Drain Surface Water Research Articles

Effect of type and aggregate gradation on the functional properties of porous asphalt (case study of Iran)

Porous asphalt mixtures are gaining popularity due to their ability to effectively drain surface water and mitigate traffic noise in regions with high rainfall. However, compared to conventional asphalt pavements, these types of pavements with high void content necessitate specific guidelines for achieving an optimal mix design. The performance characteristics of porous asphalt mixtures are notably influenced by the grading and composition of materials, especially with regards to their resistance to moisture damage. This study aimed to investigate the properties of porous asphalt mixtures using limestone and siliceous aggregates with varying gradations, while maintaining bitumen contents of 5% and 6%. In accordance with the regulations set forth by the National Center for Asphalt Technology, the findings indicate that siliceous-based aggregates exhibit improved void characteristics (increased by 3%) and permeability (increased by 11%). However, they also display reduced resistance to moisture-induced failures (decreased by 4%). On the other hand, adhering to the gradation recommendations provided by the National Asphalt Pavement Association guidelines, except for a slight decrease of 3% in moisture sensitivity, yields an overall enhancement of 25% in other performance characteristics. To analyze the data, statistical methods were employed, resulting in regression models with a minimum R2 value of 0.97. These models helped determine the optimal binder percentage for different aggregate types and gradations, providing valuable insights for practical implementation.

Early indicators of tidal ecosystem shifts in estuaries

Forecasting transitions between tidal ecosystem states, such as between bare tidal flats and vegetated marshes, is crucial because it may imply the irreversible loss of valuable ecosystem services. In this study, we combine geospatial analyses of three European estuaries with a simple numerical model to demonstrate that the development of micro-topographic patterning on tidal flats is an early indicator of marsh establishment. We first show that the development of micro-topographic patterns precedes vegetation establishment, and that patterns tend to form only on tidal flats with a slope of <0.3 degrees. Numerical modelling then provides an explanation for the formation of micro-topography due to the natural concentration of draining surface water over very gentle slopes. We find this early indicator to be robust across three estuaries where anthropogenic deepening and narrowing has occurred in recent decades, which may suggest its broader applicability to other estuaries with similar morphological management.

A Status on Cropping Intensity, Irrigation Intensity and Crop Diversification Indices in Dharmapuri, Namakkal and Salem Districts of the North Western Agro-climatic Zone in Tamil Nadu, India

Natural disasters easily drain surface water. Currently, groundwater is the most important source of freshwater in all of the world. In 2020, the proportion of extractable groundwater usage in the world (69 percent), India (62 percent) and Tamil Nadu (76 percent) for agriculture purposes only; the remaining share was obtained by the domestic and industrial sectors. The present study was conducted with the objective of examining the interaction of irrigation on cropping intensity and crop diversification in the north western agro-climatic zone. Statistical data pertaining to the sources of irrigation, cropping area and irrigation area were obtained from the Season and Crop Report of Tamil Nadu for the period of 2005-06 to 2019-20. The findings show that groundwater is the primary irrigation resource, and that with the adoption of modern agricultural practices, irrigation intensities are decreasing, despite increasing crop intensity and diversification in the north western agro-climatic zone.

LANDSLIDE REMEDIATION ON LOCATION ČOLE, THE SETTLEMENT ŽELJEZNO POLJE, ŽEPČE MUNICIPALITY

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The aim of this paper is to present a landslide's remediation conducted on the basis of research and testing of samples, and list those measures that will help to remediate the landslide or partially mitigate its further effects. These measures include: closing cracks, collecting and draining surface water from landslides, terrain planning, making supports from stone materials, drainage trenches, draining water from traffic areas, repairing water supply and sewerage systems, and establishing monitoring. The paper analyzes the phenomenon of instability and its causes, and presents the results of research at site in question before and after the remediation of instability. The geological profile and remediation methods will be determined after the presentation of the results.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

LANDSLIDE REMEDIATION ON THE SCARP ABOVE THE LEVEL, ROAD M-17, SECTION: 007, TOPČIĆ POLJE – LAŠVA

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The aim of this paper is to present a landslide remediation based on research and testing of samples, and to list those measures that will help to remediate the landslide or partially mitigate its further effects. These measures include: closing cracks, collecting and draining surface water from landslides, terrain planning, making supports from stone materials, drainage trenches, draining water from traffic areas, repairing water supply and sewerage systems, and establishing monitoring. The phenomenon of instability and its causes has been analyzed, and the results of research at the subject site before and after the remediation of this instability will be presented and discussed. Geological profile and remediation methods will be determined after the presentation of the results.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Sustainable reclamation practices for a large surface coal mine in shortgrass prairie, semiarid environment (Wyoming, USA): case study

Sustainable reclamation practices for large surface coal mines in USA semiarid environment contribute to the quality of the environmental on a long term basis where environmental resources are protected for future generation. Land, after reclamation, must be suitable for the previous use of greatest economic or social values to the community area. In the semiarid climate of USA, non-developed land is mainly utilized for crops, grazing, and wildlife. Completion of various stages of the reclamation processes includes verification and approval of reclamation criteria and performance standards created by state agencies. The sustainable reclamation practices were investigated at the USA’s largest surface coal mine of the semiarid environment in Wyoming. These practices include building post-mining topography to the approximate original contour and reestablish a stable hydrologic system to drain surface water. All available spoil material is backfilled and graded to achieve the post-mining topography which closely resembles the pre-mining topography. No overburden material or other coal waste material is left in stockpiles at the mine. Detailed planning until the end of mining, the knowledge of available volumes of suitable backfill material and soil is necessary for sustainable management practices. Diverse and permanent vegetation capable of stabilizing soil surfaces and capable of self-regeneration is established. Sustainable management of the reclamation effort is achieved by enforcement processes developed by the state and federal agencies. Monthly inspections of mining and reclamation operations and reviews of annual reports submitted by the operator help determine if the reclamation processes are occurring according to the permit plan.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТІВ ІЗ ПІДБОРУ СКЛАДУ ДРЕНУЮЧОГО АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОНУ

Abstract Introduction. It is established that draining asphalt concrete is asphalt concrete of frame type with a very large number of voids between grains of crushed stone. Unlike crushed stone-mastic asphalt concrete in draining asphalt concrete pores are not filled with bituminous sand mortar. The main feature is its porosity, which leads to a slight decrease in its compressive strength at a temperature of 50 ° C, while the shear strength of the coating is very high. It is achieved due to the strength of the crushed stone frame (high internal friction and jamming of gravel grains) and the strength of the binder that binds the grains. Problem statement. The long-term impact on the asphalt road surface of the aquatic environment is a determinant of its durability. The issue of timely removal of surface water from the pavement is a must and is solved by giving the road surface a cross slope. As practice shows, this does not sufficiently protect the road surface from the adverse effects of water. High operational safety, improved road performance is achieved by removing accumulations of water stains from the surface that reduce the adhesion of the wheels to the road surface. These qualities can be improved by the introduction of draining asphalt concrete. Unfortunately, today in Ukraine there are no normative documents that would regulate the design, manufacture and execution of works on this technology, which makes it impossible to use it in practice and limits the optimization and development of the Ukrainian road sector in this direction. Purpose. Perform an analysis of existing experience in the design of draining asphalt concrete. Theoretical and experimental substantiation of the possibility of obtaining draining asphalt concrete with a structure of interconnected open pores, which allows you to quickly drain surface water. Materials and methods. Experimental research of draining asphalt concrete. Results. An analytical review of the experience of designing draining asphalt concrete. The stages of selection of the composition of the mixture were studied and analyzed, experimental studies on the selection of the grain composition and bitumen content in the draining asphalt concrete were carried out. Conclusions. Analysis of experimental studies on the peculiarities of the selection of the composition of draining asphalt concrete found that for the production of draining asphalt concrete using crushed stone of narrow fractions, because it has a special particle size distribution, in contrast to typical dense and crushed-mastic asphalt concrete. to crushed stone materials. The granulometric composition of the mineral part of asphalt concrete mixtures for draining asphalt concrete was selected and the optimal bitumen content for mixtures with different maximum grain sizes was established. Keywords: draining asphalt concrete, asphalt mixtures, grain composition, open voids, porousity.

The Effect of Variations of Fly Ash Filling Materials on Porous Concrete Using Local Aggregates from South Borneo

South Kalimantan has local aggregates that can be used as porous concrete making materials, which is one of the innovations in the infrastructure of environmentally friendly road pavement that serves to drain surface water into the ground. Porous concrete produces a lot of empty space as an air cavity that is 15%-25% of its total volume and also has a slump value that is close to zero. This study uses fly ash filler material as one of the efforts to reduce cement in porous concrete making materials. This research aims to find out the characteristics of the material, the composition of variations of porous concrete mixture, compressive strength and porosity of porous concrete. Testing uses the SNI method which consists of testing cement, fly ash, coarse aggregates and concrete. Concrete testing is done, namely the compressive strenght and porosity of concrete. Based on theresults of research characteristics of cement and fly ash materials have met the specifications of SNI and the results of rough aggregate testing have met the specifications. In porous concrete the fly ash variation of EM0% is obtained the compressive strength is 20.37 MPa and its porosity is 2.34%; in porous concrete the variation of fly ash EM15% obtained the compressive strength of 21.44 MPa and porosity 2.07%, and porous concrete variation fly ash EM30% obtained the compressive strength of 6.05 MPa and porosity by 6.80%. From the results of the analysis, it is found that there is an inverse relationship between compressive strength and porosity. More higher the porosity of the porous concrete, more lower the compressive strength. This happens because the void ratio affects the compressive strength of porous concrete, more greater the void value making higher the porosity value and causes the compressive strength to decrease.

Winter Maintenance of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement: Evaluating Opportunities to Reduce Road Salt Pollution and Improve Winter Safety

Permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) is a type of permeable pavement system that uses the joint spaces between pavers to drain water from the surface into an aggregate base and subbase layer below. Because of its ability to rapidly drain surface water, PICP has the potential to reduce the amount of ice formed on the surface during winter conditions compared with traditional impervious pavements. As a result, PICP may reduce the amount of road salt needed for de-icing paved surfaces and may also reduce the risk of pedestrian slipping and vehicle skidding throughout the winter. This study evaluates the performance of an outdoor PICP and asphalt test pad over two winter seasons in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada, by assessing differences in surface conditions, surface friction, and surface temperatures. The results of this study indicate that PICP provides equivalent or higher levels of safety compared with asphalt when treated with de-icing products at medium (0.049 kg/m2) or low (0.024 kg/m2) application rates. Re-freezing of melted snow and ice after sunset was observed on the asphalt surface creating black ice, but not on the PICP cells. Consequently, compared with asphalt pavements, PICP surfaces will require use of less de-icer and will have lower risk of slips and falls for pedestrians, and lower risk of skidding for vehicles throughout the winter.

Zizania aquatica–duck ecosystem with recycled biogas slurry maintained crop yield

The Chinese government recently adopted the concept of ecological circular agriculture in a bid to increase recycling of agricultural waste and reduce chemical fertilizer input. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to determine the effects of a Zizania aquatica–duck ecosystem supplemented with recycled biogas slurry and no chemical fertilizers on Z. aquatica yield, plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake, and NP concentrations in the surface water. Compared with Z. aquatica monoculture plus chemical fertilizer (Zcf treatment), the Z. aquatica–duck ecosystem with biogas slurry and no chemical fertilizer (Zbs–D treatment) maintained yield (approximately 24.48 t ha−1) and N and P uptake (approximately 3.15 and 0.98 g plant−1, respectively). Although N and P concentrations in the surface water were approximately 3.11 times higher under Zbs–D than Zcf treatment, concentrations in the draining surface water (4.54 mg N L−1 and 0.74 mg P L−1) met the discharge standard (5.00 mg N L−1 and 1.00 mg P L−1). These findings suggest that the Zbs–D ecosystem could be used to completely substitute chemical fertilizers in Z. aquatica production without yield losses via safe application of biogas slurry. In turn, this system would also increase the sustainability of Z. aquatica crop production in an environmentally-friendly manner. Simple and efficient methods for determining the NP content of biogas slurry are now required in addition to further long-term monitoring.

Effect of inlet modelling on surface drainage in coupled urban flood simulation

For a highly developed urban area with complete drainage systems, flood simulation is necessary for describing the flow dynamics from rainfall, to surface runoff, and to sewer flow. In this study, a coupled flood model based on diffusion wave equations was proposed to simulate one-dimensional sewer flow and two-dimensional overland flow simultaneously. The overland flow model provides details on the rainfall-runoff process to estimate the excess runoff that enters the sewer system through street inlets for sewer flow routing. Three types of inlet modelling are considered in this study, including the manhole-based approach that ignores the street inlets by draining surface water directly into manholes, the inlet-manhole approach that drains surface water into manholes that are each connected to multiple inlets, and the inlet-node approach that drains surface water into sewer nodes that are connected to individual inlets. The simulation results were compared with a high-intensity rainstorm event that occurred in 2015 in Taipei City. In the verification of the maximum flood extent, the two approaches that considered street inlets performed considerably better than that without street inlets. When considering the aforementioned models in terms of temporal flood variation, using manholes as receivers leads to an overall inefficient draining of the surface water either by the manhole-based approach or by the inlet-manhole approach. Using the inlet-node approach is more reasonable than using the inlet-manhole approach because the inlet-node approach greatly reduces the fluctuation of the sewer water level. The inlet-node approach is more efficient in draining surface water by reducing flood volume by 13% compared with the inlet-manhole approach and by 41% compared with the manhole-based approach. The results show that inlet modeling has a strong influence on drainage efficiency in coupled flood simulation.

KAJIAN PENANGGULANGAN BANJIR PADA KAWASAN JALAN AHMAD YANI DIKELURAHAN TANGGATAKAT KECAMATAN SEBERANGULU II PALEMBANG

A decent and comfortable City for residence should have some life support infrastructure is infrastructure of drainage system. And it is well known that the drainage function in a scope of the urban environment is urgently needed in the drain surface water and puddle to tributaries or to retention. Flood or standing in a region still many settlements occurred in the city of Palembang. One of the areas that are often experienced a flood is the Ahmad Yani Village opposite the Ulu Subdistrict Point Ladder II. Method for calculating of flood discharge was approached by rational formulas, and rainfall data taken from the station Climatology class II Kenten. In analyzing the magnitude of rainfall intensity using equation mononobe. It starts with an understanding of the problem, the study of the literature relating to the problem so that the author can better understand these problems, data collection both primary and secondary data, dilanjukan by analyzing data that have become available so that the results obtained from the analysis of which will then be discussed. Existing conditions Drainage Channels In the region the way Ahmad Yani has the dimensions i.e. width 1.68 m and height channels 0.73 m, the magnitude of the 1.690 channel capacity m3/s, Debit Draft at the region the way Ahmad Yani in the village opposite the Ulu Subdistrict Point Ladder II Palembang with Period 2 year anniversary with debit flood 2.16 m3/s, 5 years with debit flood 2.94 m3/s , 10 years with debit flood 3.45 m3/s, with a 25-year flood discharge 4.10 m3/s, with a 50-year flood discharge 4.59 m3/sec and 100-year flood discharge with 5.07 m3/s, based on the results of the analysis of channel capacity (existing) do not meet or are not able to accommodate flood discharge, re-planning needs to be done so that the dimensions of the channel

Kajian Penanggulangan Banjir Pada Kawasan Jalan Ahmad Yani Di Kelurahan Tangga Takat Kecamatan Seberang Ulu di Palembang

A decent and comfortable City for residence should have some life support infrastructure is infrastructure of drainage system. And it is well known that the drainage function in a scope of the urban environment is urgently needed in the drain surface water and puddle to tributaries or to retention. Flood or standing in a region still many settlements occurred in the city of Palembang. One of the areas that are often experienced a flood is the Ahmad Yani Village opposite the Ulu Subdistrict Point Ladder II. Method for calculating of flood discharge was approached by rational formulas, and rainfall data taken from the station Climatology class II Kenten. In analyzing the magnitude of rainfall intensity using equation mononobe. It starts with an understanding of the problem, the study of the literature relating to the problem so that the author can better understand these problems, data collection both primary and secondary data, dilanjukan by analyzing data that have become available so that the results obtained from the analysis of which will then be discussed. Existing conditions Drainage Channels In the region the way Ahmad Yani has the dimensions i.e. width 1.68 m and height channels 0.73 m, the magnitude of the 1.690 channel capacity m3/s, Debit Draft at the region the way Ahmad Yani in the village opposite the Ulu Subdistrict Point Ladder II Palembang with Period 2 year anniversary with debit flood 2.16 m3/s, 5 years with debit flood 2.94 m3/s , 10 years with debit flood 3.45 m3/s, with a 25-year flood discharge 4.10 m3/s, with a 50-year flood discharge 4.59 m3/sec and 100-year flood discharge with 5.07 m3/s, based on the results of the analysis of channel capacity (existing) do not meet or are not able to accommodate flood discharge, re-planning needs to be done so that the dimensions of the channel.

Rising groundwater levels and impacts in urban and semirural are around Naples (southern Italy)

The rising of groundwater levels in urban and rural areas is a relevant topic of the Urban Hydrogeology because it affects different areas of the world requiring specific analyses and mitigation measures by the institutions involved in the protection and security of the territory.In the last century, in many developed countries processes of deindustrialization and urban transformation have caused the rising of groundwater levels and severe economic and social impacts.The aim of this paper is to analyse the rising of groundwater levels in a multi-layered pyroclastic-alluvial aquifer, located in the coastal plain eastward of Naples (southern Italy) and its interactions with buildings and agricultural lands.The research has been carried out by means of: i) analysis of stratigraphic settings by 86 boreholes and reconstruction of hydraulic conductivity logs; ii) reconstruction of a 2D hydrostratigraphic model of the multi-layered pyroclastic-alluvial aquifer; iii) slug test and multi-temporal hydrogeological monitoring of 83 wells, 9 piezometers and 12 river water levels; iv) analysis of daily rainfall time series; v) hydrogeological monitoring of impacted buildings and agricultural lands.For the monitored period (November 2013-March 2015), the groundwater table showed a generalized rise, although with a spatial variability. The rise of groundwater levels ranged from a minimum of 0.10 meters, in the central and eastern sector of the study area, to a maximum of 2.05 meters, in the south-western sector, with an average growth rate of about 0.16 m.The distribution of the impacted areas is not spatially homogeneous, and it was observed to vary over time. The hydrogeological interactions between groundwater and urban and rural areas are affected by: i) foundation types of buildings and the depth of the underground structures; ii) presence of shallow aquicludes (marshy clay-sands, clay-silts and peat levels) that determine local conditions of confinement for groundwater; iii) hydraulic efficiency and maintenance state of the dense network of drainage channels and micro-channels, which were historically built to drain surface water and groundwater in rural areas.The obtained results provide the basic data to set up a numerical groundwater flow model, which is an indispensable tool to simulate and predict the hydrogeological effects of possible safeguard actions on urban and agricultural areas.

Ground-Penetrating Radar Mapping of Agricultural Landforms within the New Madrid Seismic Zone of the Mississippi Embayment

Cataclysmic earthquakes have repeatedly shattered the alluvial landforms about the Missouri Bootheel, the most recent being the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes. During these immense earthquakes, the ground surfaces split apart spewing sands, sulfuric steam, and charcoal. Volcanic-like venting left behind sand blow craters pockmarking the surface. Sand-filled vents are now embedded between the subsurface and surface. These sand vents and fissures serve as rapid water-transport channels extending from just beneath the surface into the water table, rapidly draining surface water much like sink holes and abandoned wells.

Management of clay soils for rainfed lowland rice-based cropping systems: an overview

The problem of concern in this project is that in the dry season following a lowland rice ( Oryza sativa L.) crop, yields of post-rice crops are generally low, despite adequate water commonly being available in the soil profile to grow a potentially high yielding dry season (DS) crop without irrigation. Maize ( Zea mays L.) yields are as low as 1 Mg ha −1 or less, soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) and cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) at 0.3 to 0.8 Mg ha −1 in Indonesia and mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzek) around 0.5 Mg ha −1 in the Philippines. These are all very much below the yield potential of these soils. For example, mungbean yields of 2.2 Mg ha −1 have been achieved by IRRI in the Philippines on these soils without irrigation or additional fertilisers. The causes of low yields of DS crops after rice are mainly poor crop establishment and poor root growth due to soil physical constraints. These result from the breakdown of soil structure during wet cultivation (puddling) for rice. Yields are also limited by biological and chemical constraints. As a result of these low yields, farmers are reluctant to invest in post-rice crops. Therefore, land after lowland rice (at least 51 million ha in Asia according to Huke [Huke, R.E., 1982. Rice Area by Type of Culture: South, Southeast, and East Asia. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines, 32 pp.]) represents an underutilised resource that can be used to meet the food requirement of the ever increasing population of the developing world. To increase the utilisation of these soils, improved management practices are required to enable dry season crops to use the stored water in the soil profile after the rice crop. This paper outlines a project which was established with the general objective of developing soundly based soil management technologies that can overcome soil physical limitations to DS crop production after lowland rice. The specific objectives of the program were 1. to test a range of soil management and agronomic practices that have the potential to overcome adverse soil physical conditions for DS crops after rice, across a range of soil and climates; 2. to evaluate these practices by 2.1. measuring the changes in soil physical conditions throughout the complete cropping cycle from rice to DS crops; 2.2. determining the performance of the DS crop (establishment and growth) and its ability to extract soil water. 3. to determine the mechanisms involved in dispersion due to puddling and in flocculation and structural development as the soil dries after draining surface water from rice fields. Relevant outcomes from this project are described in the following papers in this issue.

Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a disinfected groundwater supply

In an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Warrington, a town in North-West England, 47 cases were recorded between November 1992 and February 1993, most within the first month. There was a strong statistical association between cases and residence in an area supplied from two groundwater sources. In a case-control study, a strong association between having drunk unboiled tap water from these sources, and a dose-response relationship were found. Oocysts were not detected in the water supply. During very heavy rainfall one source of water was found to drain surface water directly from a field containing livestock faeces, thereby bypassing natural sandstone filtration. Exceptionally heavy rainfall occurred at the probable time of infection. After withdrawal of the original water supply, the outbreak rapidly subsided. It was concluded that there was very strong evidence that this outbreak was waterborne. This, the second documented outbreak of cryptosporidiosis attributable to a groundwater supply, demonstrates that infection can be transmitted from a disinfected groundwater source despite apparently satisfactory treated water quality. We recommended that guidelines for protection of groundwater are implemented, raw groundwater should be routinely monitored for microbiological contamination, and the structure of all sources and waterworks should be assessed in risk surveys of water catchment areas.

Design and Construction of the Isle of Dogs Pumping Station

SYNOPSISThe pumping station employs submersible pumps to drain surface water from the newly developed Enterprise Zone of the Isle of Dogs, London, and discharges storm overflows from an existing combined sewer system. At full development the nominal capacity of the pumps will be 12 m3/s.After screening the flow passes to the pump chamber, where 12 main and two sump pumps are located. The main pumps deliver through individual syphon discharge pipes to a high level surge tank, which drains by gravity through a short outfall to the river Thames.Diaphragm walling was used in the construction of the foundations and underground work. Attractive brick buildings form the pump hall and building housing the high voltage electrical equipment and the transformers. Steel sheet piles protect the river frontage.The station will operate unattended, and will be controlled automatically by water level sensors. Supervision will be by telemetry links to the Thames Water Authority's (TWA) area control centre at Abbey Mills.