Drawers Of Water Research Articles

Labor across the Green Line: Hewers of Wood and Drawers of Water: Noncitizen Arabs in the Israeli Labor Market. . Moshe Semyonov, Noah Lewin-Epstein.

Labor across the Green Line: Hewers of Wood and Drawers of Water: Noncitizen Arabs in the Israeli Labor Market. . Moshe Semyonov, Noah Lewin-Epstein.

Hewers of Wood and Drawers of Water: Noncitizen Arabs in the Israeli Labor Market.

Hewers of Wood and Drawers of Water: Noncitizen Arabs in the Israeli Labor Market.

Hewers of wood and drawers of water: Incomes and employment in the traditional unskilled sector

Abstract The traditional unskilled labor market in developing countries is surveyed with respect to factors affecting its size and the causes for the inclusion of certain individuals and groups in that market. A simple supply and demand market is built on these factors and tested against earnings and underemployment data. A less “intuitively obvious” model of earnings determination (and its testing) is a methodological innovation presented. The tests are consistent with the model's contention that traditional sector employment levels are “driven” by supply of labor to the sector, while earnings levels are “driven” by demand factors.

No Chosen People: The Myth of the Calvinist Origins of Afrikaner Nationalism and Racial Ideology

THE ORIGINS OF AFRIKANER NATIONALISM and its associated racial ideologies and, thus, of the apartheid order imposed by the National party governments on South African society in recent times have often been ascribed to an obdurate strain of Calvinism. According to this view, the Afrikaner founding fathers brought with them to the Cape the basic tenets of seventeenth-century thought, in the isolated frontier conditions of trekboer society this mode of thought became fixated and survived for generations as a kind of primitive Calvinism, and, Rip van Winkle-like, it then emerged to renewed historical prominence in the early nineteenth century and provided much of the rationale for that central event of Afrikaner history, the Great Trek. Thus, the Voortrekkers and the Republican Afrikaners conceived of themselves as a chosen and covenanted people, like the Israelites of the Old Testament, and early Afrikaners presumed a divine mandate to smite heathen peoples and reduce them to their pre-ordained position as perpetual hewers of wood and drawers of water. This cluster of constructs, which has been used to explain and justify racial inequality and repression in latter-day Afrikaner-dominated societies, constitutes a historical myth that I call the Calvinist paradigm of Afrikaner history. ' Despite its pervasive presence in the literature, the content of the

Continentalism and Economic Nationalism in the Manufacturing Sector: Seeking Middle Ground

What changes in government policy towards industry are needed to improve the performance of Canada's manufacturing sector? This question has received increasing attention over the past decade as productivity growth in Canadian manufacturing industries has slowed and the Canadian dollar plummeted. Is the problem the small size of the domestic market? Does it lie in the behavior of foreign-owned enterprises? Is government policy towards research and development responsible? Are we destined to be 'hewers of wood and drawers of water'? The call for an answer to these questions and for an 'industrial strategy' continues to be heard. Those who respond appear to fall into two distinct camps. On the one hand are the 'economic nationalists,' who argue that the high degree of foreign ownership is mainly responsible for the plight of our manufacturing industries. This group favors not only increased limitations on foreign investment, but also the maintenance of protective trade barriers and increased protection of Canadian manufacturing firms by means of government procurement policy (i.e., favoring domestic sources of supply, especially for 'high technology' goods). On the other hand are the 'continentalists'. They argue that free trade between Canada and the United States would, in the long run, promote a rationalization of Canadian industries that would result in a more productive and dynamic manufacturing sector. This group also typically holds that foreign ownership has not been a problem at all (or that it provides a net benefit, even at the margin) so that calls for limitations on foreign investment are misguided.1 This paper argues that both the 'nationalist' and 'continentalist' views are incorrect. There is need to seek out middle ground, namely, a policy plan that recognizes the dangers of foreign ownership, but accepts the need to move quickly towards freer trade provided there are appropriate safeguards regarding activity levels in Canada of the multinational firms. Section II examines the development of the economic nationalist view and provides a critical assessment of it. Section III does the same for the continentalist view. The 'middle ground' approach is presented in section IV, followed by some concluding remarks.

200 Years of Water Service

People of the water‐supply field—inheritors of the penalty Joshua enjoined upon the Gibeonites, of being “hewers of wood and drawers of water,” and now beset by a host of modern Joshuas in the form of regulatory commissions, government agencies, and consumer groups—will be interested in Dr. Wolman's survey of past accomplishments and consideration of what the future may bring.

Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa

Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa

: Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa . Gilbert F. White, David J. Bradley, Anne U. White.

: Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa . Gilbert F. White, David J. Bradley, Anne U. White.

Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa

Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa

Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa

7. Total Social Costs ... THE INTERRELATION OF HEALTH AND IMPROVEMENTS The epidemiological basis for the prevention of infections related to water by improving supplies may be summarized in the following way. The general model is illustrated in figure 7.1. Under conditions of appalling water supply the amount of illness is A. Increasing the volume supplied will decrease the morbidity until a point is reached where no matter how much more water is supplied the situation will remain static with V units of disease. On the other hand, improving water quality alone will reduce the disease amount to level P. Improving all aspects of water supply will, at optimal purity and volume, reduce the disease level to M. This residual amount will be unaffected by changes in water supply. The values of A, M, P, and V will depend on the physical and social environment and on the disease being considered. An aggregate model for all disease in a particular area will have a particular form depending on the environment. A similar model for improvement costs may be constructed (fig. 7.2), and the two may be compared. Quantitative data for such disease models are unavailable, but qualitatively the position is as follows. [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] The waterborne diseases in the strict sense are due to polluted supplies. The classical waterborne diseases have a low infecting close of organisms and may produce dramatic epidemics following relatively light pollution of a large common source. They reach their greatest importance in urban areas where the number of households per source is highest and for their prevention require completely pure supplies. The nonclassical waterborne infections are those requiring a larger infecting dose of microbes and are usually commoner diseases than the preceding ones, though often not waterborne in more developed countries. They are transmitted under conditions of heavy pollution even when sources do not supply large groups of households, and they may produce sporadic disease. We know little about their extent but suspect that they are most important in urban areas with very heavy pollution of unimproved sources. They are prevented by moderate protection of sources short of absolute sterility. The water-washed diseases are of two types. The bulk of such diseases as seen in the outpatient clinic are superficial infections of the skin and eyes. These reach their peak in dry areas with both a scarcity of water for washing and a dusty environment, though a generally unsanitary habitat makes matters worse. These are clearly of the water-washed category and the prime need in most rural areas is for a more accessible supply of greater volume. Purity is a secondary consideration and should not delay attempts to increase the quantities available. The diarrheal diseases also seem to diminish when water supplies are made more accessible. Their precise etiology is still far from clear and other factors are important, so that there are variations in prevalence between areas with comparable water supplies. A hot, dry climate and an unsanitary environment are both associated with much diarrhea, which is therefore common both in crowded urban and arid rural areas. Where the population density rises, whether in towns or in some densely inhabited rural areas, purity becomes of greater relative importance, not only because more people use each common source but also because dense rural settlement tends to be in high-rainfall areas. On the basis of evidence presented elsewhere, gastroenteric disorders appear to have both water-washed and waterborne components and reach their peak in overcrowded periurban zones where, fortunately, most can be done about them, though so far municipal authorities have paid more attention to purity than to availability of improved supplies. The diarrheal diseases and typhoid cause hospital admissions and death far more often than the superficial water-washed infections; they affect treatment costs more and also provide the bulk of lost work time and the economic losses from premature death. …

Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Use in East Africa

7. Total Social Costs ... THE INTERRELATION OF HEALTH AND IMPROVEMENTS The epidemiological basis for the prevention of infections related to water by improving supplies may be summarized in the following way. The general model is illustrated in figure 7.1. Under conditions of appalling water supply the amount of illness is A. Increasing the volume supplied will decrease the morbidity until a point is reached where no matter how much more water is supplied the situation will remain static with V units of disease. On the other hand, improving water quality alone will reduce the disease amount to level P. Improving all aspects of water supply will, at optimal purity and volume, reduce the disease level to M. This residual amount will be unaffected by changes in water supply. The values of A, M, P, and V will depend on the physical and social environment and on the disease being considered. An aggregate model for all disease in a particular area will have a particular form depending on the environment. A similar model for improvement costs may be constructed (fig. 7.2), and the two may be compared. Quantitative data for such disease models are unavailable, but qualitatively the position is as follows. [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] The waterborne diseases in the strict sense are due to polluted supplies. The classical waterborne diseases have a low infecting close of organisms and may produce dramatic epidemics following relatively light pollution of a large common source. They reach their greatest importance in urban areas where the number of households per source is highest and for their prevention require completely pure supplies. The nonclassical waterborne infections are those requiring a larger infecting dose of microbes and are usually commoner diseases than the preceding ones, though often not waterborne in more developed countries. They are transmitted under conditions of heavy pollution even when sources do not supply large groups of households, and they may produce sporadic disease. We know little about their extent but suspect that they are most important in urban areas with very heavy pollution of unimproved sources. They are prevented by moderate protection of sources short of absolute sterility. The water-washed diseases are of two types. The bulk of such diseases as seen in the outpatient clinic are superficial infections of the skin and eyes. These reach their peak in dry areas with both a scarcity of water for washing and a dusty environment, though a generally unsanitary habitat makes matters worse. These are clearly of the water-washed category and the prime need in most rural areas is for a more accessible supply of greater volume. Purity is a secondary consideration and should not delay attempts to increase the quantities available. The diarrheal diseases also seem to diminish when water supplies are made more accessible. Their precise etiology is still far from clear and other factors are important, so that there are variations in prevalence between areas with comparable water supplies. A hot, dry climate and an unsanitary environment are both associated with much diarrhea, which is therefore common both in crowded urban and arid rural areas. Where the population density rises, whether in towns or in some densely inhabited rural areas, purity becomes of greater relative importance, not only because more people use each common source but also because dense rural settlement tends to be in high-rainfall areas. On the basis of evidence presented elsewhere, gastroenteric disorders appear to have both water-washed and waterborne components and reach their peak in overcrowded periurban zones where, fortunately, most can be done about them, though so far municipal authorities have paid more attention to purity than to availability of improved supplies. The diarrheal diseases and typhoid cause hospital admissions and death far more often than the superficial water-washed infections; they affect treatment costs more and also provide the bulk of lost work time and the economic losses from premature death. …

Patronage for Public Religious Institutions in India

The thesis of this paper is that public religious institutions in India, which historically have enjoyed the patronage of India's aristocracy, are today resting upon the financial response of the masses, who are unprepared culturally or economically to carry the burden. I shall maintain that the masses have rarely accepted the responsibility for building or maintaining public religious institutions in India, and have expected the elite to provide the sancturaries and the priests. The hypothesis is proposed that neither Hinduism, nor Buddhism, nor to a certain extent, Islam, expected the common people to provide a major share of self-support for temple, monastery, or mosque. Jainism and Sikhism, while expecting more from an economically advantaged laity, have also waited for the king, the noble, or the merchant to volunteer finance to construct a religious edifice and to support its functionaries thereafter. So pervading has been this expectation from the upper classes, this dependence upon the well-placed and the powerful, that it may be called a characteristic of Indian culture, not related to any particular religion, but shared by all Faiths. The Christian Mission in India did not inspire a new expectation, but rather harmonized with what already existed as custom, as folkway, as the standard order. Just as the rajas built temples for the use of the people, endowed his edifices with lands and villages, staffed them with gardeners, cooks, sweepers, and drawers of water, so the Christian Mission arrived in India with money, free religious functionaries (missionares), and salaries for every grade of staff.

Drawers of Water. Domestic Water Use in East Africa

Drawers of Water. Domestic Water Use in East Africa

Drawers of Water, Domestic Water Use in East Africa

Drawers of Water, Domestic Water Use in East Africa

HEWERS OF WOOD AND DRAWERS OF WATER

HEWERS OF WOOD AND DRAWERS OF WATER

Changing Patterns of Employment

PRE‐INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY was bottom‐heavy. The majority of workers were muscle‐men, hewers of wood and drawers of water. Their jobs consisted of lifting, shoving, carrying and generally providing motive power. Society did not need these members for their manual skills, let alone their mental skills: it was their muscles that society was after. Above this brute mass there existed a thin upper crust of worker‐aristocrats — masons, carpenters — and above this, in turn, an even thinner skin of managers, administrators, priests, and generals. But because there was no mechanically‐produced power, a high proportion of society's members were condemned to spend the whole of their lives pumping power into the economy from their own bodies. That is why slaves were such a necessity in primitive economies.

Peru Moves onto the Iron and Steel Map of the Western Hemisphere

On April 21, 1958, Peru joined Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile to bring to five the number of Latin American nations possessing integrated steel mills. Whether these countries should engage in heavy industry is beside the point; they are determined to make iron and steel, for they fervently believe that an iron and steel industry is the inevitable harbinger of progress. There is simultaneously a belief that the export of raw materials and the import of manufactured goods implies “colonial” status. Sensitive national pride rebels against the thought that raw materials producers are “hewers of wood and drawers of water” for the industriallyadvanced countires.

East Wind on the Adriatic, the Last Stronghold of German Nazism and Hewers of Wood and Drawers of Water

East Wind on the Adriatic, the Last Stronghold of German Nazism and Hewers of Wood and Drawers of Water

Humanistic Science

IN recent years increasing recognition has been given to the contacts of science with social problems and public affairs. Many scientific workers, particularly those of the younger generation, are no longer content to be regarded as hewers of wood and drawers of water whose special knowledge is considered to disqualify them for administrative posts. They know how science enters into every department of national life or international undertaking, and they claim to be entrusted with a reasonable share of responsible control of the forces created by them. At present these new powers seem to be out of hand in their effects upon production and also their applications to destruction. Such disappointing results are not, however, essential consequences of scientific progress, but are due to the much slower rate of advance of man's ethical and spiritual nature.

Arab-Jewish Unity in Palestine

I shall attempt to answer these two questions by an analytical and objective presentation of the Arab attitude toward Zionism. The words political are used advisedly. By Zionism the Arab understands an attempt to set up in Palestine a Jewish state which shall be, to use Weizmann's words, Jewish as England is English or America is American. In this imperium in imperio, the Arabs will be forced either to trek along (Zangwill) or to be hewers of wood and drawers of water. In this Judenstat, a Jewish majority is a sine qua non. This is not the spiritual and cultural Zionism of Ahad Haam or Judah