REVIEWS tions from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century." Such tracing is evident in some of the entries but by no means all of them; in many, the authors seem plainly, and understandably, just to have listed the literary occurrences they came across, with no pretense of their representing "sig nificant strands in literary development." The "Camel through a Needle's Eye" entry, for example, reports on use of the motif in five writers: Shake .speare, Trollope, Dickens, Aldous Huxley, and Margaret Mitchell. Obvi ously other occurrences might have been found, probably scores of them. The authors of the entry, however, could do no more than they did: indi cate what they discovered in their own reading and in their reference tools. Subscribers to Studies in the Age ofChaucer will be particularly well served by the dictionary inasmuch as a large proportion of the entries report on occurrences of the terms under discussion in the works of Chaucer and his contemporaries. In his preface David Lyle Jeffrey laments "the fading recognition of biblical narrative" and speaks of the "need for recovery of biblical tradi tion." That need cannot, alas, be satisfied with the dictionary under review or any other dictionary. Readers unaware that they have come upon a biblical reference are not aware of their ignorance: if they were aware, they would not be ignorant. Students unread in the Bible will usually also be unread in classical literature and the whole range of literature in English, including Shakespeare; they probably cannot know to which of the avail able helps they should go to understand a puzzling reference to, say, Ed mund or Jason or Jonathan. A helpful footnote or a teacher may send such students to this dictionary, and if so, they will be well served. The book will, however, prove to be of most use to the already aware who want to sharpen their awareness. Many of its entries are splendid little essays. Browsing among them can be, as several of the well-known blurb writers on the book jacket testify, a delightful experience. Students of the age of Chaucer will be well advised to add the book to their personal libraries. JOHN B. GABEL Ohio State University STEVEN F. KRUGER. Dreaming in the Middle Ages. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, vol. 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. xii, 254. $59.95. This comprehensive and orderly survey of the major classical and medieval theories ofdreaming should be useful to students in a variety ofdisciplines 215 STUDIES IN THE AGE OF CHAUCER and at a range of levels. Ambitiously tackling authors from Aristotle to Augustine, Gregory the Great to Pascalis Romanus, Robert Holkot, and Nicole Oresme, to name just a few, Kruger uncovers important underlying patterns of analysis but is also attentive to shifts of emphasis and differ ences among approaches. His book is at the same time scholarly and acces sible, making it likely to become the standard reference tool for its subject. The book opens with a highly engaging discussion of modern dream theory that balances academic skepticism about portentous dreams with popular appetite for them (it is refreshing to find in the bibliography Zolar's Encyclopedia andDictionary ofDreams along with Aristotle and John of Salisbury). In fact, this dichotomy introduces a fundamental paradox of dream theory through the ages, which has wavered between enthusiasm for dreams and stern dismissiveness; as Kruger demonstrates in his first chap ter, "Dreambooks and Their Audiences," "simultaneous caution and enthu siasm" (p. 16) could exist even within a single author. This insight leads Kruger to the topic of chapter 2, "The Doubleness and Middleness of Dreams" (pp. 17-34), where he explores the opposition between the true and the false dream in late antiquiry. In this chapter Kruger's focus is primarily on Macrobius and Calcidius, both ofwhom construct taxonomies that range dream phenomena along a continuum reaching from the trivial to the divine. Kruger is excellent at showing the precise intersections be tween the two authors (the book is full of useful charts of dream tax onomies) and persuasively demonstrates that both authors interest them selves most closely in the "middle dream"; as Neoplatonists they focus on "intermediate terms...