Dray Matter Research Articles

Assessment Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Figs Dried in Adrar Region, Algeria

The figs are considered one of the fruits of paradise due to their great nutritional value that brings health back to the citizen, including protection from malnutrition. However, the consumption of the inhabitants of Adrar state for this fruit is very little and that is the lack of abundance in the market during the season, in addition to the rapid spoilage of this delicate fruit in case It was transported from the north due to the difficult delivery conditions, including the period and method of transportation to the province. Therefore, the solar drying team studied the preservation of this material through the solar drying method in order to preserve and store it for consumption throughout the year. In this study, the fresh figs were screened for the drying process using indirect solar, after that, the microbiological and physicochemical properties was tested in order to evaluate the nutritive value and hygienic quality of dried figs. The results revealed the presence of mesophilic aerobic total bacteria and coliform total, as well as the absence of Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and certain yeast colonies. The pH value, activity water, dray matter, and ash assay findings were (0.41), (7.5%), (5.71%), and (5.71%), respectively, which do not impact the final quality of the dried goods and are satisfactory to the standards required by Algerian commercial legislation.

Evaluation of Liquid Potassium Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Potato Under Irrigation on Nitisols in Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Nutrient deficiency is a major constraint for potato ( S olanum t u berosum L.) production in Ethiopia. Potato response to potassium fertilizer declined with widespread deficiencies of nutrients other than N and P, farmers are discouraged to apply such fertilizer recommendations. This study was, therefore, conducted for two years (2018-2019) on nitisols under irrigation to evaluate the response of potato to liquid potassium (K) fertilizer rates. The treatments were five (Negative control, recommended NPS, recommended NPS, recommended NPS + 3liter liquid K /ha, recommended NPS + 5 liter liquid K/ha, recommended NPS + 7liter liquid K/ha). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times on farmers’ fields. Results revealed that potato yield responded differently to the applied potassium fertilizer rates. Applications of 100% NP fertilizer with 5liter/ha liquid potassium fertilizer had a significant (p<0.05) effect on marketable tuber and total tuber yield of potato. In general application of liquid potassium fertilizer (100% NP fertilizer with 5liter/ha liquid K) indicates positive response on dray matter and specific gravity. In conclusion, based on the findings of the experiment with application of 5L/ha liquid potassium fertilizer with 100% recommended NP fertilizer are economically optimum for potato production. DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-22-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2021

Intake salinity water by creole goats in a controlled environment: ingestive behavior and physiological variables.

The study aimed to verify the effect of water salinity and environmental temperature on the physiological variables (respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and surface temperature) and ingestive behavior (rumination, feeding, drinking, and idle) of creole goats. Thirty-six males with an average age of 5.0 ± 0.6 months and an average weight of 20.0 ± 2.3 kg were housed in metabolic cages. The experimental design was a 2 × 3 type crossover (two temperatures and three levels of salinity). The two temperatures were: T1 = 26 ± 0.6 °C (thermoneutral) and T2 = 32 ± 1.2 °C (stress) and three levels salinity (1.0, 6.0, and 12.0 dS m-1). Between the temperatures, the respiratory rate (RR) and surface temperature (ST) present a difference (P < 0,05), being higher in the high temperature. Between temperatures, respiratory rate and surface temperature show a difference (P < 0.05), being higher at high temperature, keeping heart rate and rectal temperature similar at both temperatures. Among the different salinity levels in the behavioral activities, the feeding and urination activity presented a significant difference (P < 0.05), increasing with the water's salinity level. Between temperatures, the rumination efficiency dray matter and neutral detergent fiber showed a significant difference (P < 0.05). With increasing air temperature, they decreased the rumination time-water salinity levels influence (P < 0.05) the feeding efficiency of dry matter. Therefore, water with up to 9.600 mg TDS L-1 can be used strategically in the desedentation of goats in semi-arid regions.

Effect of some Citrus Rootstocks Types on Growth and Productivity of Gold Nugget Mandarin Trees

The present investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2018/2019; 2019/2020) on almost 12-year old identical Gold Nuggettrees(Citrus reticulate, Blanco) (Wilking mandarin x Kincy mandarin), grafted on three rootstocks cultivated in a private orchard located in Al Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. The trees were grown at a distance of 2 × 6 m in silt soil under the Immersion irrigation system. This investigation aimed to study the effect of some citrus rootstocks on Gold Nugget mandarin trees Growth and Productivity. Three citrus rootstocks were: Troyer citrange Citrus sinensis 'Washington' x Poncirus trifoliate (Tr.), Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) (SO.) and Volkamer Lemon (Citrus volkameriana) (VOL). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with five replications. The obtained results showed that Gold Nugget grafted on Troyer citrange rootstock recorded the highest significant values of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophylls, total carbohydrates, spring growth cycle, fruit set and yield. Whereas Gold Nugget grafted on Sour orange rootstock recorded the highest significant values of shoot thickness, Leaf surface area, Rate Increasing canopy, vitamin C and TSS/ acid ratio. Regarding Gold Nugget grafted on Volkamer lemon rootstock recorded the highest significant values of dray matter percentage, the number of leaves, tree Canopy, summer growth cycle, flowering, fruit Physical properties and acidity percentage.

Experimental Measurement of Isothermal Sorption, Microbiological and Physicochemical Analysis of Dried Tomatoes Cultivated in Adrar, Algeria

The fresh tomato is a very perishable product in arid regions for that the drying is an indsipendable technique to preserve this product and used at all times, in this study the fresh tomatoe was sampled from different farms in Adrar and subjected to the drying method using an indirect dryer solar. The dried tomatoes were screened for microbiological and physicochemical analysis including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, anaerobic sulfito- redactors, molds and yeasts in addition, the value of pH, water activity, dry matter, and assay of ash. The obtained results showed the presence of mesophilic aerobic total bacteria, and coliform total, the absence of Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and spores of anaerobic sulfito reducting and some colonies of yeasts, for the pH value, activity water, dray matter and assay of ash, the results were (4.10), (0.41), (9.63%) and (5.71%) respectively, which do not affect the final quality of the dried products and satisfactory to norms imposed by the commercial legislation of Algerian. On the other hand, the isothermal sorption is indispensable step to mastering the process of drying tomatoes, and to know the distribution and the intensity of the water connections in the products as a result, this experimental study aims to determine the physicochemical components' and the desorption isotherms curves for tomato harvested from the Touat region, in South-West Algeria, using the saturated salt solution method. The experiment is carried out for three temperature values 40℃, 50℃ and 60℃, to study the influence of the temperature on the equilibrium curves of the product and finally to describe the isothermal moisture desorption for tomato product for three temperatures using known models of GAB, GAB, modified BET who showing the best models isotherms sorption to model at and predict hygroscopic behavior during drying and storage. The results of this research can be used to determine characteristic drying curves and to have optimal storage conditions.

Evaluation of Potassium Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Potato under Irrigation on Nitisols in Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Nutrient deficiency is a major constraint for potato ( S olanum t u berosum L.) production in Ethiopia. Potato response to potassium fertilizer declined with widespread deficiencies of nutrients other than N and P, farmers are discouraged to apply such fertilizer recommendations. This study was, therefore, conducted for two years (2018-2019) on nitisols under irrigation to evaluate the response of potato to potassium (K) fertilizer rates. The treatments were five (Negative control, recommended NPS, recommended NPS, recommended NPS + 3liter K /ha, recommended NPS + 5 liter K/ha, recommended NPS + 7liter K/ha). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times on farmers’ fields. Results revealed that potato yield responded differently to the applied potassium fertilizer rates. Applications of 100% NP fertilizer with 5liter/ha potassium fertilizer had a significant (p&lt;0.05) effect on marketable tuber and total tuber yield of potato. In general application of liquid potassium fertilizer (100% NP fertilizer with 5liter/ha K) indicates positive response on dray matter and specific gravity. In conclusion, based on the findings of the experiment with application of 5L/ha liquid potassium fertilizer with 100% recommended NP fertilizer are economically optimum for potato production. Keywords : Liquid fertilizer, Nitisols, Potassium, Potato DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/10-12-02 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Effect of Striga Infestation on Sorghum Agronomic Traits and Its Breeding Strategy for Resistance in Ethiopia: A Review

In Ethiopia sorghum is a major cereal crop grown in wide agroecology however, in most of moisture stress sorghum growing areas are infested by striga. Striga is an obligate root parasitic and a major biotic constraint to sorghum production in Ethiopia. Farmers sown susceptible sorghum varieties in striga infested field resulted plant height and dray matter and yield components were affected therefore, loss significant grain yield production. Farmers named reduction of sorghum growth and stunting as main indication of Striga infestation. Varieties exhibited lower reduction for these traits in striga infestation was named resistant varieties. In Ethiopian Gobiye, Abshir and Birhan registered as striga resistance, drought tolerant and early maturing varieties. Currently in Ethiopian sorghum national breeding program these resistance varieties utilizing as a source of resistance gene and crossing with landraces and other improved genotypes to develop new high grain yielding and resistance variety with farmers preferred agronomic traits. Also resistance variety SRN 39 and Framida use in breeding program. Resistance varieties also a central components of integrated striga management. The screening techniques is undergoing at major sorghum growing areas and striga infested field however, the striga occurrence is complicated and slow down the development of new resistance variety. Laboratory screening data conceding with field data was a mandatory to developed resistance varieties. Generally, enhancing sorghum grain yield production by developing high yielding stable striga resistance varieties, improving integrate striga controlling managements and distributing resistance varieties to the farmers are unambiguous. The objectives of this paper is to review the effect of striga on sorghum agronomic traits and breeding strategy. Keywords : Striga infestation, Sorghum, resistance DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-15-06 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Effect of Striga Infestation on Sorghum Agronomic Traits and Its Breeding Strategy for Resistance in Ethiopia: A Review

In Ethiopia sorghum is a major cereal crop grown in wide agroecology however, in most of moisture stress sorghum growing areas are infested by striga. Striga is an obligate root parasitic and a major biotic constraint to sorghum production in Ethiopia. Farmers sown susceptible sorghum varieties in striga infested field resulted plant height and dray matter and yield components were affected therefore, loss significant grain yield production. Farmers named reduction of sorghum growth and stunting as main indication of Striga infestation. Varieties exhibited lower reduction for these traits in striga infestation was named resistant varieties. In Ethiopian Gobiye, Abshir and Birhan registered as striga resistance, drought tolerant and early maturing varieties. Currently in Ethiopian sorghum national breeding program these resistance varieties utilizing as a source of resistance gene and crossing with landraces and other improved genotypes to develop new high grain yielding and resistance variety with farmers preferred agronomic traits. Also resistance variety SRN 39 and Framida use in breeding program. Resistance varieties also a central components of integrated striga management. The screening techniques is undergoing at major sorghum growing areas and striga infested field however, the striga occurrence is complicated and slow down the development of new resistance variety. Laboratory screening data conceding with field data was a mandatory to developed resistance varieties. Generally, enhancing sorghum grain yield production by developing high yielding stable striga resistance varieties, improving integrate striga controlling managements and distributing resistance varieties to the farmers are unambiguous. The objectives of this paper is to review the effect of striga on sorghum agronomic traits and breeding strategy. Keywords : Striga infestation, Sorghum, resistance DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-15-03 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON BLOOD PARAMETERS AND SEMEN QUALITY OF FRIESIAN BULLS

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of flaxseed oil supplementation as a source of omega-3 fatty acids (OFA) on some blood parameters, semen quality and testosterone level in male Frisian bull. A total of 30 Friesian bulls (14.2 ± 0.16 month of age and 265±15 kg body weight) were divided into three equal groups according to age and live body weight. Bulls in the 1st group (G1) were supplemented with 2% dray matter intake (DMI) flaxseed oil as a source of OFA, while those in 2nd group were supplemented with 4% DMI flaxseed oil as a source of OTA at 14 to 21 months of age (G2). Bulls in the 3rd group were fed a basal diet and considered as a control group (G3). The obtained results revealed that OFA administrated animals had a significant (P&lt; 0.05) inducing effect on serum levels of total protein, globulin, glucose, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride compared to the control group. No significant changes were noticed in albumin levels among the three groups. However, the levels of total cholesterol, urea and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly lower in bulls received OFA than the control group. Omega-3 fatty acids treatment has a significant positive effect on the semen characteristics and lower abnormality in G2 and G3 than in G1. G2 and G3 also showed a significant higher intact spermatozoa cell membrane than in G3 by about 9.68 and 10.84%, respectively. Omega-3 treatment significantly increased blood testosterone levels to be 23,78% in G2 and 31.82% in G3 higher than that of the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with omega-3 in male Frisian ration improved semen quality and reproductive potentiality as well as testosterone level.Key words: Frisian bull; omega-3 fatty acids; testosterone and semen quality

The Effect of Foliar Application with Iron and Zinc on the Growth Characteristics of Sorghum Bicolor (L) Moench

A field has been carried out at the experimental station, college of Agriculture, in Abu-Ghralb, University of Baghdad, Iraq, during spring and autumn seasons 2014. The main objective is to find out the effects of iron concentration (0,60,90,120)mg.L-1, znic concentration (0,30,60,90) mg.L-1 and two stages of foliar application (flag leaf emergence and 50% flowering stage on some growth traits of Sorghum cv.Bohooth. 70.Layout of the experiment is R.C.B.D arranged in split-split plots designed with three replications, foliar application stages are assigned as main plots, iron as sub-plots, while zinc concentrations as a sub-sub plots. The results show, there is insignificant effects of foliar application stages on all growth traits. Also, the results show that the addition of iron at a con more than 60 mg.l-1 height, leaf area, percentage of chlorophyll in the leaf and percentage of iron and zinc in leaf. The Highest mean of plant height and leaf area 256 and 267cm is obtained when plants are sprayed with 90 and 120 mg.l-1 in spring and autumn seasons respectively. The Highest mean of 90 mg.l-1. leaf area(6709 and 6788)cm2is obtain when plants sprayed with 120mg.l-1. In addition the percentage of chlorophyll in the leaf and dry matter significantly influenced by iron con with 90mg.L-1 it is 40.6mmg.mg-1 chlorophyll in leaf and 14.465 t.ha-1 dry matter in spring season, while the percentage of chlorophyll and dry matter are 60.5 mmg.mg-1 and 14.429 t.L-1 dry matter in autumn season and are obtained by spraying plants with 120 mg.L-1 iron. Highest mean of iron in leaves in spring and autumn (75and 106) mg. kg leaf weight are obtained when plants sprayed with 120 mg.L-1 in spring and autumn seasons. Foliar application at time of flag leaf emergence give the highest plant height and leaf area, while foliar application at time of 50% flowering give the highest percentage of chlorophyll in leaf. There is no significant effect of time of foliar application on the percentage of chlorophyll, leaf area in autumn season, dry matter and percentage of iron and zinc in the leaf .Also, there is a significant effect of zinc concentration on plant height and leaf area,90 mg.L-1 Zn gives highest mean of high plant and leaf area (254 , 265 cm and 13.65, 13.662 t.h-1) in spring and autumn respectively. The result shows that zinc concentration 60 mg.L-1 give the highest mean of chlorophyll in the leaf in spring season, while 90 mg.L-1 of zinc give the highest mean of chlorophyll in the leaf autumn spring and autumn seasons. The highest mean of plant height and leaf area in spring season and percentage of chlorophyll in spring season is significantly influenced by zinc con in foliar application at time of flag leaf emergence, however, there are no significant effect of the time of foliar application of zinc on dry matter, percentage of iron and zinc in the leaves In terms of interaction between zinc and iron, there is a significant effect between 90 mg.L-1 iron in 90 mg.L-1 zinc and its give the highest mean of plan highest, leaf area and dray matter..

EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZER AND COMPOST ON NITRATE STATUS, YIELD AND QUALITY OF POTATO TUBER UNDER NEWLY RECLAIMED SANDY SOIL

This investigation was carried out during the two summer seasons of 2015 and2016 in sandy soil on potato culitvar "Sante" to study the effect of using 100%compost (15 t/fed.) and 50% compost + nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter, andPseudomonas alone or together) on potato yield and quality as compared to theconventional mineral fertilization (120-75-150 kg/fed. NPK + 5 toncompost/fed.(control)). No significant differences in tubers yield/fed. were detectedbetween mineral fertilization (control) and using 100% compost (15t/fed).However, control treatment significantly produced a high yield per feddan,more than using 50% compost + any biofertilizer treatment.Using composttreatment at 15 t/fed.execeed all biofertilizer treatments in marketable yield in bothseasons, but without significant differences as compared with mineral fertilization(control).No significant differences in tuber dray matter and content of starch intuber were found between using compost treatment at 15 ton/fed. and mineralfertilization treatment (control)in both seasons. Nevertheless, application of 50%compost+ 4 applications of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas had the highest tuberconcentrations of starch and nitrogen with significant differences as compared withthe mineral fertilization.Using50% compost + 4 applications of Azotobacter orPseudomonas or both (Azotobacter + Pseudomonas )and application of 100%compost caused producing potato tubers with the lowest concentration of nitratewith significant differences as compared with the mineral fertilization. Nosignificant differences were detected between mineral and organic fertilizersconcerning P and K concentrations in tubers.

Relationship between pre-pubertal nutrition plane with reproduction performance and milk quality in Kurdish female kids

Objective: To investigate the reproductive performance and milk quality to nutrition pre-pubertal plane in Kurdish female kids. Methods: Forty Kurdish female kids [aged (28.0±6.6) d and weighted (7.56±1.10) kg] were assigned randomly in pre-weaning period to one of two practical diets: low quality diet (LQD) [87 g CP/kg dray matter (DM) and 2.02 Mcal ME/kg DM], and high quality diet (HQD), (148 g CP/kg DM and 2.50 Mcal ME/kg DM). At weaning, from each group, one half of kids was separated randomly and allocated to LQD or HQD. Consequently, in post-weaning period, there were four treatment groups including: LQD pre and post-weaning (L-L), control group and LQD pre-weaning and HQD post-weaning (L-H); HQD pre-weaning and LQD post-weaning (H-L), HQD pre- and post-weanin (H-H). From 30 to 180 d of age, body weight and DM intake were determined every 2 wk. Results: Results showed that the HQD treatment enhanced body weight and DM intake during pre-weaning period, in comparison with the LQD treatment (P

Differential tolerance to water deficit in two açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) plant materials

Two acai plant materials (BRS-PA cultivar and Hideo ecotype) were subjected to differential irrigation to examine its potential tolerance to water deficit. Seedlings were grown for 45 days under irrigation replacing different volumes of water required to the soil reaches field capacity (FC). The irrigations replaced 100% FC (control treatment), 70% FC, and 40% FC (water deficit treatments). The Hideo ecotype showed more significant decreases in leaf water potential than BRS-PA. The former showed lower net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration and instantaneous water use efficiency, particularly under irrigation of 70% FC. In Hideo, the decreases in A mediated by water deficit were coupled to chlorophyll (Chl) degradation. In BRS-PA, the A and Chl content were decreased only under 40% FC. Starch content was unchanged between plant materials irrigated with 70% FC; however, it was decreased in Hideo seedlings irrigated with 40% FC. Accumulation of total soluble carbohydrates, glucose, and fructose has occurred in Hideo ecotype under 70% FC and in both plant materials under 40% FC. The water deficit caused more striking decreases in Hideo growth than in BRS-PA, especially by reducing leaf dry matter, root dray matter (under 70% FC), and both total and specific leaflet areas. Under irrigation with 40% FC, plant material differences in growth variables were negligible. The results indicate that BRS-PA cultivar tolerate mild water deficit (70% FC) more satisfactorily than Hideo; however, both plant materials were equally sensitive to more severe water deficit (40% FC).

EFFECT OF GRAIN MOISTURE OF CORN AT HARVESTING ON SOME AGRONOMIC TRAITS

This research was conducted during spring and fall seasons, 2015 , at the fields of Field Crop Department – College of Agriculture –University of Baghdad . The objective was to study the effect of grain moisture at harvesting on some agronomic traits of the corn next generation , by using synthetic variety 5018 . In spring season 2015 , seeds of this variety was planted ,when moisture of the ear grains was (37-42%) , ten ears were harvested. Ear harvesting dates were performed manually when the grains had 37-42% , 34-36% , 30-33% , 25- 28% and 19-22% moisture content. In fall season 2015 , varietal trail was carried out to the five treatment materials , using Randomized Complete Bock Design , with four replicates. The results revealed , that non significant differences between treatments (19-22)% and (25-28)% , in all the studied traits . The plants grown from the seeds of (25-28)%, were produced highest vegetative mass (116.30 g.plant-1) , total dray matter (269 g. plant-1) and total dray matter ( 1.80 kg.m-2 ) . Highest grain yield ( 1.07 kg.m-2 ) and harvesting index ( 0.63) were produced from plants grown from seeds harvested with (19-22)% moisture content . It can be concluded that the best moisture contents of the grains for seed production was (19-28)%.

EFFECT OF FEEDING STRAWBERRY (Fragariax ananas) VINES HAY ON DIGESTIBILITY, PHYSIOLOGICAL CASE AND MILK PRODUCTION OF LACTATING DAMASCUS GOATS UNDER HOT CONDITIONS IN EGYPT

The present study was planned to evaluate the nutritive values of strawberry vine hay and the possibility of inclusion this residues as a source of protein and energy in lactating goats under hot conditions of the year and the effect of this residues on physiological status, blood components, milk yield and components. Twenty eight Damascus healthy lactating does (aged 3 - 4 years and weighed 35- 40 kg were divided into four similar groups according to weight, (7 lactating does in each) to investigate the effect of replacing 0%, 30%, 70% and 100% from berseem hay by strawberry vine hay on dray matter basis(G1, G2, G3 and G4) plus concentrate feed mixture to cover 100% NRC requirements. Four digestibility trials were carried out to evaluate the four rations using. 12 mature bucks (3 in each)for digestibility trials. Ambient air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH %) were recorded at the times of carrying out the Maximum and minimum temperatures were recorded. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was estimated. Thermoregulatory parameters were recorded biweekly with blood sample. Milk samples were obtained every week, daily milk yield and milk components were determined. Feed conversion and economical efficiency were calculated. Results showed that the lowest values of feed intake as g/h/d was recorded by G4, while the other groups (G1, G2 and G3) were nearly similar. The G2 had the highest values of Relative intake (% of body weight) and g DMI/Kg W0.75. Digestion coefficients of experimental rations showed that the OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE digestibility were higher in G2 and G3 than in G1 and G4. The feeding value as TDN were significantly higher in G2 than G1 and G4 and the difference between G1 and G3 was not significant, while DCP value of G2 was insignificantly higher than G1 and significantly higher than G3 and G4. The effects of feeding type on physiological measurements showed that the differences among hair surface temperature in all groups were not significant, while hair deep temperature (HDT), skin temperature and rectal temperature were significantly higher in G4 and G3 than G1 and G2 respectively, while the differences between G1 and G2 or G3 and G4 were not significant. Ear temperature in G1 and G2 were significantly lower than in G3 and G4, while the differences between G1 and G2 or G3 and G4 were not significant. Pulse rate and respiration rate of G2 was significantly lower than other groups, but the differences between G1 and G3 were not significant while the G4 was significantly higher than other groups. GOT (AST) and GPT (ALT) of G2 blood serum was significantly lower than other groups. The highest values were recorded in G1 and G4, while the differences between G1 and G3 were not significant. Total protein and albumin was significantly higher in G2 than other groups, while the differences among other groups were not significant. Calcium and phosphorus in G2 blood plasma was significantly higher than in other groups. The highest average daily milk yield and 4% fat Corrected Milk (FCM) showed in G2, while the lowest value recorded in G4. Milk yield of G1 and G3 were nearly similar. The differences of chemical composition of milk among all groups were not significant. The best feed conversion (Kg DMI and Kg TDN / Kg FCM) were recorded with G2, while the bad feed conversion were recorded with G4. The highest economical efficiency was showed in G3 then followed G2, G4 and G1, respectively.

Efek Senyawa Saponin pada Sapindus rarak dengan Pakan Berbasis Jerami Padi dalam Mitigasi Gas Metana

The objective of the research was to study saponin in Sapindus rarak were added to the diet of rice straw ammoniation (20 &amp; 40%), related to the effect in reducing methane emissions of ruminants and pattern of rumen fermentation were tested by in vitro. Completly randomized block design with four treatments and four replications was used. Variables measured were gas production total, methane production, dray matter digestibility (DMD), N-ammonia, VFA total, VFA partial, and population of protozoa. The results showed that the addition saponins in S. rarak as a source of rice straw ammoniation significant effect (P&lt;0.05) of the total gas production, methane production, dray matter digestibility (DMD), N-ammonia, VFA partial, and population of protozoa. S. rarak use as a source of saponins with a dose of 20% on rice straw ammoniation was able to reduce methane gas production drop in gas production total, concentration of N-ammonia, and protozoa population.

Modification of a maize simulation model under different water, nitrogen and salinity levels

Irrigation, salinity and nitrogen (N) are the three major limiting environmental factors inmaize yield potentials especially in arid and semi-arid regions. An integrated water and N MaizeSimulation Model (MSM) was modified for salinity conditions using 2009-2010 fieldexperiments data in southwest of Iran. Irrigation levels were: I1=1.0ETc+0.25ETc as normalleaching amount, I2=0.75I1 and I3=0.5I1, salinity of irrigation water: S1=0.6, S2=2.0 and S3=4.0dS m-1 and N fertilizer rate: N1=0, N2=150 and N3=300 kg N ha-1. Data of the first and secondyear were used to calibrate and validate the modified model, respectively. The MSM model wasmodified by including the combined effects of water and salt stresses using different wateruptake functions. Furthermore, N uptake via mass flow process was also modified. By thismodification, the soil salinity was also estimated by the model. Calibration/validation resultsshowed that the water uptake function of Homaee and Feddes led to a better estimation of allparameters than those obtained by other water uptake functions. Based on the NRMSE and dindices, the modified MSM model presented a very good to fair estimation of soil water content,salinity and N, evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration, leaf area index, total dray matter,N uptake and grain yield. Besides, under saline irrigation water there was much higher risk tothe groundwater contamination by nitrate leaching.

Evaluation the Effect of Local and Imported Yeasts as Supplementary Food on the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Egypt

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different graded levels of local and imported yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth performance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. 250 fingerlings of the African catfish were collected from Edku Lake (northern Egypt) to carry out an experimental study. After a two-week acclimation period, the fish were divided into 5 groups of 50 fish each. Then, each group of fish was randomly distributed into aerated rectangular fiber glass tanks (0.90 x 3.70 x 1.90 m). The tanks were filled with tap water in which oxygen saturation was 5.6 g/l at pH 7.9; water temperature range from 26 to 27°C; and, photoperiod was 12:12 Light: Dark. The results showed that the supplementation of local yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, improved growth and feed utilization. Significant results were recorded for treatment group 2 (G2) that fed on commercial pellets diet with 2% local Baker Yeast compared to the control group. It was shown that the yeast supplementation significantly affected the whole-fish body composition (Feed intake-dry matter, protein intake and energy intake). All treatments exhibited higher values compared to the control group. It was suggested that the positive effect of live yeast in African catfish diets under the present study conditions may be due the release of growth factors at the selected yeast concentration. In this study treatment of G2 that fed on commercial pellets diet with 2% local Baker Yeast showed the lowest values for dray matter, ether extract and ash content, while it showed highest value for crude protein compared to the control group. Hematological analysis of all the treatment groups showed satisfactory values compared to the control groups. From the economic point of view similar to the imported yeast, the use of cheap local baker's yeast for African catfish also increases their growth and production under farming conditions.

Evaluation on the effect of local and imported yeast as supplementary feed on African catfish (&lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt; Burchell, 1822) in Egypt

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different graded levels of local and imported yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) on growth performance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus . A total of 250 fingerlings of the African catfish Clarias gariepnus were collected from Edku Lake for the experiment. The fish were divided into 5 groups, containing of 50 fish in each group. Describe the group and treatment given to each group of the fish. The results showed that the supplementation of local yeast, improved the growth and feed utilization. Significant results were recorded for treatment of G2 compared to the G1. It was shown that the yeast supplementation significantly affected the whole-fish body composition. All treatments exhibited higher values compared to the G1. Treatment of G2 also showed the lowest values for dray matter, ether extract and ash content, while it showed highest value for crude protein compared to the G1. Hematological analysis of all the treatments showed satisfactory values compared to the G1. From the economic point of view, the utilization of local baker's yeast for African catfish could reduce the cost, while increases the growth and production performance under farming conditions.

TRANSFERT HEAVY METAL SEWAGE SLUDGE AS FERTILIZER FROM SOIL TO RAY GRASS

The land application of sewage sludge reveals a significant increase in dray matter production of Ray Grass ( Lolium perenne L. ). In equivalent dose of liquid sludge, we registered a lower production of dry material. Besides, neither the dose nor type of sludge seems to have an effect on heavy metals contents in the air part plant. On the other hand, contribution of sludge under dry or liquid forms increases significantly heavy metals contents in roots with regard to witness without sludge. The comparison between the beginning and end of culture, revealed a decrease heavy metals contents in soil in particular at horizon 0-40 cm deep. Besides, this decrease Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu contents in soil is not linking to transfer from soil to air part of plant, but rather is the accumulation in roots, which play the role of a barrier.