fold higher than the untreated control value. In addition, NF-κB, p53, and STAT3 transcriptional activities were 12–26% lower than the untreated control value. Administration of dried citrus peel in the diet of F344 rats at a dose of 1,000 ppm prevented the formation of azoxymethane-induced precancerous aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon. The total number of ACF in rats fed with dried citrus peel was reduced to 75% of the control value. Moreover, the levels of oxidative-stress-related markers, reactive carbonyl species, in the serum of F344 rats were significantly reduced following the administration of dried citrus peel. These data suggest that citrus peel possesses an ability to suppress cellular oxidative stress through induction of NRF2, thereby preventing azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis.

Systematic Review: Effects of the Kampo Formula Yokukan-San-Ka-Chimpi-Hange on Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

Introduction: Randomized usual-case controlled studies on Japanese dementia patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms were conducted to examine the effects of Kampo medicine Yokukan-San (YKS) on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). These studies showed that YKS is effective in treating BPSD. Yokukan-San-Ka-Chimpi-Hange is a Kampo medicine made by adding dried citrus peel and pinellia tuber to YKS. In Japan, we usually administer Yokukan-San-Ka-Chimpi-Hange as Kracie Yokukan-San-Ka-Chimpi-Hange extract granules (KB-83), produced by Kracie Pharma, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Methods: We investigated 3 trials carried out on the use of KB-83 for the treatment of severe dementia in elderly. Results: KB-83 showed no change in core symptoms after administration in cases of dementia, but significant improvements in BPSD were reported. KB-83 was particularly effective in treating aggressive symptoms such as restlessness or abusive language. Conclusion: In the treatment of dementia, we think that the administration of KB-83 is effective in mitigating the BPSD, and that further studies are need to investigate the effects of EK-83.

Flavonoid composition of orange peel and its association with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

Dried citrus peel derived from Citrus reticulata, also called “chenpi”, possesses a complex mixture of flavonoids and has a history of traditional use to treat a variety of digestive disorders. We compared three sources of conventional chenpi from California (USA), Guangxi, Zhejiang, and two sources of “nchenpi”, which contain greater nobiletin content, from Sichuan and Xinhui (China). Xinhui orange peel extract (OPE) had highest content of polymethoxylated flavones, along with greatest capacity to scavenge 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-pcrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide, dihydrochloride (AAPH) radicals and nitric oxide (NO). OPE also had higher NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitory activity than an equivalent mixture of flavonoids (P<0.05). In conclusion, nobiletin is a good chemical marker for assessing the anti-inflammatory potential of OPE from different sources. Obtaining “nchenpi” from either Sichuan or Xinhui provided potentially superior health benefits compared to conventional chenpi sources.

Optimization of Process Conditions for Pectin Extraction from Citrus Peel

Pectin is a complex polysaccharide and natural food additive extracted from citrus peel and apple pomace in the form of brownish powder. It is widely used as a jelling and thickening agent and the food industry especially in jams and jellies. It is also recommended for use as fat replacer and also lowers blood cholesterol by increasing viscosity in the intestinal tract thus lowering cholesterol absorption. Peel of sweet oranges was chopped to small pieces in a vegetable cutter and dried in an electrical drier to 8-10% moisture contents. The dried peel was ground and then subjected to pectin extraction using water as solvent. Three treatments with different levels i.e., pH (1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5), temperature of solvent (70, 85 and 95°C) and extraction time (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h) were evaluated. Development of an economical processing method for pectin extraction from citrus peel, that offers energetic properties nearly identical to those prepared by other methods (soxhlet method and microwave) using other substrates, is reported. Dried citrus peel contains about 30% pectin It has been found that 30 min heating at 70°C and pH level 2.5 resulted in 21% pectin extraction followed by 1 h heating at 85°C at pH level 3.0 and a similar pectin yield. Up to 17% yield was obtained for heating at 95°C at pH level 1 irrespective of the time of heating. It can be inferred from these experiments that pH range between 2.0-2.5 and heating at temperature of 70°C for 30 min seems to be the most suitable condition for pectin extraction as time and energy efficient process conditions.

Phase separation of myelin sheath in Triton X-114 solution: predominant localization of the 21.5-kDa isoform of myelin basic protein in the lipid raft-associated domain

Myelin basic protein (MBP) isoforms in the myelin sheath are known to have distinct intracellular expression patterns, which are profoundly related to functional specificity. Determining the differential localization of MBP isoforms is therefore important for understanding their pathophysiological roles. In this study, we have developed a new method for phase separation of myelin. The non-ionic detergent Triton X-114 is used to solubilize myelin sheath which then undergoes phase separation to yield four fractions. The lipid raft-associated proteins and lipids in each fraction were analysed by immunoblotting and lipid analysis, respectively. The present method gives two lipid raft-enriched fractions, one of them was found to contain only lipid raft-associated galactocerebroside and cholesterol as the major lipids. The 21.5-kDa MBP isoforms (21.5 MBP), both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated, were exclusively contained in this fraction. Phosphorylated 21.5 MBP (21.5 pMBP) has been shown to specifically disappear from demyelinated loci. The present analytical method clearly indicated that disappearance of 21.5 pMBP corresponded to demyelination and its reappearance corresponded to prevention of demyelination. Demyelination was also associated with aging and was prevented by the myelin-protecting herbal medicine, Chinpi, a type of dried citrus peel.

藿香正气水陈皮提取工艺的优化研究

藿香正气水陈皮提取工艺的优化研究

Pectinmethylesterase Production from mixed agro- wastes by Penicillium notatum NCIM. 923 in Solid-State fermentation

The enzyme pectinmethylesterase (PME; EC 3.1.1.11) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the methyl ester groups from pectin and has been found in plants as well as in pathogenic fungi and bacteria. PME is of significance to the citrus industry because it has been established as the causative agent for juice clarification and gelation of frozen concentrates. The fruit processing industries produce a large amount of waste material, which poses considerable disposal problems and ultimately leads to pollution. Dried citrus peel is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and pectin; pectin acts as the inducer for production of pectinolytic enzymes by microbial systems. Thus, in the present study, dried citrus peel and wheat bran was used as substrate for the production of pectin methyl esterase (PME; EC 3.1.1.11) by fungus Penicillium notatum . Maximum enzyme activity was obtained with 1:1(w/w) substrate ratio, which gives a solid mass of initial pH 5.5, when incubated at 30°C for 120 h at 1:1 (w/v) initial moisture content ratio under static condition.

추출방법에 따른 감귤 과피 유래 Flavonoid의 추출효율 및 항산화 효과에 대한 비교

The extraction of polyphenol and flavonoid from citrus peel was performed by the ethanol, sugar, hot water (80°C), and subcritical water extraction methods. The maximum yields of total polyphenolic compounds (27.25±1.33 mg QE/g DCP, QE and DCP indicate quercetin equivalent and dried citrus peel, respectively) and flavonoids (7.31±0.41 mg QE/g DCP) were obtained by subcritical water extraction (SWE) with operating conditions of 190°C, 1300 psi, and 10 min. The yields by SWE were over 7.2-, and 8.5-fold higher than those of total polyphenols (3.79±0.73 mg QE/g DCP) and flavonoids (0.86±0.27 mg QE/g DCP) obtained using the ethanol extraction, which showed the highest extraction efficiency among tested conventional methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of extracts obtained by different methods showed no significant differences. However, the relative antioxidant yield per 1 g dried citrus peel by SWE (190°C, 10 min) was over 9.5-fold higher than that by the ethanol extraction.

Effects of Freeze-dried Citrus Peel on Feed Preservation, Aflatoxin Contamination and In vitro Ruminal Fermentation

The objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity, during the storage period, of animal feed and any effects on in vitro rumen digestion by supplementing different levels (5.55, 11.1, and 22.2 g/kg) of freeze dried citrus peel (FDCP) to the feed compared to untreated feed and feed treated with an antifungal agent (AA) at 0.05 g/kg. In a preservation test, feed supplemented with FDCP showed no deterioration over 21 days. Untreated feed and AA-treated feed, however, showed signs of deterioration after 16 days storage. Yellow colour and red colour, measured by spectro chromameter, decreased in the untreated and AA-treated feeds, but not in feed supplemented with FDCP. Aflatoxin was detected in untreated and AA-treated feeds at 16 days (8 ppb and 2 ppb) and 21 days (8 ppb and 4 ppb), but aflatoxin was not detected in the feed supplemented with FDCP. In a second experiment, fermentation by rumen microorganisms of FDCP (22.2 g/kg) and AA (0.05 g/kg) supplemented feeds was studied in vitro. Feeds were incubated with buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were affected by treatment, but ammonia-N, total, and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not adversely affected by treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that FDCP might be useful for inhibiting microbial growth of animal feed during storage without disrupting rumen fermentation.

Studies on the utilization of citrus peel for pectinase production using fungus Aspergillus niger

The fruit processing industries produce a large amount of waste material, which poses considerable disposal problems and ultimately leads to pollution. In the processing of citrus fruits, a large proportion of the produce goes waste in the form of peel, pulp and seeds. Dried citrus peel is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and pectin; pectin acts as the inducer for production of pectinolytic enzymes by microbial systems. Thus, in the present study, dried citrus peel was used as substrate for the production of pectinase (Endopolygalacturonase; EC 3.2.1.15) by fungus Aspergillus niger. Maximum enzyme activity was obtained with 15% substrate, which gives a semi‐solid mass, when incubated at 30°C for 120 h.

Nitrogen removal in industrial wastewater by nitration and denitration - 3 years of experience

CPKelco ApS, Denmark is the largest pectin plant in the world and the second largest refined carrageenan plant. The products are used for texturising purposes, primarily within the food industry, but also within the pharmaceutical industry. The products are extracted from imported natural raw materials, like dried citrus peel and special seaweed plants. In the production processes a considerable amount of water and energy are used. The excess water from the production processes is led to CPKelco's own WWTP, which is one of the largest industrial WWTPs in Denmark. In order to obtain higher process stability and lower energy consumption in the WWTP, CPKelco decided to change the nitrogen removal process from a conventional nitrification/denitrification process to a nitration/denitration process, which comprises an oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and a controlled reduction of nitrite to N2. Theoretically this process will decrease the oxygen consumption for oxidation by 25% and the use of carbon source for the reduction will be decreased by 40% compared to the conventional process. This paper presents and discusses the experiences and results from three year's continuous operation of the nitration/denitration process in an activated sludge plant, and the overall performance results are discussed in relation to the previous results. Accordingly the implementation of the nitration/denitration process was done successfully, and today the plant operates with much higher process stability than obtained before, and even the most stringent effluent requirements for nitrogen can be obtained.

A mathematical approach for the estimation of biomass production rate in solid state fermentation

AbstractThe oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was studied in a solid state fermentation process of dried citrus peel with the strain Aspergillus niger QH‐2 in order to obtain the growth estimation of the microorganism in the system.The relationship between OUR, the maintenance coefficient (m) and the yield for oxygen consumption YO2 allows the estimation of the biomass rate if we consider that both parameters are not constants in some periods of the process.It was estimated that in the first 24th the strain has an specific growth rate of 0.174 h−1 with values for YO2 and m in the order of 2.84 g‐cell/g‐oxygen and 0.006 g‐oxygen/g‐cell ·h respectively.

Solid state fermentation of dried citrus peel byAspergillus niger

Solid state fermentation of dried citrus peel was studied in a packed bed reactor withAspergillusniger QH-2. When no nitrogen source was added the growth was limited. When urea and/or ammonium sulphate were added in the proportion of 0.63 g N/100 g solid dry substrate a diauxie was observed and the final content of crude protein was higher than 10%. The results of a factorial design show that ammonium sulphate has a significant effect on the specific growth rate.