Drain Cleaner Research Articles

Efficacy of chemical digestion methods to reveal undamaged microplastics from planktonic samples

Standardisation and validation of methods for microplastics research is essential. A major methodological challenge is the removal of planktonic organisms from marine water samples allowing for the identification of microplastics associated to planktonic communities. To improve the reproducibility and accuracy of digestion methods for the removal of planktonic biomass, we compared and modified existing chemical digestion methods. These digestion methods included an acidic digestion using nitric acid, alkaline digestions with potassium hydroxide (alkaline 1 digestion) and sodium hydroxide from drain cleaner (alkaline 2 digestion), an oxidative digestion using sodium dodecyl sulfate with hydrogen peroxide, and an enzymatic digestion using enzyme drain clean pellets. Chemical digestion of three densities of zooplankton communities (high, medium, and low) in the presence of five commonly found environmental microplastic pollutants (polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polystyrene) were performed for each treatment. The chemical treatments were assessed for (i) their digestion efficiency of zooplankton communities by different biomass densities, and (ii) their impact on microplastic particles through the comparison of both chemical (Raman spectroscopy) and physical (length, width, and visual) changes, between the pre-treatment and post-treatment microplastic particles. The alkaline 1, alkaline 2 and oxidative methods demonstrated significantly better digestion efficiency (p < 0.05) than the modified enzymatic and acidic treatments. The acidic, alkaline 1, and alkaline 2, treatments caused the most damages to the microplastic particles. We suggest future studies to implement the oxidative digestion method with sodium dodecyl sulfate and hydrogen peroxide because of its high digestion efficiency, and low damage to microplastic particles. This method is similar to the wet peroxide oxidation digestion method used throughout the literature but can be implemented at a lower cost.

Unintentional pediatric exposures to household cleaning products: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Poison Data System (2000–2015)

BackgroundHousehold cleaning products are the second most common cause of unintentional poisoning in children < 6 years old in the United States. The aim of this study is to characterize exposures to household cleaning substances in this age group from data collected from the Nation’s Poison Control Centers.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed all household cleaner calls classified as age < 6 years old made to the American Association of Poison Control Centers between January 1st 2000 and December 31th 2015.ResultsSignificant clinical effects or injury was low, making up only 2.6% of cases with a known medical outcome. Alkali-based cleaning products accounted for the third highest frequency of overall exposures and the highest number of all exposure outcomes determined to have a significant clinical effect or injury.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated particular danger of adverse outcomes after exposure to alkali-based cleaning products, specifically alkali-based oven and drain cleaners. Both of which are readily accessible in many households. This study may be a good starting point for further study and poison prevention efforts.

Cardiac arrest due to massive aspiration from a broncho-esophageal fistula: A case report

BACKGROUNDTracheo and broncho esophageal fistulas and their potential complications in adults are seldom encountered in clinical practice but carries a significant morbidity and mortality.CASE SUMMARYWe present a case of a 39-year-old otherwise healthy man who presented to our hospital after ingestion of drain cleaner substance during a suicidal attempt. He unexpectedly suffered from cardiac arrest during his stay in the intensive care unit. The patient had developed extensive segmental trachea-broncho-esophageal fistulous tracks that led to a sudden and significant aspiration event of gastric and duodenal contents with subsequent cardiopulmonary arrest. Endoscopic evaluation of extension of fistulous track proved a slow and delayed progression of disease despite initial management with esophageal stenting for his caustic injury.CONCLUSIONThe aim of this case presentation is to share with the reader the dire natural history of trachea-broncho-esophageal fistulas and its delayed progression. We aim to illustrate pitfalls in the endoscopic examination and provide further awareness on critical care monitoring and management strategies to reduce its morbidity and mortality.

PENYULUHAN DAN PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN EKO ENZIM DI LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT PINGGIR KOTA (PERIURBAN)

Global warming that triggers climate change, which has become a major issue in the world today, is the result of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Household waste, 60% of which is organic waste, contributes significantly to CO2 and methane emissions. Therefore, waste management (reduce and reuse) will contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. One way to use organic waste is to convert fruit and vegetable waste into eco-enzyme. Eco-enzyme produced from the fermentation of household waste is multi-purpose liquid, which can be used for environmental improvement such as air purifiers and public water purifiers and for household purposes as fertilizers and plant repellents, drain cleaners, external medicine and other various uses. This community service activity aims to socialize eco-enzyme through extension education and training on its manufacture. The extension education which was accompanied by the practice of making eco-enzymes succeeded in increasing the knowledge of participants from close to zero to a value of 71 – 89 in the range of 0 – 100. The use of eco-enzymes resulting from the training was mainly for agriculture (yard plants) and household purposes, while the use for environmental quality enhancement was in the lowest order.

Identifying cleaning products associated with short-term work-related respiratory symptoms: A workforce-based study in domestic cleaners.

Domestic cleaners have an increased risk of asthma-like and other respiratory symptoms and conditions. Uncertainty exists about which products are most hazardous. We aimed to investigate, among professional domestic cleaners, the associations of ocular/respiratory outcomes with using specific types of products at work and with the ability to choose their own products. Among domestic cleaners employed by "service vouchers" companies in Belgium, we administered an online questionnaire on ocular/respiratory symptoms (frequency and time relation to workdays), frequency of use of 40 types of products, and ability to choose one's own products. Work-relatedness was defined as symptoms improving/disappearing on days off-work. We studied associations between frequency of product-use with work-related outcomes (eye irritation, rhinitis symptoms, sore throat, laryngeal symptoms, asthma symptoms, cough) and with chronic bronchitis, using multivariable logistic and elastic net regression. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95%-confidence intervals were obtained per time a product was used per week. Among 1,586 domestic cleaners (99% women), the number of times sprays were used (median 13/week) was significantly associated with all outcomes (ORs between 1.012 and 1.024 per time sprays were used per week). Bleach/disinfectant-containing liquid products were associated with all outcomes, except for laryngeal symptoms (ORs 1.086 to 1.150); ammonia with work-related upper airway symptoms and chronic bronchitis. Cleaners able to choose their own products had fewer work-related eye symptoms (OR 0.728;0.556-0.954), rhinitis (OR 0.735;0.571-0.946) and cough (OR 0.671;0.520-0.865). Using elastic net regression, work-related rhinitis was most strongly associated with mould removal spray (OR 1.108;1.006-1.248), carpet/seat/curtain spray (OR 1.099;1.001-1.304) and ammonia (OR 1.081;1.002-1.372); work-related asthma with carpet/seat/curtain spray (OR 1.103;1.017-1.322), mould removal spray (OR 1.029;0.995-1.199) and drain cleaner (OR 1.023;0.979-1.302). In a large group of domestic cleaners, we documented that cleaning products have a range of adverse respiratory effects. Empowering cleaners to choose their products may reduce the burden of symptoms.

TIPP—Protect Your Child…Prevent Poisoning

Patient Education| 2021 TIPP—Protect Your Child…Prevent Poisoning Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation TIPP—Protect Your Child…Prevent Poisoning. Pediatric Patient Education 2021; 10.1542/peo_document329 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All AAP SitesAll PublicationsPediatric Patient Education Search Advanced Search Subjects: TIPP - The Injury Prevention Program Topics: poisoning, poisons Young children may put anything in their mouths. This is part of learning. Many household products can be poisonous if swallowed, if in contact with the skin or eyes, or if inhaled. MEDICINES: Vitamins with iron, cough and cold medicine, allergy and asthma medicine, and pain and fever medicineHOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS: Cleaning products, mothballs, furniture polish, drain cleaners, weed killers, insect or rat poisons, lye, paint thinners, laundry or dishwasher detergent, antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, gasoline, kerosene, and lamp oil Keep harmful products locked up and out of your child’s sight and reach.Use safety latches or locks on drawers and cabinets where you keep dangerous items.Take extra care during stressful times and when you are away from home.Call medicine by its correct name. You do not want to confuse the child by calling medicine “candy.”Always replace the... © 2020 American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. You do not currently have access to this content.

Design of mechanized buggy for the removal of solid wastes from drainages

Drain Buggy is a concept that is to replace the manual scavenging work in the drainages and to protect from environmental hazards by removing waste from the drainage system. If the wastes are not removed properly, then waste gets settled in large amounts in the drainage system and cause blockages. Difficulty in cleaning the drainages can be minimized by the implementation of proposed mechanized buggy. This mechanical cleaning equipment can be used to clean and control the drainages and its level in several parts of the country to avoid water floods. This work comprises of design and development of the components of Drain cleaner consists of a hand wheel, a chain, driver, bucket and frame. The solid waste from the drain is lifted by the bucket which is connected to the chain. The cleaner can be placed across the drain and the chain is attached to the gears driven by motor. So, when the motor is powered it runs the chain, connected to the bucket, start to circulate the bucket to collect the waste. Geared DC motor is selected and can be used in this application. The waste collected in the bucket is stored in the waste storage tank. Thus, the threat of infectious diseases caused is reduced compared to the direct contact with the sewage water.

The Dirty Dozen Cleaning Products at Home

In todays world, its practically impossible to reduce the exposure of all cleaning products at home, but one can significantly reduce the levels and duration exposure. This paper seeks to highlight “The Dirty Dozen Cleaning Products at Home†, although the entire list is very comprehensive, the focus will be on this selected suite: Air Fresheners; Ammonia; Bleach; Carpet and Upholstery Shampoos; Dishwasher Detergents; Drain Cleaners; Furniture Polish; Mold and Mildew Cleaners; Oven Cleaner; Antibacterial Cleaners; Laundry Room Products; and Toilet Bowl Cleaners. Highlighting some of the many ills and toxic chemicals which make up these “necessary†household commodities for a safe and clean home.

Catastrophic Caustic Ingestion: A Case Report.

IntroductionThe majority of oral ingestion of caustic material by adults is intentional, and the aftermath varies widely with potentially fatal results. Injuries range from superficial burns of facial and oropharyngeal structures to extensive necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract. Management focuses on the identification of the ingested substance and prompt treatment and supportive care of the multiple complications stemming from the ingestion. Complications following caustic ingestion include both immediate and long term.Case presentationA fifty-seven-year-old man presented following intentional ingestion of drain cleaner. The patient was intubated and underwent emergent esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD], which revealed extensive damage to his oesophagus and stomach. He survived his initial injury but had a prolonged hospital course and ultimately died after developing tracheoesophageal and bronchooesophageal fistulas which were too extensive for surgical repair.ConclusionThe sequelae of caustic ingestion can be minor or severe, both immediate and delayed. Despite appropriate prompt management and supportive care, patients may die as a result of the initial injury or subsequent complications.

Household cleaning product-related ocular exposures reported to the United States poison control centres.

Background/objectivesTo investigate ocular exposures associated with household cleaning products in the United States.Subjects/methodsA retrospective analysis of ocular exposures associated with household cleaning products was conducted using data from the National Poison Data System from 2000 through 2016.ResultsFrom January 2000 through December 2016, poison control centres in the United States received 319,508 calls for household cleaning product-related ocular exposures, averaging 18,795 exposures annually. The annual frequency of exposures decreased significantly by 28.8% during the study period. The rate of exposures per 100,000 US residents was 28.4 among young children (<6 years), 4.8 among older children (6–12 years), 4.2 among teenagers (13–19 years), and 4.2 among adults (≥20 years); children 2 years old had the highest rate of exposure (62.8). Bleaches (25.9%), wall/floor/tile cleaners (13.4%), disinfectants (10.8%), laundry detergents (6.1%), and glass cleaners (5.3%) were the non-miscellaneous product subcategories most commonly associated with ocular exposures. The product subcategories associated with the greatest proportion of major medical outcomes were drain cleaners (1.4%), oven cleaners (1.1%), and automatic dishwasher detergents (0.4%).ConclusionsOn average, the United States poison control centres received approximately two reports of household cleaning product-related ocular exposures every hour during the 17-year study period. Although the annual number and rate of exposures declined during this time, the number of these exposures remains high, especially among young children, underscoring the need for additional prevention efforts. Contrary to the overall trend, ocular exposures to laundry detergent packets have increased significantly and merit special preventive action.

About Prospects of Replacement of Technologies of Static Upholding by Vortex Flowing Technologies of Cleaning of Drains

Prospects of use of flowing vortex acoustic technologies at oil pumping stations, for the purpose of an intensification of processes of cleaning of drains in comparison with traditional technologies of gravitational upholding and Archimedean flotation are proved.

Disinfecting of the leachate of solid waste landfills with the application of hydrobiological cleaning

Methodological and technical approaches to cleaning of the leachate of the municipal solid waste (MSW) on hydrobiological constructions are offered. The purpose of work was justification of cleaning of drains of MSW by means of community of plants (including natural vegetation of grounds and dumps of MSW). The major factors influencing design solutions of hydrobiological constructions for cleaning of drains of MSW are shown. It is shown that cleaning of drains of MSW requires cleaning in three-stage ponds. On a first stage the shallow ponds no more than 0.5 m in depth for a destruction of organic pollution by means of saprophytic bacteria, utilization of biogenic elements with use of a complex of microalgas and disinfectings of drains due to formation of food chains, and removals of pathogenic bacteria are provided. On a second stage ponds with planting of water vegetation are provided deep-water (not less than 0.5 m). For three-stage cleaning of drains after a second stage as a part of hydrobiological constructions biochannels are provided. The method of calculation of a response time of water at each step of cleaning and the area of a mirror of ponds is presented. Hydraulic loading proceeding from the area of landing of gidromakrofit and a daily consumption of the purified water is calculated. For decrease in an index of BOD before dumping of drains into the superficial reservoirs the special structure of biocanals is provided. Basic elements of biochannels known in biomeliorative practice are presented in article. The technique of definition of a hydraulic radius necessary for calculation of driving of water is given in channels.

MAGAM II – prospective observational multicentre poisons centres study on eye exposures caused by cleaning products

Objective: Local effects on the eye following cleaning product exposures are frequently reported. According to EU chemicals legislation many cleaning products are labelled with Hazard Phrase 318 indicating risk of irreversible eye damage. The objectives of this study were to identify cleaning products with potential for irreversible eye damage by collecting human exposure data from poisons centres (PC), and to clarify to what degree exact product identification is possible during a PC telephone call.Methods: MAGAM II was a multicentre binational prospective observational PC study. All human eye exposures to detergents or maintenance products reported to nine PCs taking calls from the public and medical professionals during an 18-month period were included. The severity of eye effects was rated according to the WHO Poisoning Severity Score.Results: Five hundred and eighty-six cases were included. Product identification by name leading to formula information was successful in 533 cases (91%). Follow-up was successful in 528 exposures. Irrigation was performed in 94% of cases. Duration of symptoms was ≥24 hours in 73 patients (25%). 33 (6%) patients developed moderate eye injury. Healing was reported in all cases. The percentage of moderate cases was highest in the group of drain cleaners (25%), toilet cleaners (18%) and oven cleaners (15%). Products intended for professional use caused relatively more moderate eye injuries than products also intended for consumer use.Conclusion: MAGAM II has shown that PCs are able to identify formulas in sufficiently high quality as needed for product-directed toxicovigilance. The results underline the potential of PC exposure case data for product safety monitoring. The results indicate that irreversible eye damage is very rare after cleaning product exposure.

Situative and product-specific factors influencing consumers’ risk perception of household cleaning products

In Europe, the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) provides a system for hazard communication for consumer products that includes a signal word, hazard pictograms, and hazard and precautionary statements. However, it is yet unclear whether consumers consider the pictograms as part of their interpretation of the potential hazard or whether other, potentially misleading, attributes are also considered. Previous studies suggest that consumers underestimate the risk of eco-friendly cleaning products, irrespective of the presence of objective risk information. In this study, a 7 × 4 × 2 × 2 mixed-design scenario experiment was conducted with a large sample of Swiss consumers. In seven scenarios (within-factor), the following three aspects were systematically manipulated (between-factors): (1) type of cleaning product, (2) eco-friendly or regular product and (3) GHS pictogram visible or not. Participants were asked to indicate their risk perception and self-reported behaviour regarding each scenario. The results suggest that consumers have a rather accurate estimation of the risk based on scenario and involved cleaning product and correctly identified the most problematic scenarios (e.g., unsafe storage of drain cleaner). However, consumers also exhibited a “green” halo effect for eco-friendly cleaning products by rating the perceived risk for these products lower than for the corresponding regular cleaning products. This offers important implications for further research and policy, as risk perception was also the most important predictor of self-reported behaviour within this study.

Autologous-matrix induced chondrogenesis in young patients with osteochondral lesion of the talus

Accurately measuring the usage patterns of consumer products (CPs) is important to conduct realistic exposure assessments. We determined the exposure factors for 18 consumer products: household bleach, mold stain remover, all-purpose cleaner, washing machine cleaner, air conditioner cleaner, glass cleaner, drain cleaner, adhesive remover, liquid snow chain, tire shine spray, wheel cleaner, rain repellent, car wax spray, leather polish, furniture polish, anti-fog product, fabric waterproofing spray, and rust inhibitor. Field survey staff visited homes and collected product use information via face-to-face interviews. In total, 10,000 participants (5010 men and 4990 women) aged 15 years and older completed the questionnaire. Household bleach had the highest use rate of 47.4% and use rates for the other products ranged from 0.8 to 21.7%. The use rates of many CPs differed by age group and gender. Many household cleaning products were used regularly, but some products, such as air conditioner cleaner and liquid snow chain, were used in specific seasons or for specific purposes; therefore, they were used less frequently compared to cleaning products. These exposure factor data will be useful as input data for exposure and risk assessments and setting safety guidelines.

Chemical and Common Burns in Children.

Burns are a common cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in children. Thermal and chemical burns are the most common types of burns. Their clinical appearance can be similar and the treatment is largely similar. Thermal burns in children occur primarily after exposure to a hot surface or liquid, or contact with fire. Burns are typically classified based on the depth and total body surface area, and the severity and onset of the burn can also depend on the temperature and duration of contact. Chemical burns are caused by chemicals-most commonly acids and alkalis-that can damage the skin on contact. In children, the most common cause of chemical burns is from household products such as toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaners, detergents, and bleaches. Mild chemical burns generally cause redness and pain and can look similar to other common rashes or skin infections, whereas severe chemical burns are more extreme and may cause redness, blistering, skin peeling, and swelling.

Exposure factors for cleaning, automotive care, and surface protection products for exposure assessments

Accurately measuring the usage patterns of consumer products (CPs) is important to conduct realistic exposure assessments. We determined the exposure factors for 18 consumer products: household bleach, mold stain remover, all-purpose cleaner, washing machine cleaner, air conditioner cleaner, glass cleaner, drain cleaner, adhesive remover, liquid snow chain, tire shine spray, wheel cleaner, rain repellent, car wax spray, leather polish, furniture polish, anti-fog product, fabric waterproofing spray, and rust inhibitor. Field survey staff visited homes and collected product use information via face-to-face interviews. In total, 10,000 participants (5010 men and 4990 women) aged 15 years and older completed the questionnaire. Household bleach had the highest use rate of 47.4% and use rates for the other products ranged from 0.8 to 21.7%. The use rates of many CPs differed by age group and gender. Many household cleaning products were used regularly, but some products, such as air conditioner cleaner and liquid snow chain, were used in specific seasons or for specific purposes; therefore, they were used less frequently compared to cleaning products. These exposure factor data will be useful as input data for exposure and risk assessments and setting safety guidelines.

SEMI-AUTOMATIC DRAIN FOR SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT OF FLOATING MATERIALS

In this research paper the proposed concept is to replace the manual work in drainage cleaning by mechanical drain cleaner. Now-a-days even though mechanical drainage plays a vital role in all industrial applications in the proper disposal of sewages from industries and commercials are still a challenging task. Drainage pipes are using for the disposal and unfortunately sometimes there may be loss of human life while cleaning the blockages in the drainage system. To overcome this problem and to save human life we implement a design “mechanical semi-automatic drainage water cleaner” and we designed our project to use this in efficient way to control the disposal of wastages and with regular filtration of wastages. The Drainage system cleaner is a machine which helps to protect the environment from different kinds of environmental hazards through the promotion waste management by the removal of garbage from the drainage system. These wastes when not removed end up settling in residential places where these wastes are burnt thereby causing climate change otherwise these wastes block the drainage systems thereby causing flooding.

Consumers' Risk Perception of Household Cleaning and Washing Products.

A large share of accidental and nonaccidental poisonings are caused by household cleaning and washing products, such as drain cleaner or laundry detergent. The main goal of this article was to investigate consumers' risk perception and misconceptions of a variety of cleaning and washing products in order to inform future risk communication efforts. For this, a sorting task including 33 commonly available household cleaning and washing products was implemented. A total of 60 female consumers were asked to place the cleaning and washing products on a reference line 3 m in length with the poles "dangerous" and "not dangerous." The gathered data were analyzed qualitatively and by means of multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and linear regression. The dimensionality of the sorting data suggests that both analytically (i.e., written and graphical hazard notes and perceived effectiveness) and intuitively driven risk judgments (i.e., eco vs. regular products) were applied by the participants. Furthermore, results suggest the presence of misconceptions, particularly related to consumers' perceptions of eco cleaning products, which were generally regarded as safer than their regular counterparts. Future risk communication should aim at dispelling these misconceptions and promoting accurate risk perceptions of particular household cleaning and washing products.

OPTIMIZATION OF COMPLEX TECHNOLOGY FOR GREASE WASTES UTILIZATION

Lipids constitute one of the major types of organic matter found in municipal wastewater. Many manufacturing, food processing and industrial facilities dispose of liquid waste into sewer lines. Liquid waste often contains fats, oils and grease and other organic contaminants which, over time, lead to clogs in pipes. The treatment of this problem is to clean pipes with caustic drain cleaners, mechanically rout the pipes or to replace the pipes completely. The second problem was the utilization of solid waste. JSC “Biocentras” suggest a very effective and innovative complex technology. Firstly, lipids from wastewater and from drain pipes surfaces are removing mechanically. Remained lipids and solid wastes were treated with a composition of active microorganisms. The novel composition is nonpoisonous, no corrosive, no caustic and ecologically advantageous. The invented technology ensures maximum results at the lowest cost in the shortest period of time.