Drawing Machine Research Articles

Development of a new hybrid yarn construction from recycled carbon fibers (rCF) for high-performance composites. Part-II: Influence of yarn parameters on tensile properties of composites

This article reports the successful manufacturing of hybrid yarns from virgin staple CF (40 or 60 mm) or recycled staple CF (rCF) by mixing with polyamide 6 (PA 6) fibers of defined length. The hybrid yarns are produced using an optimized process route of carding, drawing, and flyer machine. Furthermore, the influence of CF length, CF type (i.e. virgin or rCF), CF volume content, and twist of the yarn are also investigated regarding the tensile properties of unidirectionally laid (UD) thermoplastic composites. The results show that CF length, yarn twist, and CF content of composites play a big role on the tensile properties of thermoplastic composites. From the comparison of tensile strength of UD composites produced from 40 and 60 mm virgin staple CF, it can be seen that the increase of yarn twist decreases the tensile strength. However, the effect of twist on the tensile properties of UD composites manufactured from 40 mm virgin staple CF is insignificant. The tensile strength of UD thermoplastic composites manufactured from the hybrid yarn with 40 and 60 mm virgin staple CF and rCF is found to be 771 ± 100, 838 ± 81, and 801 ± 53.4 MPa, respectively, in the case of 87 T/m containing 50 volume% CF.

Biaxial stretch-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) above glass transition temperature: The necessary of chain mobility

Abstract Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) slightly above glass transition temperature (Tg) is investigated by adopting a sequential biaxial stretching mode in this work. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) are employed to study variation of orientation parameter and crystallinity of stretch films in machine and transverse draw ratio space. Our results reveal that improving chain mobility by stretching is necessary before crystallization occurs slightly above Tg, during which the total external work of sequential biaxial stretching is not dissipated but “stored” in polymer chains with high mobility. The total crystallinity is precisely correlated with the total external work, which does not relate to stretch direction and demonstrate that enhanced chain mobility have no directionality. Considering the structures that restrict the polymer chains in the initial sample, a molecular model is proposed to interpret the structure changes during SIC of PET above Tg.

USING THE DIGITAL CLOCK DRAWING TEST AND MACHINE LEARNING TO IMPROVE ACCURACY OF COGNITIVE SCREENING

USING THE DIGITAL CLOCK DRAWING TEST AND MACHINE LEARNING TO IMPROVE ACCURACY OF COGNITIVE SCREENING

USING THE DIGITAL CLOCK DRAWING TEST AND MACHINE LEARNING TO IMPROVE ACCURACY OF COGNITIVE SCREENING

USING THE DIGITAL CLOCK DRAWING TEST AND MACHINE LEARNING TO IMPROVE ACCURACY OF COGNITIVE SCREENING

RANCANGAN PERBAIKAN TATA LETAK MESIN PADA LANTAI PRODUKSI PRODUK CABLE NFA2XSY-T MENGGUNAKAN PAIRWISE EXCHANGE UNTUK MEMINIMASI WAKTU PRODUKSI DAN BIAYA MATERIAL HANDLING DI PT. SUCACO

<p>PT. SUCACO Tbk is one of the biggest corporations that produces various types of cable that<br />is one of them cable medium / the high voltage. In the floor production medium / the high voltage there<br />there are problem that appeared after evaluated using the layout checklist and material handling<br />checklist sheet at PT. SUCACO Tbk those are the rising of material handling costs and the production<br />time. These problem caused by the layout the floor production strategy and also the use of material<br />handling who has not yet been optimized. To solve the issues then the layout have to repaired by using<br />pairwise exchange method. So that will get the best layout in other word, the stranding machines will<br />be changed by cabling machines. By using the best layout proposal, promoted model will be simulated<br />then. The results that gained by production time are decrease to 696 hour which is equal to 29 working<br />days and for material handling costs which was originally have amount Rp. 482.268,53 decrease to Rp.<br />414.662,93 after layout had been restoration. At the end after repair proposal was used, the issues that<br />happens at production floor medium/high voltage PT.SUCACO.Tbk. has been resolved. Furthermore<br />the addition of repairs proposal are used as company’s consideration and evaluation, which are the<br />second proposal by adding 1 unit forklift material handling and replacing manual operator with trolley,<br />the third proposal adding 2 unit drawing machines, 1 unit stranding machine and 2 unit extruder<br />machines in accordance with routing sheet calculation. The last proposal or the fourth, is combining<br />all of the proposal becoming the one.</p>

PERENCANAAN DAN PEMBUATAN MESIN POTONG KAYU

Main purpose of this final task is to design a wood cutter machine for channel saw on the wood board and to get the final result like a work sheet and to determine the machine component of the wood cutter until it’s proper to built. This design of the modification wood cutter machine has some concept with some steps like: need, problem analysis and product specification, product concept design, analysis technique, modeling and the work sheet. the next process is build the wood cutter machine that has been planned. The final task result is a design that poured in the work sheet include the framework machine drawing, liner drawing, arm connector drawing, arm knife drawing, pen drawing, pivot transmission drawing, pivot eccentric drawing, circle eccentric drawing, puli and workspace drawing. The wood cutter capacity saw could reach 2 cm thickness. The machine booster resources is an electricity engine with 0.25 HP power. The wood cutter from modification product dimension length x wide x height that 350 x 350 x 910 mm. the machine framework material use an iron steel profile L 30 x 30 x 2 mm material St 42. The transmission pivot made from St 37 with dimension O 15 mm and 300 mm length. The transmission system use belt component V and two pair of Puli 1,5’’ and 3.5’’, work base board use Plywood. The final result of this design and the wood cutter making then will be built adjust the work sheet.

Image as chemical atemporality

Abstract This article analyses today’s perception, production and consumption of the digital image in the context of historical mechanization, photographic development and the prototypical design of a chemical reactive hypertemporal setting. Digital materiality is explicitly designed through a time-based performative image transiimage transition from the static image to the image as palimpsest in a post-digital era. First, it introduces the topic by providing a historical overview of devices that allowed the generation, construction and the change in perception of the image. Starting from the invention of the Camera Obscura as a device of image projection, the article highlights a change of representation from as early as fifteenth-century drawing machines to today’s plethora of image-generating devices. The article investigates in more detail the transition of the image through mechanical production and the change of medium in the form of photographic image development and its consequences. Furthermore, it presents research into the hyper-temporality of a chemical image in relation to the digitalization and computer numeric controlled drawing machines. Each chapter of the article is related to one of my artistic works – Virtual Sunset, Urban Scan, Slow Selfie and the ongoing project titled Liquid Light. Each of the works is associated with an image production and perception property, gradually articulating the current state of the images as a hybrid. The research concludes with a focus on the hybrid image combining computer-controlled construction through sensorial data and vector-based input with photo-chromic reactions stimulated by multiple overlaying light emitters. The result is a chemical animated image – a piece de resistance and transformation of the a-temporality of digital data.

Modelling of the blend ratio effect on the mechanical properties of the biofibres

This work investigates the effect of the blend ratios of three different environmental-friendly biopolymers on fibres’ properties made by water bath extrusion machine and multi-stage drawing frame. Tensile test, shrinkage test, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy are used to study the mechanical and thermal properties of composed fibres. In the modelling stage, stepwise regressions were used as faster and less prone technique to over fit the results by watching the order in which blend ratios are increased or decreased, that help to meet the requirements of specific applications. The statistical-based models control the biodegradable fibre properties beyond the selected range of the blend ratios more than that can be obtained from single polymer equivalents. The forecasting designed program simulates the relationship between the blend ratios and the biofibre’ properties to save both time and cost of the production process, this novel method steps could be applied on different polymers.

볼륨감과 신축성이 우수한 신질감 소모조 이수축 혼섬사의 특성분석

c2016 The Korean Fiber Society Abstract: The aim of this study is to develop a mixed polyester latent crimped yarn with excellent bulkiness and stretchability. In order to achieve this goal, the thermal and physical behaviors of yarn obtained from two filaments with different shrinkabilities were investigated under various manufacturing conditions. The partially oriented yarn (POY) exhibited various thermal shrinkages under wet and dry conditions. The fabric hand value is affected by the properties of the POY and by the physical properties of the latent crimped yarns, such as linear density, tenacity, breaking strain, and shrinkage. First, the POY should be spun at speeds in the range of 3,000−3,200 m/min so as to produce a wool-like mixed PET yarn with excellent bulkiness and stretching properties. Second, the manufacturing conditions for the latent crimped yarn should be set as follows: 1) intrinsic viscosity difference between 0.15 and 0.2; 2) setting at 120 C; and 3) a low winding speed and high draw ratio during the spinning process. Finally, the heat roller temperature of the drawing machine should be set between 105−120 C together under overfeeding conditions in order to obtain the desired wool-like mixed latent crimped yarn that exhibits excellent bulkiness and high stretchability, in accordance with the aim of this procedure.

ノンスリップ型湿式伸線機における張力制御技術

ノンスリップ型湿式伸線機における張力制御技術

Augmenting the out of Classroom Learning of Machine Drawing Laboratory Course

Engineering drawing, traditionally termed as engineering graphics, has been the language of engineers. When it comes to mechanical engineering, this language gets elevated to a level fetching its status of first language in its domain. In engineering practices, any lapse in reading/interpreting drawings will be costly. The error in reading engineering drawings has been a worrying factor in the industries for engineering practitioners. There is a need for an immediate focus on the teaching-learning activity in this drawing course. This article reports an attempt to elevate the graphical communication skills in a class of 2 nd year mechanical engineering students. The purpose of the study was to test the effectiveness of the 'out of classroom' approach in improving the skill. The results show that the teaching approach is capable of enhancing the engineering drawing skills, and the approach has the potential to elevate the skill in one semester course of study. In the middle of our study, we attempted two more practices which are worth sharing. First practice was letting student recognize his/her own skill-level on the first class of the course and the skill-level achieved on the last class of the course and the second, psychological effect of quiz in assessing the learnt skills.

Augmenting the out of Classroom Learning of Machine Drawing Laboratory Course

Augmenting the out of Classroom Learning of Machine Drawing Laboratory Course

The machine drawings of Hans Hammer in the context of the contemporary machine representations

The first known drawings of machines can be found in warfare-themed manuscripts. The oldest of them dates back to the 14th century, but their proliferation took place in the 15th century. During the century an almost standardized drawing style, vocabulary was developed, which also survived throughout the Renaissance. Compared to the relatively high number of the survived warfare-related manuscripts that included drawings (their number is above 50), the representation of machines for civil usage is very rare throughout the century, even though the architectural drawings also proliferated during this century, and they also introduced a distinct representation style. The survived portfolio of the Strasbourg master builder Hans Hammer lies at the intersection of this two disciplines: it includes both machine and architectural drawings in a large number. Given the occupation of the master, it can safely assumed that in contrast to those found in the majority of the contemporary machine drawings, his machines served civil purposes. In this article the following questions are discussed: how do Hans Hammer’s machine drawings fit in the corpus of the contemporary machine drawings both by drawing style and function; and with which manuscripts can a direct connection be made?

Solid-state 13C NMR and synchrotron SAXS/WAXS studies of uniaxially-oriented polyethylene

We report solid-state 13C NMR and synchrotron wide-and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments (WAXS, SAXS) on metallocene linear low density polyethylene films (e.g., Exceed™ 1018 mLLDPE; nominally 1MI, 0.918 density ethylene-hexene metallocene copolymer) as a function of uniaxial draw ratio, λ. Combined, these experiments provide an unambiguous, quantitative molecular view of the orientation of both the crystalline and amorphous phases in the samples as a function of draw. Together with previously reported differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gas transport measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical birefringence, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as well as other characterization techniques, this study of the state of orientation in both phases provides insight concerning the development of unusually high barrier properties of the most oriented samples (λ=10). In this work, static (non-spinning) solid-state NMR measurements indicate that in the drawn ExceedTM films both the crystalline and amorphous regions are highly oriented. In particular, chemical shift data show the amorphous phase is comprised increasingly of so-called “taut tie chains” (or tie chains under any state of tautness) in the mLLDPE with increasing draw ratio – the resonance lines associated with the amorphous phase shift to where the crystalline peaks are observed. In the sample with highest total draw (λ=10), virtually all of the chains in the non-crystalline region have responded and aligned in the machine (draw) direction. Both monoclinic and orthorhombic crystalline peaks are observed in high-resolution, solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR measurements of the oriented PE films. The orientation is comparable to that obtained for ultra-high molecular weight HDPE fibers described as “ultra-oriented” in the literature. Furthermore, the presence of a monoclinic peak in cold-drawn samples suggests that there is an appreciable internal stress associated with the LLDPE. The results are confirmed and independently quantified by Herman's Orientation Function values derived from the WAXS measurements. The degree of orientation approaches theoretically perfect alignment of chains along the draw direction. We deduce from this observation that a high fraction of the non-crystalline chains are either tie chains that directly connect adjacent lamellae or are interlocking loops from adjacent lamellae. In either case, the chains are load-bearing and are consistent with the idea of “taut tie chains”. We note that transmission electron micrographs recorded for the ultra-oriented Exceed showed the lamellae are often appreciably thinner and shorter than they are for cast or blown Exceed 1018. Combined with higher crystallinity, the thinner lamellae statistically favor more tie chains. Finally, the remarkably large decrease in permeability of the λ=10 film is primarily attributed to the high degree of orientation (and loss of entropy) of the amorphous phase.

Process Combination of Hydroforming and Injection Moulding for the <i>In Situ</i> Manufacturing of Metal and Plastic Composite Structures

The use of lightweight structures is a major trend in the reduction of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, especially in transport. Metal plastic hybrid structures are an efficient solution to use the best material at every point in the design space. In the state of the art production technologies, the metal parts are produced separately from the plastic parts. The injection moulding process is only used for forming the plastic parts and for joining. These process chains are very extensive. The article shows the development of new process combinations. The aim is a combination of metal forming and injection moulding in one die and one process. One part should be produced with every single stroke of the press.In the first step, deep drawing, injection molding and media based forming with the plastic melt were successfully merged in one tool and one process. It was possible to integrate the injection moulding process into a deep drawing machine. In the next step, it was possible to successfully combine hydroforming and injection molding. For this process combination the hydroforming process is integrated into an injection moulding press. Different surface structures of the metal tubes, such as sandblasting, knurling and laser structuring, were systematically tested regarding to their properties as an adhesion promoter. The target is to establish a purely mechanical connection between the hydroformed metal component and the injection moulded component from glass fibre reinforced plastic instead of the chemical bonding agents often used previously, such as Vestamelt®.

Modification of biaxially oriented polypropylene films using dicyclopentadiene based hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin

Abstract The morphologies, crystalline structures, and thermal and rheological behaviors of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blended with dicyclopentadiene based hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin (HCR) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wide-angle X-ray diffractometry, and differential scanning calorimetry in detail. Furthermore, the transparency, mechanical properties, and water vapor and oxygen permeability of biaxially oriented polypropylene films, fabricated from these iPP/HCR blends using a biaxial drawing machine, were examined. It was found that crystallinity varies with the HCR content of the iPP/HCR blend. In addition, amorphous HCR with its high glass transition temperature (T g ) upon blending with iPP’s amorphous structure affords improvements in various film properties, such as mechanical properties, transparency, and gas permeabilities.

Experimental Measurements of System Dynamics Between Two Stages of Wire Drawing Machine

Abstract In multi-stage wire drawing machines productivity growth can be achieved at higher drawing speeds by preventing wire breakage during the process. One disadvantage of high-speed wire drawing is the requirement imposed by machine dynamics in terms of its stability and reliability during operation. Tensile forces in the wire must maintained by fast synchronization of all capstans speed. In this process, the displacement sensors play the main role in providing the control system with feedback information about the wire condition. In this study, the influences between the sensors and actuator driven capstans have been studied, and tuner roll concept of a wire drawing machine was experimentally investigated. To this aim, measurements were carried out on two drawing stages at different drawing speeds and obtained results were presented. These results clearly show the fast changes of the capstans speed and the angular displacements of the rollers that tighten the wire, which only confirms the high dynamics of the wire drawing machine.

Design, Manufacturing of A New Laboratory Type Filament Yarn Drawing Machine And Featured Yarn Development Studies

In the establishments where continuous filament yarn production is made, the production line covers a fairly large scale, the production continues non-stop all day long and this industrial type machines possess a large number of process parameters. Because of these reasons, during the production activities it is pretty demanding to R&D and P&D studies in industry. In the view of this disadvantageous case, this study was carried out and with this study it was aimed to do continuous and systematic researches towards filament yarns. Thus, this study has two stages. The first one is the study of design, improving and manufacturing a lab-type filament yarn production machinery based on melt spinning principle and the second one is the study of original product development done in the manufactured machinery. As a result, many scientific studies about production of filament yarns especially for application of technical textiles can be realized with this lab-type machine.

Finite Element Analysis of Connecting Rod of IC Engine

A connecting rod of IC engine is subjected to complex dynamic loading conditions. Therefore it is a critical machine element which attracts researchers' attention. This paper aims at development of simple 3D model, finite element analyses and the optimization by intuition of the connecting rod for robust design. In this study the detailed load analysis under in-service loading conditions was performed for a typical connecting rod. The CAD model was prepared taking the detailed dimensions from a standard machine drawing text book. Based on the gas pressure variation in the cylinder of an IC engine, the piston forces were calculated for critical positions. MATLAB codes were written for this calculation. Altair Hypermesh and Hyperview were used for pre-processing and post-processing of the model respectively. The finite element analyses were performed using Altair Radioss. The results obtained were compared to a case study for the field failure of the connecting rod. By comparing the induced stress result with the yield strength of the material, the component was redesigned. This was done to save some mass keeping in mind that the induced stress value should be well below the yield strength of the material. The optimized connecting rod is 11.3% lighter than the original design.

‘Machinic Trajectories’: Appropriated Drawing Machines as Post-Digital Devices

This article presents a series of works called Machinic Trajectories , consisting of domestic devices appropriated as mechanical drawing machines. These are contextualized within the post-digital discourse, which integrates messy analog conditions into the digital realm. The role of eliciting and examining glitches for investigating a technology is pointed out. Glitches are defined as short-lived, unpremeditated aesthetic results of a failure; they are mostly known as digital phenomena, but I argue that the concept is equally applicable to the output of mechanical machines. Three drawing machines will be presented: The Opener , The Mixer and The Ventilator . In analyzing their drawings, emergent patterns consisting of unpremeditated visual artifacts will be identified and connected to irregularities of the specific technologies. Several other artists who work with mechanical and robotic drawing machines are introduced, to situate the presented works and reflections in a larger context of practice and to investigate how glitch concepts are applicable to such mechanical systems.