Drainage Planning Research Articles

Research on Urban Water Supply and Drainage Planning and Design

Research on Urban Water Supply and Drainage Planning and Design

Toward Sustainable Urban Drainage Planning? Geospatial Assessment of Urban Vegetation Density under Socioeconomic Factors for Quito, Ecuador

Natural or anthropogenic urban vegetation is an important resource for urban planning, risk assessment, and sustainable development of a city. Quito is a megadiverse city due to its location and topography, but the socioeconomic diversity generates more contrasting conditions of certain behaviors and habits related to urban infrastructure. The contrasts of vegetation and green spaces in the different sectors of Quito also reflect the diversity of the city. This study examines the effects of socioeconomic conditions on the loss or increase of urban vegetation. The exploratory regression method (spatial) and logit model (non-spatial) were used to explain the socioeconomic effects on urban vegetation density at the level of urban parishes. On the one hand, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated as the dependent variable based on the 2021 sentinel images. On the other hand, the independent variables were structured based on the socioeconomic level, the land valuation areas of Quito (AIVAS), and the quality of life index. This article contributes to establishing baseline information that helps structure the conditions, strategies, and investments to design and implement plans and programs for urban drainage, ecosystem benefits, and sustainable development in the city of Quito.

Case study: Diagnosing China's prevailing urban flooding—Causes, challenges, and solutions

AbstractAccompanying its rapid urban development, prevalent urban flooding incidents have been occurring in China in the past two decades with increasing frequency. Through a comparison with generally accepted urban flooding management practices, we (the authors) identified that a lack of surface water runoff management considerations (i.e., missing a major drainage system in urban stormwater system) and inadequate local mitigation are the primary causes of urban flooding problems in China, which in turn is rooted in the planning stage of a city's development. Following identification of the primary causes for the problems, we propose the development of master drainage plans (MDPs) for the concerned cities or regions as the first effective step to mitigate the serious urban flooding problems facing many cities today. An MDP would provide necessary elements to develop a major drainage system for the city's stormwater system and allow for an accurate calculation of parameters necessary for installation of adequate local mitigations. Lessons learned in this study should be useful for China's administrative agencies and professionals while they try to find solutions to their urban flooding problems and beneficial to other nations facing rapid urban development in the future or with existing urban flooding threats.

Good Building Design and Construction Practices in Barangay Baybay, Catarman, Northern Samar

The Extension program conducted entitled “Good Building Design and Construction Practices” an adopt a Barangay program was undertaken in Barangay Baybay, Catarman, Northern Samar. It aimed to provide consultancy services on civil engineering practices. It undertakes a campaign information drive for safe building construction practices. There were 40 participants in attendance mostly composed of skilled workers. The module presented focuses on design construction, materials principles, and safety construction principles. Pre-tests and post-tests were given before and after the training program. From the administered pre-test, the lowest score was seven and the highest score was 14 out of 15 items conducted, while from the post-test examination they got a perfect score and obtained a lowest 10 points score. The result on the House Building Checklist as to the type of house building structures was derived; there was 3.66 percent on concrete houses, 43.09 percent on mixed concrete and timber house, 46.74 percent were made of steel, concrete, and timber houses, and 6.51 percent are constructed with the indigenous house. The results on indicators of house building checklist revealed that most of the structures do not have occupancy building certificates. The foundation was mostly built on sand because of its location facing the shoreline. The materials used were rivers stone and round. Most walls were covered with either concrete or hollow blocks and were tied to the column at 40 cm intervals. The roofing systems were made of more than 50 percent triangular trusses. For site drainage plan, almost 50 percent observed proper drainage plan and 65 percent of their walls are located nearer to their septic tank and 55 percent are located to floodable waterways and swampy areas. The structures are non-compliant with the building permit issuance. There were 200 structures were built within a radius of 15 meters from the seashore. The structures need to undergo repair because of the appearance of deteriorating construction materials. The results of the interview revealed that they have malpractice in the handling of construction materials and proper observation of the construction method.

Drainage System Capacity Analysis with Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) at Cemarajaya Housing, Karawang Regency West Java

Purpose: This study aims to determine the factors that cause inundation/flooding in Cemarajaya Housing, evaluate existing drainage channels and plan drainage channels for unbuilt blocks and analyze the capacity of the drainage system using the EPA SWMM 5.1 program.
 Design/methodology/approach: Based on the simulation results using SWMM, the subcatchment response shows that an average of 22.11 mm per subcatchment is infiltrated and the rest becomes runoff of 310.23 mm.
 Findings: The abrasion disaster that hit the north coast of Karawang, especially the village of Cemarajaya, had occurred from around 1990 to 2016 and the most severe occurred in three hamlets, so residents affected by the abrasion had to be relocated to a place far from the shoreline. The Department of Public Housing and Settlement Areas of Karawang Regency built a housing estate to relocate residents affected by the abrasion disaster.
 Research limitations/implications: In this housing, 299 units of infiltration wells were built because the calculated channel dimensions were not possible to build due to the limited land area of the road.
 Practical implications: The problem that occurs in the housing is that the area where the housing construction is located is in the yellow zone based on the Karawang City/Regency Sanitation Strategic (SSK) data in 2017, which is an area prone to inundation of 25% to 50%. 
 Originality/value: This paper is originality
 Paper type: Research paper

Analisis Debit Banjir Pada Perencanaan Saluran Drainase Daerah Padangsambian Kelod Ruas Jalan Gunung Salak

ABSTRACT: The Padangsambian Kelod area is one of the densely populated areas. This causes changes in the land use function from rice fields to housing, which reduces water infiltration, causing surface runoff. So that the author needs to calculate the flood discharge and drainage planning in the area. The stages in calculating flood discharge to planning drainage channels include looking for stations that affect, namely Ngurah Rai Station, Sanglah Station, Ship Station, conducting existing drainage channels. After that, calculate the total rainfall and maximum rainfall, which means that the data will be used for further calculations such as the consistency test of the Double Mass Analysis method, calculating the regional average rainfall, testing the selection of distribution, calculating rainfall, design the Log Person Type III method, calculating Rain intensity (Talbot, Sherman, Ishiguro), Calculating distribution suitability test (Smirnov Kolmogorov), Calculating flood discharge analysis (Rational) to dimensional calculations. In the analysis of the flood discharge, the flood discharge plan for the 5 year return period is 0.049 (m3/s)> the existing flood discharge is 0.030 (m3/s) so it is necessary to plan drainage channels in the Padangsambian Kelod area.

СРАВНЕНИЕ МНОГОЛЕТНИХ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ПО ДАННЫМ РЕАНАЛИЗА И НАЗЕМНЫХ НАБЛЮДЕНИЙ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Purpose: to carry out a comparative analysis of meteorological characteristics (average monthly precipitation and average monthly air temperature) on Moscow region territory based on the ERA5-Land Copernicus (C3S) reanalysis data and stationary weather stations. Materials and methods. Data obtained from 11 weather stations located in different districts of Moscow region from April to September 2000–2020, as well as data from climate archives based on regular meteorological observations, aerologic and satellite information was used. A comparison of the average monthly air temperature and precipitation for the growing season of main agricultural crops was carried out, the data deviation based on the reanalysis results from the actual data was presented, the correlation coefficients were calculated, the result of calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient was presented, and the advantage of the reanalysis data was shown. Results: the calculations obtained showed that the distribution of average monthly temperature and precipitation differs slightly from the observation data, which can be explained by the peculiarities of determining the coordinates of the weather station relative to the reanalysis grid nodes. Conclusions. ERA5-Land reanalysis data are suitable for determining the main meteorological characteristics in those areas where there are no stationary weather stations or access to their data is difficult. The reanalysis values as a whole reflect the variability of air temperature and precipitation in the study area of Moscow region quite well relative to the indicators obtained by ground-based observations. ERA5-Land data can be supplemented and applied in various fields of research, such as climate forecasting, yield forecasting using agro-climatic indicators, irrigation or drainage planning, etc.

Comprehensive planning of drainage and waterlogging prevention layout based on urban double repair concept

Comprehensive planning of drainage and waterlogging prevention layout based on urban double repair concept

The use of low impact development technologies in the attenuation of flood flows in an urban area: Settat city (Morocco) as a case

Low Impact Development (LID) is an approach to urban drainage design and planning and it is considered to be an effective technical solution to manage urban runoff. The current work demonstrates how LID can be integrated in the management of urban runoff in order to significantly decrease a large volume of stormwater before it reaches the receiving water bodies. To demonstrate our approach, the Personal Computer Stormwater Management Model (PCSWMM) was constructed to simulate the hydrological process in the urban area of the Settat city. Afterwards, the model was calibrated and validated by using four observed stormwater events. Two LID practices, permeable pavement (PP) and rain barrel (RB), were used to estimate their effectiveness under four scenarios (no LID –PP –RB -PP+RB) and four designed rainfall events (with return periods of 5, 10, 25, and 50 years). Results show that the LID practices significantly contributed to surface runoff mitigation. The combination of Permeable Pavement and Rain Barrel (Scenario 4) offered the best runoff control capacity, with a removal rate of 57%. The flooding and overflowing drainage system issues were also remediated after the LID application. Finally, this study provides additional guidance for decision-making process regarding the implementation of appropriate LID practices in the study area.

PERENCANAAN ULANG SALURAN DRAINASE KAWASAN JALAN KENDALPAYAK - JALAN SIMPANG PAKISAJI KABUPATEN MALANG

On area Jl. Kendalpayak – Jl.Simpang Pakisaji Malang Regency, inundation often occurs during the rainy season. The occurrence of this flooding is caused by the insufficient capacity of the drainage planning, waste in drainage channels to accommodate the discharge of rainwater runoff, improper drainage planning, waste in drainage channels, the amount of waste from households and the large number of closed drainage channels because they are made for community homes. The purpose of this thesis is to design drainage channels and infiltration wells, calculating construction costs as well as creating scheduling plans for job in the area. The method used in this study was the Log Person Type III with the re-planning for 10 years. The data needed are topographic maps, rainfall data from the closest stations: Kepanjen, Sukun, and Tangkilsari in 2010 until 2019, and the price of the Malang Regency work pricipil in 2020. The calculation results the design rainfall is 107, 33 mm/day; design flood discharge of 2,031m3/second; the infiltrations weels with dimensions of 0,7 meters with depth of 1,7 meters. The drainage channel dimensions are planned by the smallest size of 0,4 m x 0,4 m and the largest size is 1 m x 1 m with construction cost is Rp. 8,581,572,367.92 and the execution time is 18 weeks

PERENCANAAN DESAIN JALUR PEJALAN KAKI PADA JALAN MT. HARYONO KOTA MALANG

MT. Haryono Street is an area of ​​shops, hospitals, schools, campuses, markets and malls. However, several problems encountered in the field include unavailability of pedestrian facilities, damaged sidewalks and the conversion of sidewalks causing pedestrians to use the road body to walk. The research location is taken along the Dinoyo Intersection to Water Reservoir Tlogomas the distance of approximately 0.97 km which is divided into 17 observation segments. Desaign planning for good pedestrian path will provide a sense of security and comfort so that it does not cause intersection, avoids conflicts and does not walk on the road, which of course endangers pedestrian safety. The method used in this planning is a pedestrian facility performance analysis and pedestrian path design. Based on the results and discussion above, it can be concluded that the pedestrian path design planning with a width of 1.50 m assumes the need for two people. The sidewalk slope of 2% for the purpose of channeling surface water with the direction of the slope of the surface adjusted to the drainage plan. The planned ramps are placed at driveways, intersections and pedestrian crossings with an 8% slope rate.

Research on Water Invasion Mode and Water Control Counter Measures of Geological MX Gas Reservoir

The MX gas reservoir is a typical carbonate gas reservoir and there are three types of water production characteristics in producing wells during the development process: fast rising type, slow rising type and stable type. The overall water invasion mode is dominated by the edge water invasion mode, with four types of water invasion modes including bottom water cone type, edge water finger type, edge water tongue type and native movable water tongue type. In this paper, numerical simulation techniques are used to investigate water management countermeasures for MX gas reservoirs based on the dynamic identification of water invasion. The results show that, after optimisation of the drainage and water control plans, the gas reservoir can produce steadily until the end of 2025 at a recovery rate of 3.06%, extending the time of steady production by about 9 months. In view of the relatively uniform advancement of fracture water channel and edge water into the interior of the gas reservoir, it is feasible to adopt active drainage and edge water control measures respectively to reduce the risk of water intrusion in the gas reservoir and ensure stable gas production.

Hydraulic shortcuts increase the connectivity of arable land areas to surface waters

Abstract. Surface runoff represents a major pathway for pesticide transport from agricultural areas to surface waters. The influence of artificial structures (e.g. roads, hedges, and ditches) on surface runoff connectivity has been shown in various studies. In Switzerland, so-called hydraulic shortcuts (e.g. inlet and maintenance shafts of road or field storm drainage systems) have been shown to influence surface runoff connectivity and related pesticide transport. Their occurrence and their influence on surface runoff and pesticide connectivity have, however, not been studied systematically. To address that deficit, we randomly selected 20 study areas (average size of 3.5 km2) throughout the Swiss plateau, representing arable cropping systems. We assessed shortcut occurrence in these study areas using three mapping methods, namely field mapping, drainage plans, and high-resolution aerial images. Surface runoff connectivity in the study areas was analysed using a 2×2 m digital elevation model and a multiple-flow algorithm. Parameter uncertainty affecting this analysis was addressed by a Monte Carlo simulation. With our approach, agricultural areas were divided into areas that are either directly, indirectly (i.e. via hydraulic shortcuts), or not at all connected to surface waters. Finally, the results of this connectivity analysis were scaled up to the national level, using a regression model based on topographic descriptors, and were then compared to an existing national connectivity model. Inlet shafts of the road storm drainage system were identified as the main shortcuts. On average, we found 0.84 inlet shafts and a total of 2.0 shafts per hectare of agricultural land. In the study catchments, between 43 % and 74 % of the agricultural area is connected to surface waters via hydraulic shortcuts. On the national level, this fraction is similar and lies between 47 % and 60 %. Considering our empirical observations led to shifts in estimated fractions of connected areas compared to the previous connectivity model. The differences were most pronounced in flat areas of river valleys. These numbers suggest that transport through hydraulic shortcuts is an important pesticide flow path in a landscape where many engineered structures exist to drain excess water from fields and roads. However, this transport process is currently not considered in Swiss pesticide legislation and authorization. Therefore, current regulations may fall short in addressing the full extent of the pesticide problem. However, independent measurements of water flow and pesticide transport to quantify the contribution of shortcuts and validating the model results are lacking. Overall, the findings highlight the relevance of better understanding the connectivity between fields and receiving waters and the underlying factors and physical structures in the landscape.

ANALYSIS OF THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF URBAN DRAINAGE DIMENSIONS

The rain that fell in the city of Cirebon, especially the drainage on Jalan Pemuda, could not accommodate and drain the water so that it could create puddles on the roads and surrounding areas. Hourly rain intensity, planned flow rate and channel cross-sectional dimensions are the first steps for flood prevention. Hydrological analysis is used to calculate the discharge capacity of the drainage plan. The results were then analyzed the dimensions of the channel, the drainage ability to accommodate the falling rainwater where Qs is bigger than Qp. the channel discharge has not been able to accommodate the Q plan in the channel so that there will be a runoff of 17.759%. So to anticipate runoff, it is necessary to have a channel improvement plan of 33.477%. In addition to channel improvement solutions, arrange and define the boundaries of water storage areas by measuring and mapping boundaries and issuing regulations that prohibit or limit the construction of buildings that can reduce the ability of areas to store and absorb rainwater by referring to the basic building coefficient (KDB) permitted as stated in the RT/RW.

Studi Evaluasi dan Perencanaan Sistem Drainase Perkotaan di Kecamatan Garum Kabupaten Blitar Provinsi Jawa Timur

Garum District, especially in Slorok Village, is a densely populated residential area that has under gone many land use changes. The condition of the land as a green open space has changed its function into a residential and office area. One of the impacts is disasters on direct surface runoff and a decrease in the quantity of water that infiltrates the ground, resulting in flooding during the rainy season, so the need for handling, among others, is rehabilitation of drainage channels and planning of infiltration wells. The calculation results show that there are 37 drainage channels, but there are 7 channels that cannot reduce runoff due to land use changes and the existing drainage cannot be filled. The calculation of the rehabilitation of the dimensions of the canal and the dimensions of the infiltration well is invincible with the existing land, then the dimensions of the infiltration well will be divided by the runoff discharge to see how many wells to be built. The calculation of infiltration wells uses the Sunjoto formula. With the results of the calculation of the dimensions of the infiltration well for a diameter of 1.2 m and a well depth of 2.4 m.

Parameter optimization and uncertainty assessment for rainfall frequency modeling using an adaptive Metropolis-Hastings algorithm.

A new parameter optimization and uncertainty assessment procedure using the Bayesian inference with an adaptive Metropolis-Hastings (AM-H) algorithm is presented for extreme rainfall frequency modeling. An efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler is adopted to explore the posterior distribution of parameters and calculate their uncertainty intervals associated with the magnitude of estimated rainfall depth quantiles. Also, the efficiency of AM-H and conventional maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) in parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification are compared. And the procedure was implemented and discussed for the case of Chaohu city, China. Results of our work reveal that: (i) the adaptive Bayesian method, especially for return level associated to large return period, shows better estimated effect when compared with MLE; it should be noted that the implementation of MLE often produces overy optimistic results in the case of Chaohu city; (ii) AM-H algorithm is more reliable than MLE in terms of uncertainty quantification, and yields relatively narrow credible intervals for the quantile estimates to be instrumental in risk assessment of urban storm drainage planning.

Study on the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration in west of Iran

Evapotranspiration after precipitation is a major component of the hydrological cycle that has widely been studied both theoretically and experimentally including hydrological balance, design and management of irrigation systems, agricultural productivity, irrigation, drainage planning, and estimation of plant water requirements and environment. The rate of evapotranspiration is directly related to air temperature, a key parameter in definition and classification of every region climate. Air temperature also is the main indicator of the global warming and consequent climate change. Therefore, evapotranspiration is expected to be related to climate change, too. Accordingly, a study was designed to investigate the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration in a western mountainous region of Iran. The study was carried out using the outputs of HadGEM2 and CanESM2 global models under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios for the future period of 2021–2050 considering the period of 1989–2018 representative of the region climate. Then two LARS-WG and SDSM statistical downscaling models were used to reduce the scale of outpots to the region of study. The evapotranspiration was calculated using two Hargreaves-Samani and Priestley-Taylor methods. The results showed that on average both minimum and mximum temperatures will increase by 0.6 to 1.6, and 0.8 to 1.9 °C, respectively. The amount of radiation will also increase on average by 0.2 MJ m−2 day−1. Consequently, it is expected that the evapotranspiration rate to be increased between 1 and 7.3%, too. The changes in colder area of the northern part of the studied region is estimated to be higher than that of the southern area. Comparison has also been made between the LARS-WG and SDSM models and Hargreaves-Samani and Priestley-Taylor methods on both estimation of changes in and the amount of evapotranspirtion. LARS-WG and Hargraves-Samani have made higher estimation than the SDSM and Priestley-Taylor model and method. And, finally, the highest rate of changes was projected under the RCP 8.5 scenario.

Assessment of Pedotransfer Functions for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Anatolian Soils

Hydraulic conductivity is an essential base for applied research in soil and water management, landscape, and environmental disciplines. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is one of the most important soil physical properties, which is considered in the planning of irrigation and drainage and predicting other soil hydrological processes. However, it has been frequently reported that measurement of Ksat is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive due to its high spatial variability and this has motivated researchers to develop indirect methods such as pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for developing Ksat-database in regional and national scales. In this study, eight Ksat studies with the PTFs in Anatolian soils were reviewed. PTFs were evaluated regarding their type, predictors used, and their performance. The majority of studied PTFs were developed on alluvial, colluvial, and alkaline soils in semi-arid and semi-humid climates. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been common PTFs, and soil texture, bulk density, organic matter content, and pH have been common predictors used with these PTFs. Root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2) were the commonly used criteria in the verification and validation of the PTFs. Studies on the use of Ksat and PTFs are inadequate, and researches are still needed to be able to use it nationwide and can develop an adequate database. According to the results of PTF studies, the highest R2 and correlation coefficient (r) values belong to the Rosetta and MLR types of the PTFs, respectively. The lowest RMSE value was obtained with the equations in which the physical and chemical soil properties were used together as input data for PTFs. In addition, it has been noted that the soil morphological properties should be used as input data in PTFs studies, especially in Ksat estimation.

Influence of the roadway exposure time on the accuracy of gas content measurements in reconstructed and extended mines

The 100-year global warming potential of methane is 28 times higher than the value of carbon dioxide. Accurate gas content measurement is a precondition of coal mine reconstruction and extension designs for reducing methane emission due to that in these scenarios the stress and gas pressure distributions were unpredictably disturbed by previous mining activities. Longer roadway exposure time induce lower gas content and high measurement error. In this study, a coupling model considering the influence of gas transport, solid mechanics, and permeability evolution was established to predict the gas pressure distribution in coal seams. Based on this model, the influence of the roadway exposure time on the gas pressure distribution in an extended mine, Hulonggou Mine, was numerically studied with the software of COMSOL. The results show that the stress concentration area near the roadways can reduce the rate of gas emission. In addition, the gas pressure relief zone becomes increasingly larger as the emission time increases. For the studied coal seam, the boundary of the gas pressure relief zone is about 25–30 m to the center line after 25 years’ gas emission. At last, actual gas content measurements validated the simulated results. The results can help scholars properly predict the gas content and design the gas drainage plans for coal seams that have been excavated for several years.

Socio-Economic Assessment of Green Infrastructure for Climate Change Adaptation in the Context of Urban Drainage Planning

Green infrastructure (GI) contributes to improve urban drainage and also has other societal and environmental benefits that grey infrastructure usually does not have. Economic assessment for urban drainage planning and decision making often focuses on flood criteria. This study presents an economic assessment of GI based on a conventional cost-benefit analysis (CBA) that includes several benefits related to urban drainage (floods, combined sewer overflows and waste water treatment), environmental impacts (receiving water bodies) and additional societal and environmental benefits associated with GI (air quality improvements, aesthetic values, etc.). Benefits from flood damage reduction are monetized based on the widely used concept of Expected Annual Damage (EAD) that was calculated using a 1D/2D urban drainage model together with design storms and a damage model based on tailored flood depth–damage curves. Benefits from Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) damage reduction were monetized using a 1D urban drainage model with continuous rainfall simulations and prices per cubic meter of spilled combined sewage water estimated from literature; other societal benefits were estimated using unit prices also estimated from literature. This economic assessment was applied to two different case studies: the Spanish cities of Barcelona and Badalona. The results are useful for decision making and also underline the relevancy of including not only flood damages in CBA of GI.