Drawing Process Research Articles

Research on the development of a monitoring experimental platform for top coal migration trajectory in longwall top coal caving and optimization of coal drawing process

Research on the development of a monitoring experimental platform for top coal migration trajectory in longwall top coal caving and optimization of coal drawing process

Sharpening the gaze, sharpening the pencil: supporting observational drawing in primary education

ABSTRACT This article explores how teachers can support students’ observational drawing skills in the biology classroom. The article is based on classroom data from a collaborative project involving primary school teachers, arts educators, and researchers. Together, we have planned and implemented classroom interventions, aiming to contribute knowledge about the pedagogical potentials of drawing in science. In this article, we analyse one teacher’s way of teaching observational drawing to 8-year-old students. Our analysis reveals two main teaching emphases: (1) the interplay between observing and drawing and (2) the visual characteristics of natural objects, particularly the shape, colour, and specific details of different species. Our findings provide valuable insights for educators who seek to integrate observational drawing into science education. First, we highlight the significance of the teacher’s content knowledge in biology, as it corresponds to the ability to guide students’ attention to specific details in natural objects. Second, we show the pedagogical potential of providing explicit feedback during the drawing process in terms of encouraging students to make detailed and realistic drawings while also making them visually engaging. Lastly, we show that the teacher makes use of verbal, bodily, and visual resources to create a collaborative space for communication around student drawings.

Cold-Drawn Wood-Filled Polybutylene Succinate Macro-Fibers as a Reinforcing Material for Concrete

The corrosive behavior of steel reinforcements causes issues in the concrete industry. To overcome this issue, alternative noncorrosive reinforcements such as polymer fibers could be used. However, as environmental protection becomes more important, sustainability must also be considered in the solution. An alternative to polymers based on raw oil is bio-based polymers. This study investigates the suitability of polymer fibers produced from polybutylene succinate together with cellulose and wood fillers as concrete reinforcements. Different mixtures of polybutylene succinate, cellulose, and wood fillers were created, and fibers were produced using a multiple drawing process. The fibers were tested using tensile tests, a single-fiber pull-out test, contact angle measurements, reflected light microscopy, density measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis. The fillers were shown to decrease the mechanical properties as the particle size and filler amount increased, resulting in a reduction in Young’s modulus and tensile strength of 55% and 70%, respectively, while adhesion to concrete increased with particle size from 0.31 ± 0.02 N/mm2 without filler to 0.90 ± 0.10 N/mm2 for the best-performing material combination. Reflected light microscopy images show changes in the fiber surface before and after pull-out. The fiber density decreased from 1.26 ± 0.05 g/cm3 to 0.91 ± 0.04 g/cm3 with an increasing filler amount and particle size for a compound with 10 weight percent of wood filler 1. The fiber thermal stability decreased slightly with the addition of filler. The greatest effect was a reduction in the temperature to ≈58 °C at 1% weight loss when 10 weight percent of wood was added. This study proves the possibility of using bio-based materials as concrete reinforcements.

Structural evolution of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers in high-speed in-line drawing process

Structural evolution of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers in high-speed in-line drawing process

A byte for arts: Digital applications meet artistic expressions

The use of artistic expression for diagnostics and therapy has a long tradition, which already started a century ago with psychological assessment tools using drawings to explore personality traits and inner emotions. With the advent of technical and digital achievements, these methods were adapted and integrated in corresponding therapeutic systems. This article outlines the relationship of arts and information technology from the very beginning in the fields of clinical and educational applications and human interaction aspects and gives examples of current developments. In particular, it illustrates the use of digital tools which focus on the process evaluation of arts therapies such as digital drawing applications to analyze the drawing process as a tool for the prediction of Alzheimer’s disease, or a digital device to analyze movement patterns in a landscaping task to investigate depressive moods. From a methodological point of view, these methods which integrate qualitative and quantitative research methods can be used to evaluate the impact of creative arts therapies even in small patient samples which is shown in two examples. Finally, critical questions on the impact of digitalization are addressed and an outlook towards future developments particularly in the field of music therapy is given.

High-Performance Mechano-Sensitive Piezoelectric Nanogenerator from Post-Treated Nylon-11,11 Textiles for Energy Harvesting and Human Motion Monitoring.

Piezoelectric polymer textiles offer distinct advantages in the fabrication of wearable nanogenerators (NGs). One effective strategy to enhance the output capacity of NGs is to modulate the piezoelectric performance of the textiles. This paper focuses on further improving the piezoelectric properties of nylon-11,11 textiles through post-drawing and annealing treatments. We elucidate the evolution of morphology and the ferroelectric phase in the submicron/nanoscale fibers during post processing as well as the corresponding changes in performance. The drawing process primarily enhances the orientation of the crystalline phase and reduces the fiber diameter, while the annealing process more effectively promotes the crystal size and crystallinity. Afterward, we propose an optimal postdrawing and annealing assisted-electrostatic spinning process. Under the synergistic effects of these post-treatments, the remanent polarization (Pr) of nylon-11,11 textile increased to 4.7 times that of the untreated textile, resulting in amplified piezoelectric outputs. The output voltage, current, and power density of the prepared PENG reached 21.5 V, 800 nA, and 1.88 mW·m-2 (80 MΩ), respectively. Notably, at pressures exceeding 8 kPa, the mechano-voltage and current sensitivity reached as high as 266 mV/kPa and 13.99 nA/kPa, respectively, which is extraordinary compared to other piezoelectric NGs and comparable to the performance of nylon-based triboelectric NGs. Furthermore, we investigated the potential application of the prepared PENG in biomechanical energy harvesting and human movement monitoring. Experiments demonstrated its effectiveness in powering light bulbs, tracking walking status, and monitoring finger/hand/wrist gestures.

Material Characterisation Experiments and Data Preparation for a Finite Element Analysis of the Deep Drawing Process Using AA 1050-O

The use of computer simulation to imitate physical processes has proven to be a time-efficient and cost-effective way of performing scenario testing for process optimisation in different applications. The finite element analysis (FEA) is the dominant numerical simulation method for analysing sheet metal forming processes. It uses mathematical tools and computer-aided engineering software programmes to predict forming processes. To improve the quality of output from the simulation, accurate material characterisation data that correctly model the behaviour of the material when it undergoes deformation must be provided. This paper outlines the stages of conducting material characterisation experiments, such as tensile, hardness, and formability tests, using the aluminium alloy AA1050-O. Sample preparation, the machine setup, and testing procedures for the material characterisation tests are given. Subsequent data preparation methods for input into an FEA software programme are also outlined. Implications of the testing results to a deep drawing process are examined while considering the formation of a rectangular monolithic component measuring 2300 mm by 1400 mm with a drawing depth of approximately 150 mm. The results from the characterisation tests indicate that the forming process for the product can be achieved using cold forming at room temperatures as a 25% strain was recorded before necking against an anticipated uniaxial strain of 5.93%. The aluminium alloy AA1050-O demonstrated a negligible strain rate sensitivity in the forming region, thus eliminating tool velocity from the key process parameters that should be considered during FEA simulations. A 50% increase in hardness was recorded after strain hardening.

New technique for sharpening ultra-thin wires for the drawing process: incremental furnace stretching

In the wire drawing process, the wire is subjected to sharpening before each drawing. Traditional methods forsharpening wires involve one of the following techniques: crimping, grinding, rolling, chemical etching, or stretching within a furnace. Wire sharpening becomes especially difficult in the manufacture of ultra-thin wire. This study proposes and examines a novel technique for sharpening thin and ultra-thin wires through specialized stretching in a furnace. This study proposes and investigates a new technique for sharpening thin and ultra-thin wires based on stretching them in the furnace. Using a rheology- based concept of wire deformation during stretching, this study offers a substantial enhancement in the maximum attainable thinning of the wire during sharpening. Technically, this advancement is achieved by transitioning from a single-stage stretching process to an incremental one, characterized by small increments of deformation at each stage. In addition to incremental stretching, the proposed method includes simultaneous movement of the wire through a continuous micro furnace, repeated at each stage of elongation. This achieves thinning of the end of the wire of a given length. This study theoretically and experimentally explores further potentialities of this approach concerning the fabrication of ultra-thin wire. The findings show that the effectiveness of the proposed method strongly depends on the shape of the stressstrain curve of the wire material. For example, the conducted research demonstrated that this method is more effective for brass than for copper wire.

Validation of the Children's International Cognitive Ability Resource (Ch-ICAR).

The International Cognitive Ability Resource, abbreviated ICAR, counters some of the practical problems researchers face when using good, but proprietary, licensed intelligence tests like the Wechsler tests, which include unfeasible administration times and financial costs. So far, ICAR has been validated for adolescents and adults in many countries, offering a viable test alternative for these populations. For use among children, however, the appropriateness of this resource was yet unknown. Therefore, we set out to develop a children's ICAR: an instrument composed of ICAR-items, which provides a measure of cognitive ability in children between 11 and 14years of age. The present article discusses the compilation process of the Ch-ICAR drawing from a pilot study, and evaluates its validity based on two additional studies. The pilot study involved 99 primary school pupils and aimed to select items for the Ch-ICAR instrument. Study 1 investigated the basic psychometric qualities of the Ch-ICAR in a sample of 820 secondary school pupils. Study 2 examined the construct validity by cross-validating the Ch-ICAR with on the one hand Raven's 2 Progressive Matrices, and on the other hand the Flemish CoVaT-CHC Basic Version, relying on samples of 91 secondary and 96 primary school pupils, respectively. Results support the utility of the Ch-ICAR as a measure of children's cognitive abilities within a research context.

A Novel Shortcut to Cubical Perspective Drawing

Abstract The article introduces a novel construction that simplifies the drawing of cubical perspectives. A recent work described a method for drawing cubical perspectives which classifies lines into several types and renders each type systematically. Some of these types require an auxiliary external construction, hindering the drawing process. This research proposes a novel method that shortcuts this step with an internal construction. This method both accelerates and simplifies the studio process, reduces systematic errors, and makes freehand sketching more viable and precise. Next, the shortcut is applied through the case of the Solimene factory (Italy), an organic architecture that highlights both the issues inherent to cubical representation and the advantages of the proposed shortcut.

Sisonke Ntwana: Describing the mechanisms of change of an arts-based intervention for pregnant and parenting adolescents experiencing violence and poor mental health in South Africa.

In South Africa, one in five adolescents experience pregnancy and face heightened rates of interpersonal violence and mental health challenges. Yet, few interventions are tailored to them. 28 pregnant adolescents reporting past year intimate partner violence and/or non-partner rape were purposively recruited in antenatal clinics in Johannesburg to attend a 6-session arts-based intervention, delivered by 4 graduate art therapy students alongside clinical supervision. Arts-based processes of collage, body mapping, projective drawing, and sandtray with psychoeducation, mindfulness practice, and safe parenting skills, were facilitated. Feasibility, and mechanisms of change were assessed through a focus group discussion with participants (n=7) and endline interviews with participants (n=18), interventionists (n=4), and lived experience researchers (n=4). Data were managed in Dedoose software and thematically coded. Mutual care ameliorated feelings of loneliness and provided opportunities to observe others in similar circumstances. High quality therapeutic interactions helped generate socioemotional skills and hope. Being able to "speak the unspeakable" through artistic engagement and dialogue via image making fostered critical awareness and insight. Improved self-expression was described, recognizing an "embodied approach" as preferable to talking alone. Psychoeducation helped understand physiological responses in pregnancy and how trauma operates across generations. Several participants felt the intervention was too short and raised privacy concerns in a group format. There was some initial trepidation using novel art materials. Findings confirm the therapeutic advantage of integrating non-verbal methods in treating adolescent mental health. Sisonke Ntwana holds potential for supporting pregnant and parenting adolescents during a pivotal life stage.

Digital-Based Educational Strategies For Msmes In Border Areas To Implement A Green Economy

This research aims to describe effective educational strategies for digital-based MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) to implement a green economy in the border areas. The methodology used is a qualitative-descriptive approach. Data sources were collected through interviews employing 8 informants from 4 clusters of SMEs in the border areas. Data analysis was conducted through the processes of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. It reveals the issues faced by SMEs in enhancing their knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors towards the green economy. The summarized data is then validated through FGD (Focus Group Discussion) activities based on PBL (Problem-Based Learning) involving all the informants. This PBL-based FGD process yields educational strategies aimed at developing digital technology-based literacy for the implementation of a green economy by SMEs in border areas.

Formability Assessment Based on Q-Value for Optimizing the Deep Drawing Process of Automotive Parts Made from Aluminum Alloys Sheet

This paper presents a novel Q-value-based formability assessment for optimizing deep drawing processes. The Q-value, derived from thinning limit diagrams (TLDs), uses offset thinning and wrinkling limit curves to define severity levels. It is calculated by summing the product of Pascal’s triangle weighting factors and normalized element counts within each severity level. The effectiveness of this Q-value assessment was demonstrated using experimentally validated finite element analysis (FEA) to optimize blank size, tool geometry, and drawbead design (male bead height and contra-bead radius) for a deep-drawn AA5754-O automotive fuel tank. Validation of FEA results with experimental thickness measurements showed that the Barlat and Lian 1989 yield criterion provided higher accuracy than Hill’s 1948 model. An optimal condition, determined using the Q-value, consists of a 430 mm × 525 mm blank formed by a redesigned tool cooperated with optimized semi-circular drawbead geometries, achieving experimental significant formability improvements by minimizing wrinkling and thinning. During optimization, this study revealed a significant interaction between blank width and length, which influenced formability. Side-wall wrinkles were attributed to insufficient tool support for the blank during forming and were relieved through tool redesign. Furthermore, increasing the male drawbead height effectively reduced wrinkling but led to increased thinning, whereas increasing the contra-bead radius had the opposite effect.

An experimental validation of the predictive model for galling phenomenon in deep drawing processes

An experimental validation of the predictive model for galling phenomenon in deep drawing processes

Thermally drawn porous sutures for controlled drug release using thermally induced phase separation.

Surgical sutures have increasingly been developed to incorporate functionalities beyond wound closure, including the promotion of tissue regeneration and monitoring of tissue conditions. However, conventional surface treatment methods for inducing functionality to sutures have limitations, primarily due to restricted material integration and the inability to form complex internal morphologies. This study introduces a customizable porous (CP) suture fabricated through a combination of the thermal drawing process (TDP) and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), resulting in a microscale porous structure. The CP suture developed via the TIPS-TDP overcomes the limitations of surface-coated drug delivery sutures by enabling controlled drug release. By engineering the TIPS-TDP, we produced CP sutures with tunable pore sizes, allowing precise control over drug release profiles and degradation rates suitable for various therapeutic applications. Additionally, the versatility of the TIPS-TDP facilitates the integration of multiple materials, supporting the development of innovative functional sutures capable of dual-drug delivery. This platform demonstrates its potential in advancing the fabrication of complex, multi-functional sutures for extensive biomedical applications.

A deep neural network model for parameter identification in deep drawing metal forming process

A deep neural network model for parameter identification in deep drawing metal forming process

Effect of thermo-mechanical age hardening on the strength and electrical conductivity of Copper-AA6063 bimetallic wire.

This research explored the impact of age-hardening treatment on the mechanical response and electrical resistivity of copper-clad AA6063 alloy bimetallic wire, with a focus on microstructural analysis and interface characterization. In this study, AA6063 alloy wire was inserted into an oxygen-free high conductivity copper tube, and a bimetallic wire was fabricated through a wire drawing process that reduced the cross-sectional area in 13 stages. The bimetallic wire underwent a series of thermo-mechanical treatments, including various combinations of wire drawing, solution heat treatment, and artificial aging. The findings revealed that applying solution heat treatment prior to wire drawing, followed by artificial aging after drawing, produced a clean interface free of intermetallic compounds. This processing approach resulted in a Cu-Al bimetallic wire with a strength of 286MPa and an electrical conductivity of 80% IACS. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity-to-density ratio reached 13% IACS/(g·cm⁻³), representing a 16% improvement over oxygen-free high conductivity copper.

Thermally Drawn Shape and Stiffness Programmable Fibers for Medical Devices.

Despite the significant advantages of Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs), material processing and production challenges have limited their applications. Recent advances in fiber manufacturing offer a novel approach to processing polymers, broadening the functions of fibers beyond optical applications. In this study, a thermal drawing technique for SMPs to fabricate Shape Memory Polymer Fibers (SMPFs) tailored for medical applications, featuring programmable stiffness and shape control is developed. Rheological and differential scanning calorimetry analyses are conducted to assess SMP's compatibility with the proposed thermal drawing process and applications, leading to the production of multilumen, multimaterial SMPFs activated at body temperature. Different properties of SMPFs are investigated in three medical devices: stiffness-adjustable catheters, softening neural interface, and shape-programmable cochlear implants. Comprehensive characterization of these devices demonstrates the potential of thermally drawn SMPs to be employed in a wide range of applications demanding programmable mechanical properties.

Advanced deep drawing methods, challenges, and future scope - A Review

One of the important metal forming techniques employed in forming processes of sheet metal is deep drawing. This method allows to production of intricate shapes with fewer flaws. The quality of the deep-drawn product depends on the extent of control, exercised by the manufacturer, on process parameters of deep drawing. An effective end product with the least possible flaws can be manufactured using a deep drawing process by effectively controlling the process parameters. This article brings out a consolidated report of the research findings, as reported by researchers across the globe, on recent developments of deep drawing methods with emphasis on the quality of deep drawn products. These methods include hydromechanical deep drawing, micro deep drawing, and deep drawing operation using magnet-rheological medium. This paper also presents challenges and scope of future research leading to commercial implementation of recently developed techniques of deep drawing.

Social emotional learning at global islamic school 3 yogyakarta: challenges and solutions

Background: Social Emotional Learning (SEL) has become an important part that needs to be accomplished from an early age. However, the issue of implementing learning in kindergarten has not been widely researched, especially when viewed from the challenges and solutions for teachers. Social emotional learning is an important agenda at GIS 3 Yogyakarta to lay a solid foundation for children's personality and behavior.Aim: This research aims to examine the challenges and solutions for SEL at Global Islamic School 3 Yogyakarta.Method: This study employed qualitative methods with semi-structured interviews of five teachers. Data analysis includes the process of data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification. The validity of the data was tested through source triangulation and technical triangulation.Results: The results of the research show that the challenges faced by teachers are the exclusive environment for children, parental care, and lack of control over the use of gadgets. Next, the teacher determines a solution, namely implementing various activities such as morning sharing, class agreements, taking turns appearing in front of the class, new and exciting games, giving reward stars, group work, circle time, market day, show and tell, cooperative games, reading stories or fairy tales, projects with parents, school habituation programs, as well as parenting and collaborating with parents regarding children's use of gadgets. Creative teachers are prudent. They have good personal and professional well-being. Conclution: Collaboration with parents needs to be improved so that social-emotional abilities increase.