Dried Cassava Peel Research Articles

Performance and carcass characteristics of grower pigs fed enzyme-supplemented dried cassava peel – maize cob composite meal

Performance and carcass characteristics of grower pigs fed enzyme-supplemented dried cassava peel – maize cob composite meal

Haemato-biochemical indices and immune response of grower pigs fed enzyme supplemented dried cassava peel and maize cob composite meal

This study was carried out to examine the haemato-biochemical and immune response of grower pigs fed enzyme supplemented dried cassava peel and maize cob composite meal (CPMCM). A total of 36 crossbreed male grower pigs (Large white) of about 16 weeks old were randomly distributed into four groups of nine animals per treatment. Each treatment was further divided into three replicates consisting of three pigs in a completely randomized design. Pigs in treatment 1 were fed 0% CPMCM while CPMCM was used to replace maize at 40% (T2), 50% (T3) and 60% in T4. Examination of phyto-constituents in CPMCM showed that it contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cyanide, phenols and flavonoids at 20.05 mg/kg-1, 9.06 mg/kg-1, 10.04 mg/kg-1, 15.03 mg/kg-1, 8.92 mg/kg-1 and 14.11 mg/kg-1 respectively. Haematological results revealed that red blood cell, pack cell volume, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell, monocytes and lymphocytes were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the treatment except for basophils count (p > 0.05). Total protein, total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values were significantly different among the treatment (p < 0.05) except for cholesterol and urea levels. It was concluded that all the blood parameters evaluated were within the established range for healthy pigs and dietary replacement of cassava peel and maize cob composite meal (CPMCM) with maize up to 60% pose no deleterious effect on the health of the animals.

Growth Performance, Blood Profile, and Carcass Characteristics of Weaned Pigs Fed Low Crude Protein Diets Supplemented with Lysine

Supplementing low crude protein (CP) diets for pigs with exogenous amino acid may help improve growth performance, minimize the environmental impact associated with nitrogen loss and improve the sustainability of pork production. A total number of thirty (30) Large white x Landrace weaned pigs between the age of 8-10 weeks and an average weight of 11.5 ± 0.39 kg were used to evaluate the effect of lysine supplementation of a low CP diet on growth performance, blood profile, and carcass characteristics of weaner piglets. Weaned pigs were acclimatized for seven days, randomly allotted to five (5) dietary treatments with six weaners per treatment and fed a weaner diet based on maize-soybean while wheat bran and dried cassava peel were added to balance the diet nutrients. The animals were allocated to either a control diet containing 22.6% CP or a diet with 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10% reduction in diet CP. Each animal consumed the respective diet for six weeks during which growth performance was monitored. Afterward, 5 mL of blood was sampled for analysis, and all the pigs were slaughtered for carcass analysis. Average daily gain, total weight gain, and average daily intake were not significantly different across the groups (p>0.05). While feed cost per kg was lower with the 7.5% and 10% diet CP reduction (p<0.05), feed cost per weight gain was not different across the animals. Most haematological and serum biochemical variables were not affected by CP reduction, while carcass weight was equally not affected by diet CP (p>0.05). However, the abdominal fat percentage of carcass reduced slightly with the reduced diet CP. Therefore, up to 10% reduction in diet CP from 22.6%, with 0.1% lysine supplementation, had no negative impact on growth without compromising the immunity indicators of weaned pigs. Furthermore, there was no negative consequence on carcass characteristics and the primal cuts.

Performance of West African dwarf sheep fed cassava peel-based diets

Chemical compositions of ensiled cassava peels, dried cassava peels and gliricidia on the performance of West African Dwarf sheep were evaluated. Twelve grower rams and ewes between 5-7 months of age were allotted to three treatment diets: D1 (control) diet was 100% gliricidia (GLI) (leaves with bark and soft stem), D2 consisted of 80% ensiled cassava peels plus 20% gliricidia (ENP/GNI) while D3 consisted of 80% dried cassava peels plus 20% gliricidia (DP/GLI). The three test feeds were observed to have more comparable crude fibre contents ranging from 16.07% for ensiled cassava peels to 18.20% for gliricidia. The gross energy values were also comparable ranging from 3.93kcal/gDM for ensiled cassava peels to 4.64kcal/gDM for gliricidia. Gliricidia was however observed to be richer in crude protein and minerals compared to ensiled cassava peels and dried cassava peels. Dry matter intakes, dry matter digestibility and growth rates showed significant (P&lt;0.05) differences with the tilt being in favor of the animals fed on the sole glricidia diet. The energy digestibility of 79.83% for the animals fed on ensiled cassava peels and gliricidia diet was not significanyly (P&gt;0.05) different from the corresponding value of 82.67% observable for animals fed on the sole gliricidia diet. Both values were however significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) than the values of 74.17% obtained for animals on the dried cassava peel plus gliricidia diet. Feed conversion values showed no significant (P&gt;0.05) differences for the three groups ranging from 8.8. (ENP/GLI) to 10.80 (DP/GLI). Cassava peels supplemented with gliricidia can be used in practical production diets for West African Dwarf sheep with better prospects of utilization through ensiling of the peels.

The Effect Of Replacing Maize With Cassava Peel Meal On The Performance Of Weaned Rabbits

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal replacement level(s) of dried cassava peel meal (DCPM) for maize in diets for weaner rabbits. Four experimental diets were formulated such that dried cassava peel meal replaced maize at 0, 50%, 75% and 100% levels, respectively. Each diet was fed to five replicates of 3 weaner rabbits of mongrel type (Newzealand White and Flemish Giant). Fecal collections were done as from the 10th day of the feeding trial for determination of dry matter digestibility. Dried cassava peel meal significantly (P&lt;0.05) depressed feed intake of the rabbits at 100% replacement level. At both 75% and 100% replacement levels, DCPM also significantly (P&lt;0.05) depressed body weight gain of the rabbits. Feed conversion ratio was not affected by the treatments but dry matter digestibility was significantly (P&lt;0.05) depressed by DCPM at the three levels. Feed cost savings in percent were 8.25, 18.65 and 32.72, respectively for the three levels of replacement.

Performance characteristics of weaner rabbits on cassava peel-based balanced diets

An eight-week trial was conducted to determine the optimum level of substitution of dried cassava peel meal (DCPM) for maize in rabbit diets balanced for varying energy, nitrogen and fibre contents. Six experimental diets were compounded such that DCPM replaced maize at 0%, 50%, 62.5%, 75%, 87.5% and 100% levels. Each diet was fed to five replicates of a weaner rabbit, averaging 0.49kg initial body weight. Water and feed were provided ad libitum throughout the 8 week period and their intake as well as faecal output were measured daily. Body weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion were determined weekly. No significant effects of replacement of maize in the control diet with graded levels of DCPM were observed on final body weight (FW), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed cost per unit weight gain (FC/WG). However, there were significant effects of dietary treatments on daily faecal output (DFO) (P&lt;0.05) and daily feed (DFC) and daily water (DWC) consumption (P&lt;0.01). The results of this study demonstrate that DCPM could replace 100% of dietary maize without adverse effects on rate, efficiency and economy of weight gain. Savings in feed cost were also achieved as a result of the use of DCPM and these ranged from 13.2 to 18.7%.

Egg laying response of Arco black hen to garri chaff and cassava peel based diets

The need to optimize the utilization of garri processing by-products and improve the protein availability through egg production motivated this study. 165 Acro Black laying hen of 41 weeks old were grouped into five dietary treatments of 35 birds per treatment and five replicates of seven birds each. Layers' diets were compounded at 0%, 11.25%, 22.5%, 33.5% and 45% of garri chaff and 0%, 3.575%, 7.15%, 10.275% and 14.3% of sun dried cassava peel levels of inclusion. The diets and groups of birds were labelled A, B, C, D and E and the birds were fed with their corresponding diets for 6 consecutive weeks. Records of feed consumption and number of eggs laid were taken daily throughout the period of experimentation. The results showed that egg laying performance was of the order C&gt;D&gt;A&gt;B&gt;E among the dietary treatments. While egg laying performance hovered around 60% in the control treatment A, it increased from 57% to 86% in group C. Birds in treatment E had the least feed consumption and least egg laying performance. Weight increase of the birds at the end of the experimentation were of the order A&gt;B&gt;D&gt;C&gt;E. It was thus concluded that garri chaff and cassava peel appeared useful as ingredients in layers' diets at about equal quantity with maize and wheat offal, respectively but the feed should be adequately fortified with protein rich feedstuffs and the diets must be introduced early to avoid rejection by the birds.

Ensiled Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Peel and Caged Layers’ Manure Mixture as Energy Source in Cockerel Starter Diet

This research was carried out in which dried cassava peel and dried caged layers’ manure mixed in ratio 5:1 (w/w) was ensiled for 14 days and the mixture used to partially replace maize, an expensive energy source in broiler diets in most developing countries at 0%, 25% and 50% dietary inclusion levels. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were monitored for the 28 day period of the trial. Proximate composition of cassava peel meal, poultry manure, fermented cassava peel and dried caged layer manure and the experimental diets were carried out. The results showed that ensiled cassava peels meal evaluated improved some performance indices and positively enhanced nutrient digestibility in cockerel chickens. Therefore, ensiled mixture of cassava peel and caged layers’ manure (ECPCLM) in cockerel starter diet at 50% dietary level support good energy, enhanced gain in eviscerated weight and reasonable cost per kilogramme flesh gained at the starter phase. It is suggested that the nutritive value for cockerels using ensiled cassava peels can be improved.

Application of Cassava Peel and Waste as Raw Materials for Xylooligosaccharide Production Using Endoxylanase from Bacillus subtilis of Soil Termite Abdomen

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are the sugars produced from xylan hydrolysis. XOS have a prebiotic characteristic by promoting the growth of probiotic microorganisms. Xylan containing agriculture wastes e.g. rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, corncobs, cassava peel and waste can be used to produce XOS by a consecutive process of alkali-pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, we focused on enzymatic production of XOS from cassava peel and waste, which is a low cost material with a relatively high xylan content. The dried cassava peel and waste were ground and sieved to be <100 mesh size, and were then subjected to pretreatment with 0.5% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite solution for 5h to remove the lignin in the sample. In the next stage, the xylan was extracted by soaking in 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 24h, followed by adjusting the pH to pH 7 by adding 5% (w/v) hydrochloric acid (HCl). Next, after centrifugation, the obtained filtrate was precipitated with ethanol (ratio 1:3) and dried at 80°C for 48h. The NaOH pretreatment enabled almost 4.83% and 6.23% recovery of the xylan that was present in the cassava peel and waste. Next, the xylan from cassava peel and waste was hydrolyzed using endoxylanase (2.21 U/mL) from Bacillus subtilis of soil termite abdomen at pH 5 and 50°C for 15h. Analysis by TLC showed the production of XOS, with especially X5 as the major band. HPLC chromatography confirmed that the most abundant product was indeed X5. X3 and X4 were also found but no X2. The results were not so different from the hydrolysis of xylan from oat spelt xylan, but showed a relatively lower yield.

Consumo, desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com rações contendo raspa de mandioca residual desidratada

This study evaluated the effect of inclusion of 0, 10, 20 and 30% dried cassava peel meal (DCPM) in the diet of broiler chickens over the period from 1 to 42 days of age on nutrient intake, animal performance, and carcass yield. Two hundred Cobb broiler chickens (1 day old) were allocated in a completely randomized design consisting of four inclusion levels of DCPM (treatment), with 10 animals per box and 5 boxes per treatment. The different levels of DCPM did not alter (P>0.05) dietary dry matter (DM) or organic matter intake, expressed as g/animal/day, kg DMS/kg0.75, and percentage of body weight. However, the addition of DCPM resulted in a linear increase (P<0.05) in crude protein intake and in a quadratic increase (P<0.05) in neutral detergent fiber intake. Furthermore, the different DCPM levels led to a linear decrease (P<0.05) in average daily gain, average total gain, and feed efficiency of broiler chickens during the period studied. Feed conversion increased linearly (P<0.05) in broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age with inclusion of DCPM in the diets. The inclusion of increasing levels of DCPM in the diet of broiler chickens slaughtered at 42 days of age exerted a linear decreasing effect (P<0.05) on slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, and chest, wing, thigh and back weight. The inclusion of more than 10% DCPM in the diet of broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age reduces feed and nutrient intake, weight gain, and carcass and noble cut yield.

Bolos sem glúten a base de arroz quebrado e casca de mandioca

The agribusiness rice and cassava generate significant volumes of broken grains (byproducts) and bark (waste). The improper disposal of waste is waste of cassava feedstock, which could be better utilized, due to the large amount produced and its nutritional value. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of applying dried cassava peel in the formulation of mixtures of gluten free cakes instead of rice flour. The cakes were formulated with different substitution levels of rice flour (RF) by peeling cassava flour (PCF) (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), based on volume. To obtain the flour, cassava hull was dehydrated and milled. Samples of flour and cakes were submitted to physical, proximate composition, and microbiological analysis ( Bacillus cereus , total coliforms at 45 °C, Salmonella , mold and yeast and sulfites reducing clostridia) and sensory acceptance. The cakes differ (p ? 0.05) in moisture content (29,6 to 41,8 g.100g-1), with a tendency to increase with the level of substitution of rice flour by flour cassava peel , the same trend was observed in the coefficient of performance index (0,72 to 0,84) and the contents of ash (3,1 to 4,8 g.100g-1), lipids (8,6 to 16,7 g.100g-1) and total (4,1 to 19,3 g.100g-1) and insoluble dietary fibers (3,5 to 17,3 g.100g-1). No contamination by microorganisms was observed. Regarding sensory attributes, all samples were accepted (around 6,8), and the higher purchase intent (40%) was obtained for the sample with 100% replacement of RF by PCF. The results allow to point that there is possibility of using cassava peel meal substituted rice flour for gluten-free cakes formulations up to 100% of substitution, since the nutritional, microbiological properties and sensory acceptance were satisfactory.

English

&nbsp; Interest on non-conventional sources of energy in animal feeding has increased in recent time but these new ingredients still await an adequate nutritional evaluation. Milled dried cassava peel and caged layers&rsquo; manure mixed in ratio 4:1(w/w), fermented for 7 and 14 days separately and screened for microbial load were used to replace maize in weaner rabbit diets designated as A (0% inclusion of the mixture), B (25%), C (50%), D (75%), E (100%) for 7 days fermentation and F (25%), G (50%), H (75%) and I (100%) for 14 days in a 2 &times; 4 factorial experiment. Fifty-four weaner rabbits, weighing 620 &plusmn; 0.23 g at 7 weeks were randomized into 9 treatments of 3 replicates each (one male and one female rabbit per replicate) and fed for 56 days. Fermentation duration significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) crude protein and decreased crude fibre content in the fermented mixture of cassava peel and caged layers&rsquo; manure (FCPCLM). Weaner rabbits fed diets A, B and F recorded higher (p&lt;0.05) feed intake than others. Body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were higher (p&lt;0.05) for rabbits fed diets B and F. Packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and red blood cell counts of rabbits on diets A, B and F were higher (p&lt;0.05) than others. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were also influenced (p&lt;0.05). Aspartate amino transaminase and alanine amino transaminase activities of rabbits fed diets B and F were similar and decreased (p&lt;0.05) as dietary inclusion of FCPCLM increased. Maize can be optimally replaced at 25% in the diet of weaner rabbits by FCPCLM fermented either at 7 or 14 days without adverse effect on their growth performance. &nbsp; Key word:&nbsp;Alternative source, cereal, energy, microbial load.

Processamento da casca de mandioca na alimentação de ovinos: desempenho, características de carcaça, morfologia ruminal e eficiência econômica

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes formas de processamento da casca de mandioca na alimentação sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça, a morfologia ruminal e a viabilidade técnico-econômica da criação de ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos machos da raça Santa Inês, desmamados, com peso inicial de 19,02±0,21 kg e 90 dias de vida. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por dieta. Durante o período experimental de 84 dias, incluindo 14 dias de adaptação, os animais foram mantidos em sistema de semiconfinamento em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens. Foram avaliadas quatro formas de processamento da casca de mandioca: desidratada triturada em peneira de 12 ou de 5 mm; úmida triturada e ensilada; e úmida triturada e hidrolisada com 0,5% de cal virgem (óxido de cálcio - CaO). O peso médio ao abate foi 30,72±1,46 kg. Não houve influência do tipo de processamento da casca sobre as características de desempenho analisadas, as características quantitativas de carcaça e a morfologia ruminal, sendo influenciado somente o rendimento de paleta. A casca de mandioca hidrolisada foi a que promoveu melhor eficiência econômica. Os tipos de processamento da casca de mandioca não alteram o desempenho, as características de carcaça, os rendimentos de corte e a morfologia ruminal dos ovinos Santa Inês.

Utilization of ensiled metabolizable mixture of cassava peel and caged layers’ manure as energy source in broiler diets

An experiment was carried out in which dried cassava peel and dried caged layers’ manure mixed in ratio 5:1 (w/w) was ensiled for 14 days and the mixture used to partially replace maize, an expensive energy source in broiler diets in most developing countries at 0%, 25% and 50% dietary inclusion levels. The response of the birds to the different dietary inclusion of fermented mixture of cassava peel and caged layers’ manure (FCPCLM) as it affected performance, carcass cut-parts, serum proteins and enzymes was monitored in a completely randomized design trial. The study also evaluated the cost of feed and the suitability of FCPCLM as an alternative unconventional source of energy in broiler starter diet. A total of 90 day old chicks of Anark breed were divided into three groups containing three replicates each. There were ten birds per replicate. Each group of birds were fed each of the dietary treatment ad libitum for 56 days, divided into starter phase (0 to 28 days) and finisher phase (29 to 56 days). Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) protein efficiency ratio (PER), total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate amino transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1.1), alanine amino transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1.2) and carcass cut parts were determined. Results showed linear increase (p 0.05) influenced by treatments. The eviscerated weight, wings, breast and large intestine length were higher (p<0.05) in birds fed 50% replacement of maize by FCPCLM. The cost of feed per kilogramme and cost per kilogramme flesh gained was lowest and best (p<0.05) in broilers chicks fed 50% replacement of maize by FCPCLM. Therefore, FCPCLM in broiler starter diet at 50% dietary level support good performance, enhanced gain in eviscerated weight and reasonable cost per kilogramme gain without any noticeable effect on the serum indices and enzymes hence can be recommended for use by poultry farmers on subsistence production. Key words: Fermentation, performance, carcass, cost, feed

Effect of protein on performance and haematology of broilers fed cassava peel-based diets

A experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of the protein source on the performance and haematology of broiler chickens on cassava peel-based diets using fishmeal and groundnut cake as protein sources. In a 42 days feeding trial, a total of 192 Anak, four weeks old, unsexed broiler chickens with average initial body weight of 0.685±0.0027 (mean±SD) were divided into two groups of diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% dried cassava peel meal. Birds in one group had fishmeal as protein source while the other had groundnut cake. Each diet was offered to three pens of 8 birds each. Final live weight, weekly weight gain, feed and protein intake, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios, haematology and corpuscular indices were not significantly affected by protein source. Fishmeal inclusion resulted in higher (p 0.05) serum cholesterol than groundnut cake inclusion. It was concluded that groundnut cake could serve as protein source for broiler chickens without any adverse effect on performance indices.

Digestibility And Nitrogen Balance Studies In West African Dwarf Sheep Fed Fortified Cassava Peel Meal – Poultry Waste Diets

Four West African Dwarf (WAD) rams averaging 10.5 kg of body weight and aged 16 months were used in a metabolism study to determine the intake and nutrient digestibility of potato chips fortified cassava peel poultry waste diets. Four experimental diets were formulated. They include diets A the control made up of 100% dried cassava peel, and diets B, C, and D, consisting of 80: 10: 10; 70:15:15 and 60:20:20 of dried cassava peel, dried poultry waste and dried potato chips respectively. The crude protein (%) content were 4.86, 7.50, 9.18 and 9.83, while the gross energy (MJ/kg/DM) were 1.61, 1.62, 1.64, and 1.50 and for diets A, B, C, and D respectively. The animals were assigned the test diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. Weekly body weights, feed intake, dry matter intake were recorded, nutrient digestibilities were computed while a nitrogen balance study was also carried out. Results indicate that incorporating potato chips in cassava peel – poultry waste diets generally improved intake in WAD sheep. Respectively the dry matter (53.33, 58.28, 54.71, 64.34), crude protein (24.93, 46.2, 49.24, 66.60), crude fibre (31.84, 27.74, 36.38, 68.12) and gross energy (80.08, 78.51, 77.25, 74.44) digestibility values of diets A, B, C, and D differed significantly (P

Serum Biochemical Parameters, Apparent Nutrient Utilization and Economy of Production of Growing Pigs' Fed Cassava Based Fibrous Diets

Twenty grower (Large white x Hampshire) pigs weighing 16.5 ± 0.8kg were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments. The diets were isonitrogenous with 20% crude protein and compounded such that maize was replaced by cassava flour and maize offal with supplementation of palm kernel cake and cassava peel with metabolizable energy varying from 2373-2574.0 Kcal/kg. At the end of the experiment, significant differences (P 0.05) was noted among treatments in protein and hemicellulose utilization. The best feed cost /kg live weight and projected profit were shown by diet 5 which had 10% each of dried cassava peel and palm kernel cake. Key Words; Biochemical parameters, nutrient utilisation, growing pigs, fibrous diets, cassava