Drainage Flow Research Articles

In silico analysis of a hierarchical microfluidic vascular network: Detecting the location of angiogenic sprouting.

Lack of oxygen is one of the leading causes of failure in engineered tissue. Therefore, angiogenesis will be necessary for the survival of larger tissues in vivo. In addition, a proper lymphatic system that plays an essential role in relieving inflammation and maintaining tissue homeostasis is of great importance for tissue regeneration and repair. Many biomechanical parameters are involved in controlling angiogenesis and capillary network generation, which are challenging to study and control in experimental studies or in vitro. In the present study, using numerical modeling, the effect of various geometric and biomechanical parameters in creating suitable conditions for angiogenesis was investigated. Furthermore, sprouting points were predicted using flow dynamics. For this purpose, a porous scaffold, flow channels with parametric geometry that followed Murray's law, and a drainage channel were considered. Results suggested that the geometry of the microfluidic channels and the characteristics of the vessel wall and scaffold plays a complementary role in determining the transmural pressure. It was found that a twofold increase in the vascular hydraulic conductivity can reduce the minimum transmural pressure by up to 28% and increase the drainage flow rate by 44%. In addition, the minimum magnitude of transmural pressure tends to zero for scaffold's hydraulic conductivity values smaller than 10-11 m3 s kg-1 . The results of this study can be used in optimizing the design of the relevant microfluidic systems to induce angiogenesis and avoid leakage in the constructed implantable tissue.

Transport of soluble surfactant on and within a foam film in the context of a foam fractionation process

This study models soluble surfactant transport on and within a foam film during a foam fractionation process. Marangoni flow drives surfactant onto the film, and also surfactant concentration is assumed to be uniform across the thin foam film. Adsorption isotherms are used to couple mass transfer equations, so as to determine the evolution of the total amount of surfactant (surface plus bulk) at any film location. Surfactant transport is considered both in the absence and presence of film drainage. It is observed that having soluble surfactant slows down evolution of Marangoni-driven flow compared to cases assuming insoluble surfactant. This is because in soluble surfactant cases, surfactants diffuse to the bulk even whilst being transferred by Marangoni flow onto the film surface. Furthermore, it is observed that a quasisteady state typically occurs after a long time, such that Marangoni flow and film drainage flow become comparable.

Hypogene speleogenesis related to porphyry magmatic intrusions and its influence on subsequent karst evolution in the Peruvian high Andes

Carbonate rocks of Cretaceous and Jurassic age are widespread in the Peruvian Andes where they host numerous magmatic intrusions and related ore deposits. Most of Peru's metal ore deposits are located at high elevations within a narrow, tectonized carbonate-rock belt extending over 2000 km in length. Many of the limestone formations are karstified and characterized by high recharge and percolation rates, well-developed subsurface drainage and complex flow patterns. Knowledge of karst in the Andes is generally limited, although karst is recognized to cause extreme hydrogeologic complexity and great challenges in development of mining facilities located in carbonate settings. Aspects of the origin of void/conduit systems (i.e. speleogenesis) and karst evolution are rarely addressed in environmental impact and risk assessment studies.This study in the Antamina area in the east side of the Cordillera Occidental, home to the world largest known skarn copper‑zinc deposit, demonstrates that the current karst system has formed as the result of polygenetic and multi-phase development. Structure-controlled hypogene cave systems are well-preserved and widespread in the area and present a foremost example of endogenous hypogene speleogenesis related to magmatic intrusions. Hypogene karst structures have strongly influenced subsequent epigene karstification, which commenced at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Changes in the base-level position due to the landscape evolution and Pleistocene glaciations were major additional factors that influenced epigene karst development. The findings of this study are potentially relevant to assessing karst origin and hydrogeology in many carbonate-hosted ore deposits in the Peruvian Andes and other regions. This study shows that the speleogenetic and evolutionary approach is indispensable in the development of sound conceptual models of groundwater flow in karst terrains and the assessment of karst-related hazards and risks.

Long Tunneled External Ventricular Drains with Shunt Valves: A Technical Note

External ventricular drain (EVD) is a basic operation in neurosurgery. Due to the limitation of its safe duration, some patients need to receive multiple drainage operations. We describe the long tunneled EVD (LTEVD) with shunt valves that effectively avoid multiple operations as a technical note. The difference is that the middle part of the drainage tube is connected by an externalized shunt valve. The drainage tube is buried under the skin and the outlet is in the abdomen. The technique and more details are described. The connection between the LTEVD and the shunt valve is simple and the required materials are easily accessible. Externalized valves allow the cerebrospinal fluid to be visualized and more controllable, making it easier for physicians to manage the cerebrospinal fluid. No drainage tube failure or secondary infection was observed. The indwelling time of the drainage tube was greatly extended. LTEVD is effective and simple. It allows visual control of drainage flow, prolonging catheter indwelling time and eliminating the need for multiple surgeries.

The Effect of Controlled Tile Drainage on Growth and Grain Yield of Spring Barley as Detected by UAV Images, Yield Map and Soil Moisture Content

Controlled tile drainage (CTD) practices are a promising tool for improving water balance, water quality and increasing crop yield by raising shallow groundwater level and capillary rise due to drainage flow retardation. We tested the effect of CTD on growth and grain yield of spring barley, at a study site in central Bohemia using vegetation indices from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Tile drainage flow was slowed by fixed water level control structures that increased soil moisture in the surrounding area according to the terrain slope. Vegetation indices based on red-edge spectral bands in combination with near-infrared and red bands were selected, of which the Normalized Red Edge-Red Index (NRERI) showed the closest relationships with shoot biomass parameters (dry biomass, nitrogen concentration and uptake, nitrogen nutrition index) from point sampling at the tillering stage. The CTD sites showed significantly more biomass using NRERI compared to free tile drainage (FTD) sites. In contrast, in the period prior to the implementation of CTD practices, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery did not demonstrate higher biomass based on NRERI at CTD sites compared to FTD sites. The grain yields of spring barley as determined from the yield map also increased due to CTD (by 0.3 t/ha, i.e., by 4%). The positive impact of CTD on biomass development and grain yield of spring barley was confirmed by the increase in soil moisture at depths of 20, 40 and 60 cm compared to FTD. The largest increase in soil water content of 3.5 vol% due to CTD occurred at the depth of 40 cm, which also had a higher degree of saturation of available water capacity and the occurrence of crop water stress was delayed by 14 days compared to FTD.

S2892 A Novel Application of Double-Pigtail Plastic Stents for Endoscopic Treatment of Stenoses and Anastomotic Leaks Following Bariatric Surgery: Endoluminal Placement to Facilitate Gastrointestinal Flow

Introduction: Transmural double pigtail plastic stents (DPPS) for treatment of anastomotic leaks have shown high success rates ( >75%), while being well-tolerated and cost-effective. For example, DPPS can be endoscopically deployed across staple-line leaks following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), often combined with dilation of distal sleeve stenoses or kinks. The rationale for this combination treatment is to promote internal drainage AND intraluminal flow. However, there may also be a beneficial role for endoluminal DPPS placement in the treatment of complex anastomotic leaks and luminal stenoses. We present a series of four patients with complicated post-bariatric anatomy successfully managed with endoluminal DPPS placement. Case Description/Methods: Patient 1: 50-year-old female POD5 from LSG and duodenal switch presented with symptomatic gastric sleeve stenosis. Dilation was considered too high-risk. Two 10Fr x 12cm DPPS were endoscopically placed spanning the stenosis, pylorus, and duodenal-ileal anastomosis with instant symptom relief. DPPS were removed on POD65 with continued symptom resolution. Patients 2 and 3: 67-year-old and 70-year-old females POD12 and 14, respectively, from duodenal switch with duodeno-ileal anastomotic leak and stricture. Two 7Fr x 3cm DPPS were deployed across the leak site. A third 10Fr x 3cm DPPS was placed across the anastomosis. All stents were removed on POD45 and POD65, respectively, following leak resolution. Patient 4: 34-year-old female POD3 from complex gastric bypass reversal and duodenal switch complicated by large staple line leak proximal to stenosis. A 10Fr x 3cm DPPS was placed across the leak site. A 10Fr x 9cm DPPS was placed across the gastric stenosis and duodenal-ileal anastomosis. Serial dilation of stenosis began on POD45. All stents were removed on POD95 with resolution of leak and stenosis. Discussion: Transluminal DPPS placement across anastomotic leaks is an effective, well-tolerated, and cost-effective treatment option. This case series suggests that intraluminal DPPS placement may also be clinically beneficial by promoting GI flow and ultimately diverting away from the leak site. Intraluminal DPPS can be used singly or in combination with transluminal DPPS. Applicable scenarios include newly post-operative gastric sleeve stenoses or kinks where dilation is too high-risk and duodenal anastomotic leaks with concomitant anastomotic stricture (where metal stent placement would be challenging and dilation likewise risky). (Figure)Figure 1.: a) Endoscopic image of moderate stenosis of the mid gastric sleeve POD 5 precluding safe dilation; b) two intraluminal DPPS traversing sleeve stricture with symptom resolution ; c) improved sleeve stenosis and continued symptom resolution following DPPS removal

Recommendations for planning water infrastructure in the Surabaya City area with the influence of watershed characteristics to realize sustainable settlement drainage that is safe from flooding

The development of urban areas often has an impact on changes in the surface run off area of water flow, a consequence that often occurs is flooding due to an increase in the value of run off drainage from housing/industries which burdens the capacity of urban land drainage channels. The analysis carried out is to calculate the value of the travel time (Tc) from the build area compared to the peak time (Tp) in the urban partial drainage flow. The value of time concentration is influenced by the slope of topography and watershed area of each rayon in Surabaya. The calculated Tc and Tp values will be combined to find the linear correlation value of the effect of watershed characteristics on development/change of land area in Surabaya. The results of the linear analysis of the relationship between the area of the build up area and the combined travel time in each rayon are not the same, this is due to the influence of land topographic slopes in each rayon and also the area of the watershed be different. the length of the channel on the drainage of urban area in each rayon have a separate drainage network sub system from one another. This is a consideration that the determination of the formulation of the relationship between the area of the build up area and the time and volume of the reservoir must adjust the characteristics of each rayon.

Analysis of the application of injection wells in the Undip Tembalang campus area as an effort to reduce drainage flow loads

Increased infrastructure development in the Undip Tembalang Campus Area causes an increase in the frequency of floods and inundation, as well as a decrease in groundwater availability Undip still uses groundwater wells as the primary source to meet clean water needs. One alternative to groundwater conservation is to inject rainwater using infiltration wells. The hydrology analysis was carried out using the EPA SWMM 5.2 software, while the hydraulic analysis was carried out by dredging the sediment along the channel. Calculation of planned infiltration wells is calculated according to SNI 03-2453-2002. The dimensions of this infiltration well are designed to be 1 m in diameter and 18 m deep. Based on the results of the analysis, it found that runoff in the Undip Campus Area was 66,467.97 litres/second. The calculation results show that the Undip Campus Area requires 1350 infiltration wells with a rainwater harvesting volume of 14148 m3. The total runoff that can be reduced using infiltration wells is 45,978.74 litres/second or 69% of the total runoff. This plan is hoped to be an alternative water source in the Undip Tembalang Campus Area.

Assessment of DRAINMOD-NII model for prediction of nitrogen losses through subsurface drained sandy clay under cultivation in south west Punjab, India

Abstract In the present study, the DRAINMOD-NII model was calibrated for the years 2018–2019 and validated for the period 2019–2020 over the two cropping years. The model simulations were statistically evaluated by comparing the measured drain flows and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) with the model simulated drain outflows and nitrate loss. The study results depicted closer agreement between the simulated and observed results for both the calibration and validation periods. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the drainage rate was 8.88 cm more than observed data, 15.41, 0.53 and 0.57 cm were the values recorded for PBIAS, modelling efficiency (NSE) and R2. The similar parameter values for nitrogen load were recorded to be 0.14, 2.76, 0.84 and 0.88 respectively during the calibration period for the rice-wheat system. The model was statistically tested during the validation period also, confirming DRAINMOD-NII has the capability to simulate nitrogen losses from the area subjected to subsurface drainage system.

New Technique Seeking Prophylaxis in the Displacement of Distal Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Catheter – Case Report

AbstractIdiopathic intracranial hypertension is a comorbidity treated in neurosurgical practice today with the ventriculoperitoneal derivation technique. However, despite its great safety and efficacy, this technique is susceptible to infrequent failures, such as displacement of the catheter leading to the need for reoperation. In the present article, we report a case involving a peritoneal catheter tip retropulsion for subcutaneous tissue in an obese patient with posterior correction using an extending connector to the distal catheter, without harming the drainage flow. In our case report, the patient went on without complications and without the occurrence of new displacement after 8 months of surgery. The results obtained by this technique supported the idea that this alternative construction minimizes the risk of displacement of the peritoneal tip catheter in obese patients and with high intra-abdominal pressure, helping to reduce the need for reoperations. In addition, the present case report supports the need for further studies and clinical trials on the subject.

Natural hazard insurance outcomes at national, regional and local scales: A comparison between Sweden and Portugal

This study addresses the role of natural hazard insurance in two European countries with different insurance markets and socioeconomic conditions: Sweden and Portugal. The analyses were conducted at the national, regional (Southern Sweden and Lisbon Metropolitan Area – LMA), and local (Malmö and Lisbon cities) scales. Most damage caused by weather and climate-related (WCR) hazards during the 1980–2019 period was not covered by insurance companies in Sweden (71%) and Portugal (91%). An insurance affordability analysis was performed using income for the national and regional scales. Unaffordability is higher in Southern Sweden than in LMA, implying that better socioeconomic conditions do not necessarily mean a higher average capacity to pay for insurance.At the local scale, urban flooding was analysed for Malmö (1996–2019) and Lisbon (2000–2011) using insurance databases, in which the most relevant 21st century rainfall events for each city are included (2014 and 2008, respectively). The influence of terrain features on flooding claims and payouts was determined using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial analyses. The flat Malmö favours ponding and extensive flooding, while the distance to the drainage network and flow accumulation are key factors to promote flooding along valley bottoms in the hilly Lisbon. Flooding hotspots tend to result from a combination of higher depths/lower velocities (accumulation of floodwaters and ponding) and not from a pattern of lower depths/higher velocities (shallow overland flow).More detailed data on insurance, flooding, and socioeconomic conditions, at regional and mainly local scales, is needed to improve affordability and urban flooding risk assessments.

Study on the Long-Distance Gas Pre-Drainage Technology in the Heading Face by Directional Long Borehole

Gas control in the heading face of a coal roadway is an important and difficult point in coal mining in China. On the basis of analyzing the disadvantages of high gas control cost and long drainage period in the existing mine heading face, a long-distance pre-drainage method of long-distance drilling is proposed to control the gas in the heading face so as to improve the tunneling speed. Applied to the engineering geological conditions of Changcun coal mine, the technology is studied in detail. First, a gas migration model considering permeability changing with time is established, and the model is put into the numerical simulation software to study the variation law of permeability and gas pressure under the conditions of single borehole and multi-borehole drainage. The results show that with the increase of drainage time, the permeability around the borehole increases gradually, the gas pressure decreases gradually, and the permeability at the borehole boundary increases the most, reaching 1.2 times the initial permeability. In the process of multi-borehole drainage, there will be mutual influence between boreholes, but with the increase of borehole spacing, the degree of this influence gradually decreases. Second, according to the results of numerical simulation, a reasonable gas drainage scheme is designed and applied in the field. The field application shows that the technology has a good gas drainage effect, the gas drainage concentration and flow are at a high level for a long time, the drilling cuttings quantity is always lower than the critical value, and the excavation length of roadway increases by more than 50 m per month. These results indicate that this technology is a promising method to realize the safe and rapid excavation of a mine coal roadway.

Loess erosion change modeling during heavy rainfall

A typical gully sub-basin with a complex geomorphological form is used to do a model test of gravity erosion of loess by considering the sequence of slopes in a prototype gully creating a sequence of underlying surface forms in the upper reaches. The results show that the runoff from heavy rainfall is the main external force for the erosion of loess, and also is an important influencing factor to stimulate and intensify the development of gravity erosion. The soil structure and the height of the critical surface have a direct impact on the possibility of gravity erosion. Spatially, the upper section of the drainage channel mainly experiences undercutting and headcut erosion, the middle section mainly experiences lateral erosion and gravity erosion, and the lower section alternately experiences sedimentation or alluvial erosion. Rainfall splash erosion produces a large amount of sand to yield high concentration mud flows in the middle and lower sections of the channel. Because of the mud flows the flood flow is obviously larger than the runoff volume formed by rainfall in a small watershed. The flood formed by high-intensity rainfall brings a large amount of sediment into the downstream rivers along the channel, indicating that under the condition that high-intensity rainfall on the Loess Plateau, lots sediment will enter the Yellow River, and the erosion deformation occurs on all slopes. Further the steep slope drainage flow causes undercutting and lateral erosion, and the soil body moves down along the slope under the action of gravity. The gully in the middle section still experience sediment washing in both depth and width, and the downstream gully continues to experiences sedimentation due to the reduction of the gradient, reflecting the adaptive adjustment of water flow and the boundary. Headcut erosion occurred on almost all slopes during different periods of rainfall, while gravity erosion mostly occurred on steep slope sections during periods of high-intensity rainfall.

Feasibility study and 3E analysis of blowdown heat recovery in a combined cycle power plant for utilization in Organic Rankine Cycle and greenhouse heating

Greenhouse heating plays a key role in the growth and yield of greenhouse crops in cold regions. Moreover, heat loss and energy wastage are abundant in the industry. Therefore, these two subjects are combined in this study to analyze the feasibility of using the steam vent and waste drain flow of a blowdown tank in a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) to provide the required additional heating in a greenhouse by installing a radiant floor heating (RFH) system. For this purpose, a tunnel greenhouse with an east-west orientation is modeled in steady states. In addition, a CCPP integrated with the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is modeled on the energy, exergy, and economic (3E) analysis to comprehensively evaluate the system. The effect of greenhouse heating was analyzed in three months of the year with highest heating demand. According to the results of analyzing four scenarios, the RFH system managed to increase the greenhouse temperature up to 7.5 °C. The results indicated an increase in energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the system by 0.04% and 0.05%, respectively. Based on the economic analysis, the payback period in the proposed scenario was determined 4.81 years.

Experimental approach of free flow to pressurized flow in sewer pipes: upstream to downstream pressurization

ABSTRACT Sewer pipe pressurization is a phenomenon that can cause structural damage in urban drainage systems and can result in a public health issue, especially in cities that have combined sewer systems. Studies have classified the phenomena of downstream to upstream pressurization in stages, proposing several mathematical models to predict pressure variations and the effect generated by air entrapment. This paper considers the opposite pressurization process, upstream to downstream, caused by a sudden increase in discharge. Using a physical model in which drainage time and flow rate magnitude are controlled, severe flood drainage events are simulated. Results show that the increases of water level are gradual, and when the depth reaches full pipe flow, pressure increases are also gradual without any transients. The contribution of this work relies on concluding that it is highly improbable that the pressurization process in this case could cause damage problems in the drainage infrastructure. The same results were obtained regardless of the rate of increase in flow and the maximum final pressure in the pipe, which differs from the downstream-upstream case. There are no pressure transients.

Paired denitrifying bioreactors with wide orientation for increased drainage flow capacity

Denitrifying bioreactors are a conservation drainage practice for reducing nitrate loads in subsurface agricultural drainage. Bioreactor hydraulic capacity is limited by cross-sectional area perpendicular to flow through the woodchip bed, with excess bypass flow untreated. Paired bioreactors with wide orientations were built in 2017 in Illinois, USA, to treat drainage from a relatively large 29 ha field. The paired design consisted of: a larger, Main bioreactor (LWD: 6.1 × 18.3 × 0.9 m) for treating base flow, and 2) a smaller, Booster bioreactor (7.8 × 13.1 × 0.9 m) receiving bypass flow from the Main bioreactor during periods of high flow. Over three years of monitoring, the paired bioreactor captured 84–92% of the annual drainage discharge which demonstrated an expanded cross-sectional area could improve bioreactor flow capture, even for a large drainage area. However, the paired bioreactors removed 6–28% of the annual N load leaving the field (1.8–5.6 kg N ha−1 removed; 52–161 kg N), which was not a notable improvement compared to bioreactors treating smaller drainage areas. The design operated as intended at low annual flow-weighted hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of usually ≤2 h, but these short HRTs ultimately limited bioreactor nitrate removal efficiency. Daily HRTs of <2 h often resulted in nitrate flushing. The Main bioreactor had higher hydraulic loading as intended and was responsible for the majority of flow captured in each year although not always the most nitrate mass removal. The Booster bioreactor provided better nitrate removal than the Main at HRTs of 3.0–11.9 h, possibly due to its drying cycles which may have liberated more available carbon. This new design approach tested at the field-scale illustrated tradeoffs between greater flow capacity (via increased bioreactor width) and longer HRT (via increased length), given a consistent bioreactor surface footprint.

Stabilization of closed-cell aluminum foams by horizontal steady magnetic field: numerical simulation on drainage for node-Plateau borders system

In order to improve the stabilization of closed-cell aluminum foams during preparation process, a horizontal steady uniform magnetic field was imposed. The three-dimensional microscopic drainage model of closed-cell aluminum foam has been developed, in which the surface viscosity was incorporated into the boundary conditions to quantify the mobility of the gas–liquid interface. The predicted results by the model agree well with the experimental data from literatures. The numerical results show that the uniform magnetic field has particularly suppression effect on the drainage flow in aluminum foam. And this effect increases with the increasing magnetic induction intensity. The suppression effect of magnetic field on drainage at the bottom of aluminum foam is higher than that at the top and middle of aluminum foam. For different stages of the drainage process, applying the magnetic field in the early stage is more effective than in the later stage. For different preparation methods, the application of magnetic field to powder metallurgy method has the best effect, followed by blowing foaming method and melting foaming method. Different combinations of particle concentration and magnetic induction intensity can achieve the same suppression effect. In the preparation of aluminum foam, it is suggested to combine magnetic field with the particles to improve the suppression efficiency of drainage behavior. The critical magnetic induction intensity is proposed. Under this critical condition, the magnetic field can completely replace the particles. Furthermore, the critical magnetic induction intensity shows linear relationship with the logarithm of Boussinesq number.

Mechanism of Lower Airway Hyperresponsiveness Induced by Allergic Rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis is a global illness that puzzles many researchers. Most patients with allergic rhinitis also have lower airway hyperresponsiveness, and an allergic rhinitis attack can increase lower airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the mechanism of the effect of allergic rhinitis on the lower airways is still unclear. In this paper, the effects of allergic rhinitis on the lower airways are studied in terms of epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, nasal function loss, inflammation drainage, nasobronchial reflex, and whole-body circulatory flow to determine the mechanism involved and provide ideas for future diagnosis, treatment, and experiments.

Modeling Preferential Water Flow and Pesticide Leaching to Drainpipes: The Effect of Drain‐Connecting and Matrix‐Terminating Biopores

AbstractBiopores and cracks in soils act as fast transport pathways for water and solute, potentially leading to pesticide leaching shortly after application. The biopore module in the agrohydrological model Daisy was developed to simulate preferential water flow directly to drainpipes, in drain‐connecting biopores, and to deeper soil layers, in matrix‐terminating biopores. We tested the biopore module in Daisy against field measurements of water flow and transport of bentazone and imidacloprid after application to a cracking clay field. We generated two model concepts, drain‐connecting biopores (DCB) with drain‐connecting biopores and drain‐connecting and matrix‐terminating biopore (DCMTB) with both drain‐connecting and matrix‐terminating biopores. Parameters describing the biopores were estimated by inverse modeling of observations of water flow and pesticide concentrations in drains. After calibration, both models satisfactorily simulated water flow and pesticide leaching to drains (root‐mean‐square error (RMSE)‐observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) &lt; 0.1). Particularly, the results showed that the models were able to describe the high concentration of bentazone in drain water shortly after application. Thus, the simpler DCB model preformed just as well or better than the more complex DCMTB model (ΔAIC = 4.68 [AIC, Akaike information criteria]). Discrepancies between observations and simulations in the beginning of the drainage season were attributed to the limitations that arise when simulating dynamic DCB flow paths with a static biopore model. The pesticide distribution in the field over time was well represented, especially by the DCMTB model. We therefore conclude that Daisy can simulate fast breakthrough of pesticides in drain water and describe very well pesticide concentration in drain water throughout the drainage season.

A review study of landslide analysis in Belimbing road, Pejagoan, Kebumen – Central Java, from hydrogeological aspects

Landslides have occurred on the Belimbing road, Pejagoan, Kebumen – Central Java which has affected 4 houses. The direction of landslide movement is N10°E, with rotational landslide type. The lithology of the landslide location is river deposits that have not been compacted (alluvium). Morphology is plain with steep bordering the Luk Ulo river. The slope bordering the river is 45 – 60° with a shape influenced by lateral erosion of the Luk Ulo river. The result of the analysis of the direction of groundwater flowing around the landslide location showed that there was one peak with the direction of flow towards the north towards Luk Ulo river. When it rains, the infiltrated rainwater will seep and increase of volume of the groundwater. Increasing volume of groundwater will flow in the direction of the flownets and increase the pressure in the direction of the flow of groundwater. The drainage (consisting of five water channels) is located south of the landslide point, namely channel 1 (T1), channel 2 (T2), channel 3 (T3), channel 4 (T4), and channel 5 (T5). There should be a change in the direction of drainage water flow. Changes in the direction of drainage flow can be attempted by closing T4 and only one discharge point, namely at T2.