Episodes Of Drainage Research Articles

Too young for tinder? The palaeoecological context and possible function of subfossil fungi (basidiomes) found in the settlement from the Early Iron Age in Podłęże, S Poland

Two well-preserved fungal remains (basidiomes of polypores Fomes fomentarius and Fomitopsis pinicola) were found in a fossil peatbog in Podłęże, near Kraków (S Poland), in the context of culture layers dated to the Early Iron Age (mid-1st millennium BCE). Their context, age, and the cause of their occurrence in peat, which is exceptional, are discussed. Due to the location on the outskirts of an inhabited prehistoric settlement and because of the traces of detachment of the upper part in the Fomes fomentarius basidiocarp, we argue for their deposition in the peat layer via a human action. The host trees, however, could have grown in situ, since a drainage episode enabled the peatbog to be overgrown by sparse riparian forest at the onset of the Subatlantic. The possible use of the F. fomentarius fragment as tinder is discussed against the limited evidence of such use from later European prehistory.

Factors influencing cumulative radiation dose from percutaneous intra-abdominal abscess drainage in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at risk for intra-abdominal abscesses requiring CT-guided drainage. These patients are at baseline risk of high cumulative radiation exposure from imaging, which may be exacerbated by CT-guided drainage. This study aimed to determine the radiation dose associated with percutaneous drainage in the setting of IBD and identify risk factors associated with high exposure. An IRB-approved single-center retrospective study was performed to identify patients with IBD who underwent percutaneous abscess drainage over a 5-year period. An episode of drainage was defined from drain placement to removal, with all intervening procedures and diagnostic CT scans included in the cumulative radiation dose. The mean cumulative effective dose for a drainage episode was 47.50mSv. The mean duration of a drainage episode was 68.7days. Patients with a cumulative dose greater than 50mSv required higher number of follow-up visits compared to patients with less than 50mSv (6.9 vs. 3.5, p = 0.003*). Patients with higher cumulative dose were also more likely to require drain upsize (54% vs. 13%, p = 0.01*) or additional drain placement (63% vs 24%, p = 0.03*) compared to patients with lower dose. Intra-abdominal abscess drainage may be associated with significant cumulative radiation exposure. Requirement of drain upsizing or additional drain placement were associated with higher cumulative radiation dose, which may be related to more severe underlying inflammatory bowel disease.

Patterns and infection outcomes of bacterial colonization in patients with indwelling abdominal drains for malignant ascites.

Indwelling abdominal drains for intermittent drainage is an effective treatment for refractory malignant ascites, bacterial colonization and subsequent drain-related infection is however a common concern. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of bacterial colonization and the subsequent infection outcomes in patients with indwelling abdominal drains. All consecutive advanced cancer patients with newly inserted indwelling abdominal drains and who were under the service of the ascites clinic of our institution for intermittent drainage between January 2011 and March 2018 were screened for study eligibility. Patients with positive surveillance ascitic fluid culture without immediate drain-related infection were included in the final analysis. Clinical information during the drainage period was prospectively collected using standardized clinical assessment forms. These assessment forms and other medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Sixty nine patients developed bacterial colonization without immediate infection during the study period. The most common cancer diagnosis was hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which comprise 30.4% of the population. Central venous catheters (CVCs) were inserted in 76.8% of patients and pigtail drains in 23.2% as the indwelling abdominal drain. The median duration from drain insertion to the development of bacterial colonization was 18.0 days. Staphylococci, Diphtheroid bacilliand Enterococci were the most common types of bacteria isolated during colonization. Thirty patients (43.5%) developed drain-related infection subsequently and the median time from bacterial colonization to development of infection was 14.5 days. The incidence rate of drain-related infection after bacterial colonization was 1.78 per 100-catheter days and the 1-month infection-free survival was 54.4%. Five patients (7.2%) developed peritonitis and 4 of them died from the infection episode. Decrease in body mass index (BMI) (P=0.03), having 3 or more episodes of drainage in the ascites clinic before bacterial colonization (P=0.03), presence of Escherichia coli (P=0.04) and Bacillus species (P=0.04) in surveillance ascitic fluid culture were significantly correlating with infection outcomes in univariate analyses. HCC as cancer diagnosis (OR 8.85, 95% CI: 1.86-42.07, P=0.006) and decrease in body weight (OR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02-1.42, P=0.03) were significant factors that correlated with infection outcomes in multivariate analysis. Bacterial colonization and subsequent progression into drain-related infection are common in patients on indwelling abdominal drains for malignant ascites. Staphylococci is the most common type of bacteria causing both colonization and subsequent drain-related infection. HCC and decrease in body weight are significant factors that correlate with infection outcomes after bacterial colonization.

CO2‐Brine Substitution Effects on Ultrasonic Wave Propagation Through Sandstone With Oblique Fractures

AbstractSeismic monitoring of injected CO2 plumes in fractured storage reservoirs relies on accurate knowledge of the physical mechanisms governing elastic wave propagation, as described by appropriate, validated rock physics models. We measured laboratory ultrasonic velocity and attenuation of P and S waves, and electrical resistivity, of a synthetic fractured sandstone with obliquely aligned (penny‐shaped) fractures, undergoing a brine‐CO2 flow‐through test at simulated reservoir pressure and temperature. Our results show systematic differences in the dependence of velocity and attenuation on fluid saturation between imbibition and drainage episodes, which we attribute to uniform and patchy fluid distributions, respectively, and the relative permeability of CO2 and brine in the rock. This behavior is consistent with predictions from a multifluid rock physics model, facilitating the identification of the dispersive mechanisms associated with wave‐induced fluid flow in fractured systems at seismic scales.

Osteomielite associada à Actinomyces sp. em osso mandibular: relato de caso

A actinomicose é uma infecção rara, causada por microorganismos do gênero Actinomyces. Sua apresentação clínica pode se assemelhar ou mascarar outros processos infecciosos, o que torna complexo seu diagnóstico e compromete o êxito terapêutico. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de osteomielite decorrente de uma infecção bacteriana, discutir as manifestações clínicas, formas de diagnóstico e tratamento. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, qualitativo feito por meio da técnica de observação direta. Paciente do sexo masculino, leucoderma, 65 anos de idade, compareceu ao serviço de cirurgia bucomaxilofacial com queixa álgica em região anterior de mandíbula e histórico de exodontia há 5 meses na região com episódios de drenagem de secreção purulenta. Ao exame físico observou-se ausência do dente 31 e tecidos íntegros, sendo solicitado exame radiográfico, onde observou-se sequestro ósseo em região de osso alveolar, com hipótese diagnóstica de osteomielite. O tratamento preconizado foi procedimento cirúrgico com exérese da área radiopaca, associado ao uso de um agente antimicrobiano. Avaliação histopatológica confirmou o processo infeccioso associado a colônias de bactérias Actinomyces sp.; o paciente evoluiu bem com completa remissão do processo infeccioso. Desta forma, a confirmação histopatológica é uma importante ferramenta para o rápido diagnóstico e estabelecimento de tratamento efetivo, tendo em vista que a actinomicose faz diagnóstico diferencial com diversas doenças e tem alto poder destrutivo local.

Environmental evolution of peat in the Sacramento – San Joaquin Delta (California) during the Middle and Late Holocene as deduced from pollen, diatoms and magnetism

We studied the sequence of climatic and hydrological events associated with the formation of peat during the Holocene, using pollen, diatoms and environmental magnetism from peat cores at three locations in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California: Browns Island, Franks Wetland and Webb Track Levee. Our data show that peat first formed under relatively dry conditions in a freshwater environment before 6.5 ka BP. Subsequently, pollen accumulation rates were highest prior to intervals with high peat accretion rates but are inversely correlated with organic accumulation rate. Intervals of high peat accretion were preceded by pulses of terrigenous material. During intensive drainage episodes, high flows delivered abundant, coarser-grained sediment to the marshes, which inundated the existing vegetation and decreased the rate of biochemical decay. The build-up of undecomposed organic material led to the acceleration of peat accretion. Our data support the rarely discussed hypothesis that most of the peat in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta formed in freshwater marshes that were fed by rivers draining from the Sierra Nevada, rather than in saltwater wetlands resulting from sea level rise and estuarine submergence. This result has important implications for current attempts to remediate and restore the Delta ecosystem.

Morphometry of a glacier-linked esker in NW Tempe Terra, Mars, and implications for sediment-discharge dynamics of subglacial drainage

We present a systematic, metre-scale characterisation of the 3D morphometry of an esker on Mars, and the first attempt to reconstruct the multi-stage dynamics of esker formation on Mars. Eskers are sinuous ridges comprising sediment deposited by meltwater draining through ice-confined tunnels within or beneath glaciers. Detailed morphometric insights into eskers on Mars are important for (i) informing morphometric tests of whether sinuous ridges elsewhere on Mars are eskers, and (ii) informing modelling experiments which aim to reconstruct the glaciological and environmental controls on esker formation on Mars. We use a digital elevation model generated from High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images to characterise the height and width of an extremely rare esker associated with a late-Amazonian-aged viscous flow feature (debris-covered glacier) in NW Tempe Terra, Mars. Our measurements suggest that the NW Tempe Terra esker is a ‘stacked’ formation comprising an underlying ‘lower member’ ridge that is superposed by a narrower ‘upper member’ ridge. We used a novel morphometric approach to test whether the apparent stacking records two distinct esker deposition regimes (either within the same drainage episode, or within temporally-separated drainage episodes). This approach posits that esker crest morphology is controlled by primary esker formation processes and, by extension, that portions of eskers with similar crest morphologies should have similar morphometric relationships. We predicted the morphometric relationships described by the constituent upper and lower member ridges based on ‘reference relationships’ observed for morphologically-similar portions of the esker where no evidence of stacking was observed. Our observations corresponded well with the predicted relationships, supporting our stacked esker hypothesis. We propose conceptual models, which invoke spatial and temporal variations in sediment supply and meltwater discharge, to explain the stacked morphology. These models are informed by morpho-sedimentary relationships observed along eskers on Earth.

Abstract No. 576 Factors influencing cumulative radiation dose for percutaneous intra-abdominal abscess drainage in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at risk for penetrating disease complications and intra-abdominal abscesses requiring CT-guided drainage. These patients are at baseline risk of high cumulative radiation exposure from diagnostic imaging, which may be exacerbated by CT-guided drainage. This study aimed to determine the radiation dose associated with percutaneous drainage and follow-up in the setting of IBD and identify risk factors associated with high exposure. An IRB-approved single-center retrospective study was performed to identify patients with IBD who underwent abscess drainage over a five-year period (2013-2018). An episode of drainage was defined from drain placement to removal, with all procedures and diagnostic CT scans included in the cumulative radiation dose. Radiation dose was reported by a monitoring database, Radimetrics (Whippany, NJ). Patients were divided into cohorts based on a cumulative effective dose of 50 mSv. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 8 (La Jolla, CA). Patient demographics (n = 40) are reported in Table 1. The mean cumulative effective dose for the percutaneous drainage episodes was 47.50 mSv. The mean total duration of drainage episodes was 68.7 days, with an average of 4.48 CT scans or repeat interventions during that period. Patients with a total dose greater than 50 mSv (group A) required higher number of follow-up visits compared to patients with less than 50 mSv (group B) (6.9 vs. 3.5, P = 0.003). Group A patients were more likely to require drain upsize (54% vs. 13%, P = 0.01) or repeat drain placement (63% vs. 24%, P = 0.03) after initial drainage compared to group B patients. Group B patients had significantly higher number of drains placed at initial drainage compared to group A (1.8 vs. 1.2, P = 0.002). Intra-abdominal abscess drainage may be associated with significant cumulative radiation exposure. Drain upsizing, fewer initial drains, and repeat drain placement were associated with higher dose, which demonstrates the importance of catheter caliber selection and catheter positioning at the time of initial drainage to potentially reduce overall radiation exposure.Table 1Male:female ratio20:20Average age (years, mean ± SD)42.83 ± 16.65Crohn’s disease:ulcerative colitis33:7Drainage of postoperative complication24/40 (53%) Open table in a new tab

Clinically Significant Pleural Effusion in Intensive Care: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study.

The prevalence and optimal management of clinically significant pleural effusion, confirmed by thoracic ultrasound, in the critically ill is unknown. This study aimed to determine: 1) the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of patients treated in intensive care with clinically significant effusion and 2) the comparative efficacy and safety of pleural drainage or expectant medical management. A prospective multicenter cohort study. ICUs in four teaching hospitals in Western Australia. Consecutive patients with clinically significant pleural effusions (depth ≥ 2 cm on thoracic ultrasound with clinician-determined adverse effects on patient progress). None. Primary outcome was the change in Pao2:Fio2 (mm Hg) ratio from baseline to 24 hours. Changes in diagnosis and treatment based on pleural fluid analysis and pleural effusion related serious adverse events between those who underwent either drainage within 24 hours or expectant management were compared. Of the 7,342 patients screened, 226 patients (3.1%) with 300 pleural effusions were enrolled. Early drainage of pleural effusion occurred in 76 patients (34%) and significantly improved oxygenation (Pao2:Fio2 ratio 203 at baseline vs 263 at 24 hr, +29.6% increment; p < 0.01). This was not observed in the other 150 patients who had expectant management (Pao2:Fio2 ratio 250 at baseline vs 268 at 24 hr, +7.2% increment; p = 0.44). The improvement in oxygenation after early drainage remained unchanged after adjustment for a propensity score on the decision to initiate early drainage. Pleural effusion related serious adverse events were not different between the two groups (early drainage 10.5% vs no early drainage 16.0%; p = 0.32). Improvements in diagnosis were noted in 91 initial (nonrepetitive) drainages (76.5% out of 119); treatment strategy was optimized after 80 drainage episodes (59.7% out of 134). Early drainage of clinically significant pleural effusion was associated with improved oxygenation and diagnostic accuracy without increased complications.

Diel and seasonal nitrous oxide fluxes determined by floating chamber and gas transfer equation methods in agricultural irrigation watersheds in southeast China.

Agricultural nitrate leaching and runoff incurs high nitrogen loads in agricultural irrigation watersheds, constituting one of important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). Two independent sampling campaigns of N2O flux measurement over diel cycles and N2O flux measurements once a week over annual cycles were carried out in an agricultural irrigation watershed in southeast China using floating chamber (chamber-based) and gas transfer equation (model-based) methods. The diel and seasonal patterns of N2O fluxes did not differ between the two measurement methods. The diel variation in N2O fluxes was characterized by the pattern that N2O fluxes were greater during nighttime than daytime periods with a single flux peak at midnight. The diel variation in N2O fluxes was closely associated with water environment and chemistry. The time interval of 9:00-11:00 a.m. was identified to be the sampling time best representing daily N2O flux measurements in agricultural irrigation watersheds. Seasonal N2O fluxes showed large variation, with some flux peaks corresponding to agricultural irrigation and drainage episodes and heavy rainfall during the crop-growing period of May to November. On average, N2O fluxes calculated by model-based methods were 27% lower than those determined by the chamber-based techniques over diel or annual cycles. Overall, more measurement campaigns are highly needed to assess regional agricultural N2O budget with low uncertainties.

The effective mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies without compromising yield by early-season drainage

Global rice production systems face two opposing challenges: the need to increase production to accommodate the world's growing population while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Adaptations to drainage regimes are one of the most promising options for methane mitigation in rice production. Whereas several studies have focused on mid-season drainage (MD) to mitigate GHG emissions, early-season drainage (ED) varying in timing and duration has not been extensively studied. However, such ED periods could potentially be very effective since initial available C levels (and thereby the potential for methanogenesis) can be very high in paddy systems with rice straw incorporation. This study tested the effectiveness of seven drainage regimes varying in their timing and duration (combinations of ED and MD) to mitigate CH4 and N2O emissions in a 101-day growth chamber experiment. Emissions were considerably reduced by early-season drainage compared to both conventional continuous flooding (CF) and the MD drainage regime. The results suggest that ED+MD drainage may have the potential to reduce CH4 emissions and yield-scaled GWP by 85–90% compared to CF and by 75–77% compared to MD only. A combination of (short or long) ED drainage and one MD drainage episode was found to be the most effective in mitigating CH4 emissions without negatively affecting yield. In particular, compared with CF, the long early-season drainage treatments LE+SM and LE+LM significantly (p<0.01) decreased yield-scaled GWP by 85% and 87% respectively. This was associated with carbon being stabilised early in the season, thereby reducing available C for methanogenesis. Overall N2O emissions were small and not significantly affected by ED. It is concluded that ED+MD drainage might be an effective low-tech option for small-scale farmers to reduce GHG emissions and save water while maintaining yield.

Paleogene Grand Canyon incompatible with Tertiary paleogeography and stratigraphy

The Hualapai Plateau in northwest Arizona, the location of the western Grand Canyon, contains an unusually lengthy Tertiary stratigraphic record dominated by fluvial deposition and extending from at least late Paleocene through late Miocene time. The thickest and oldest Tertiary sections are best exposed in a system of partially re-exhumed Laramide paleocanyons. The Paleogene drainage system was locally disrupted and ponded by Laramide monoclines. In pre-Oligocene time, extensive alluvial fans spread southward from the Shivwits Plateau scarp across the current location of the modern Colorado River gorge to the northern margin of the Laramide drainage system at Hindu Canyon. Locally derived, fluvial Buck and Doe Conglomerate subsequently filled the disrupted Paleogene channels, spilled out over the local interfluves, and formed an extensive aggradational surface of low relief by late Oligocene time. Early Miocene volcanism filled in much of the relict Laramide relief. Erosional recession of the adjacent Shivwits Plateau escarpment shifted the northern Hualapai Plateau margin 8 km northeastward after the Laramide drainage episode and before the incision by the modern Colorado River. Partially exhumed tributaries to the Hindu Canyon paleochannel and associated sedimentary deposits bordering the southern edge of the Grand Canyon gorge demonstrate that local surface runoff flowed south, away from the modern Grand Canyon location, during early Paleogene time. Headwardly eroding Colorado River tributaries exhumed, captured, and reversed the flow of these tributaries to the Laramide canyon, beginning in late Miocene or Pliocene time. The geomorphic and stratigraphic records show no evidence of, and provide no space for, incision of a Late Cretaceous–Paleogene ancestral precursor to the modern Colorado River gorge. Instead, all the field evidence clearly supports a late Miocene–Pliocene origin for integration of the western Grand Canyon on the central Hualapai Plateau with the upper Colorado River.

PTH-038 Albumin As A Plasma Expander During Large Volume Paracentesis: Are We Following The Guidelines?

IntroductionAscites is a major complication of cirrhosis occurring in more than 50% of patients within 10 years. Tense ascites is treated with large volume paracentesis (LVP) with human albumin solution...

Evolution of an englacial volcano: Brown Bluff, Antarctica

Marine shallow-water to emergent volcanoes have been described in detail, but comparable englacial centres are not well documented. Brown Bluff is a Pleistocene, shallow water, alkali basaltic volcano whose deposits were ponded within an englacial lake, enclosed by ice >400 m thick. Its evolution is divided chronologically into pillow volcano, hyalotuff cone, slope failure and hyaloclastite delta/subaerial stages. Seventeen lithofacies and five structural units (A-E) are recognised and described. The pillow volcano stage (Unit A) is similar to those of many submarine seamount volcanoes. It comprises extrusive and intrusive pillow lavas draped by slumped hyaloclastite. Units B and D define the hyalotuff cone stage, which was centred on a summit vent(s), and comprises slumped, poorly sorted hyalotuffs redeposited downslope by sediment gravity flows and ponded against an ice barrier. This stage also includes water-cooled subaerial lavas and massive hyalotuffs ponded within a crater. Cone construction was interrupted by drainage of the lake and slope failure of the northeast flank, represented by debris avalanche-type deposits (Unit C). Unit E represents the youngest stage and consists of a Gilbert-type hyaloclastite delta(s), which prograded away from a summit vent(s), and compound subaerial lavas. A second drainage episode allowed subaerial lavas to accumulate in the surrounding trough.