Drag Effect Research Articles

Oort Cloud and sednoid formation in an embedded cluster, I: Populations and size distributions

In this paper we report on massive computer simulations aimed to clarify the formation of an Oort Cloud and the adjoining sednoid population during the earliest times of the solar system due to the perturbing effects of the Sun’s birth aggregate, for which we use different embedded cluster models. We define the sednoid population to have semi-major axes between 100 and 1600 astronomical units, and it can be seen as the innermost extension of the Oort Cloud. By also restricting the orbits to perihelion distances exceeding 60 astronomical units, the sednoid population can be regarded as dynamically inert with respect to both planetary and Galactic influences. It includes the objects (90377) Sedna, 2012 VP113 and (541132) Leleākūhonua. We start by creating 12 cluster models, using the NBODY6++GPU code, with three random realisations of four physically different models. In each of these we select six random solar template stars and equip those with a planetary system composed of Jupiter, Saturn and 4000 massless planetesimals representing a population of stray planetesimals in the Jupiter–Saturn zone with a total mass assumed to be about 20 Earth masses. From dynamical simulations of all these 72 variants of the early solar system including the cluster perturbations, we derive the total numbers and orbital characteristics of the sednoid and Oort Cloud populations, including the size distributions resulting from the limiting effects of solar nebula gas drag on extraction efficiency. We find that the predicted number of sednoids varies dramatically depending on the orbital evolution of the solar template star in the cluster. In general, numbers consistent with the existence of the observed sednoids is an expected outcome only for a birth aggregate with a strong central condensation and a relatively long lifetime of the residual gas, whereas other cluster models tend to fail to explain this. In the most successful, concentrated cluster models, we predict the existence of an as yet unseen population of at least 108 km-sized sednoids. However, we note that these cluster models produce an overheated inclination distribution at variance with the observed inclinations. Hence, we conclude that our study points to a possible, severe problem of the embedded cluster scenario in explaining the origin of the sednoids. The Oort Cloud predicted to originate in local, Jupiter–Saturn planetesimals by our simulations amounts to ∼10% of the estimated, current size of the entire Oort Cloud. This shows that such comets, likely characterised by Earth-like D/H ratios, may be a minority though a significant one. In an accompanying paper we discuss the extraction dynamics in some detail, based on the same simulations as here.

First highly transparent Gd2Sn2O7 pyrochlore ceramics with high refractive index: Al2O3 additive roles on structural features, sintering behaviors, and optical performances

Highly transparent novel Gd2Sn2O7 pyrochlore ceramics, for the first time, were successfully fabricated by means of oxygen-assisted pressureless sintering. First-principles calculations and experimental test analysis revealed that the polycrystalline Gd2Sn2O7 bulk material had a direct bandgap of ∼3.8 eV, low phonon energy of ∼502 cm−1, a high refractive index of ∼2.02 at 633 nm, a large Abbe's number of ∼32.7, optical basicity of 1.011 ± 0.015, and an oxygen ion polarizability of 2.53 ± 0.06 Å3. Al2O3 was observed to be a beneficial additive for Gd2Sn2O7 ceramic sintering, with an optimum concentration of 0.3 at.%. Al3+ substantially penetrated the octahedral interstice formed by Sn−O polyhedral to yield the interstitial Ali···defect, leading to lattice expansion. The point defect effect and solute drag mechanism jointly contributed to sintering densification. The grain boundary of the pure Gd2Sn2O7 ceramic was quite clean with a width of ∼1.0 nm, while a 0.3 at.% Al3+ dopant broadened the grain boundary to ∼10.8 nm. The best Gd2Sn2O7 ceramic sample exhibited a high transparency of ∼75.1 % at 633 nm and a fine average grain size of ∼3.2 μm. Upon UV excitation, the bulk samples presented green emission centering at ∼470 nm deriving from the oxygen-vacancy defect. The Al2O3 dopants enhanced the photoluminescence intensity and shortened the fluorescence lifetime. The cathodoluminescence spectra emitted a white light similar to sunlight, which covered almost the full visible spectrum. The cathodoluminescence intensity also increased as the acceleration voltage increased, while the emission intensity from the grain boundary was slightly higher than that from the grain interior at each voltage level.

Superior strength and ductility in a C-containing CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy with heterogeneous microstructure

The present study is focused on the beneficial effects of adding few amounts of carbon (0.76 at. %) and adopting microstructure engineering by a simple thermomechanical treatment to form a heterogeneous microstructure in a CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy. The results demonstrate that the addition of carbon results in significantly higher strength and improved thermal stability when compared to carbon-free alloy under identical conditions. In fact, the addition of carbon results in strengthening through the solute drag effect and solid solution strengthening. Thermodynamic predictions and XRD patterns indicate that carbon addition enhances the tendency of carbide precipitation in the alloy instead of forming an undesirable σ phase. The microstructural observation reveals that the deformed microstructure remains nearly stable during annealing at temperatures up to 750 °C and complete recrystallization occurs after annealing at 1000 °C, resulting in the formation of a fine-grained microstructure. Post-deformation annealing at 800 and 900 °C leads to the formation of heterogeneous microstructures comprising regions with high dislocation density grains alongside recrystallized fine-grained areas. The results suggest a superior synergy between strength and ductility in the annealed sample at 800 and 900 °C, exhibiting the ultimate-tensile strength of ∼1000 and ∼835 MPa. Additionally, these samples demonstrate decent uniform elongation values of ∼10 and 20%, respectively.

On the importance of angle-dependent hydrodynamic coefficients in the equilibrium configuration analysis of synthetic fiber towing ropes

The underwater configuration analysis of a towing rope is crucial for estimating the rope tension and the state of the towed body. In the case where the rope inclination angle significantly increases, the partial hydrodynamic force coefficients of a rope segment should display apparent variations with the local inclination angle. However, constant drag coefficients ignoring the angle-dependent drag effect are widely used in numerical studies. To address the importance of the angle-dependent force coefficients for analyzing the underwater configuration of a towing rope, Large Eddy Simulations are carried out to obtain the drag forces of a cylindrical rope segment with varying inclination angles and Reynolds numbers. To model the rope deformation, a tensile experiment is also conducted to establish the nonlinear tension-strain relationship of the fibre rope. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the difference in the results calculated by both constant and angle-dependent hydrodynamic force coefficients. It was found that the application of constant drag coefficients leads to significant underestimation of the rope tension near the towed body, especially when the rope experiences large inclination angles. Therefore, the present study highlights the importance of using the angle-dependent hydrodynamic coefficients to predict the configuration and tension of towing ropes.

The effect of network cementite dissolution on the nucleation and growth of prior austenite grains in high carbon low alloy steels

The state of austenite grains has an essential role in the microstructure transformation and mechanical properties of alloy steel during heat treatment or subsequent hot working. The initial microstructure of alloy steel is inseparable from the nucleation and growth of austenite grains. Hence, in this work, high carbon low alloy steel with the initial microstructure of lamellar pearlite and grain boundary cementite was selected, and the effect of cementite dissolution on austenite grain growth was analyzed from the perspective of the phase transition dilatometer curve. Three nucleation sites in high carbon low alloy steel were found by multi-perspective characterization, forming two types of austenite grains: pearlite-austenite grain and cementite-austenite grain. Under cementite pinning and solute drag effect, the growth of the prior austenite grains was retarded during the isothermal temperatures process. The average size of prior austenite grains increased only from 65.1 μm (1050 °C) to 69.8 μm (1150 °C). This work provides a foundation for optimizing the prior austenite grains state by utilizing grain boundary cementite dissolution.

Wearable sensors to measure the influence of sonic seasoning on wine consumers in a live context: a preliminary proof-of-concept study.

Any action capable of creating expectations about product quality would be able to modulate experienced pleasantness. In this context, during the 2022 edition of the Internet Festival (Pisa, Italy) a 'social experiment' was promoted to set up an affordable and reliable methodology based on wearable sensors to measure the emotions aroused in a live context on consumers by different kinds of wines. Therefore, five wines (two faulty ones and three high-quality samples) were proposed to 50 non-selected consumers in an arousing context with live jazz music as background. Both explicit (questionnaires) and two different approaches for implicit methods (electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded by wearable sensors vs. smartphones), the latter performed on a subgroup of 16, to measure the emotions aroused by wines and music were utilized synergistically. According to our findings: (i) wine undoubtedly generates a significant emotional response on consumers; (ii) this answer is multifaceted and attributable to the quality level of the wine tasted. In fact, all things being equal, while drinking wine even untrained consumers can perfectly recognize good wines compared to products of lower quality; (iii) high-quality wines are able to induce a spectrum of positive emotions, as observed by the analysis of ECG signals, especially when they are coupled with background music. The framework has certainly played to the advantage of good-quality wines, fostering their positive emotional characteristics on the palate even of some less experienced consumers, thanks to a dragging effect towards a positive mood generated by the surrounding conditions (good music in a beautiful location). © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Investigation of helicity dependent photocurrent of the surface states in a (Bi0.7Sb0.3)2Te3 nanoplate

Abstract Helicity dependent photocurrent (HDPC) of the surface states in a high-quality topological insulator (Bi$_{0.7}$Sb$_{0.3}$)$_2$Te$_3$ nanoplate grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is investigated. By investigating the angle dependent HDPC, it is found that the HDPC is mainly contributed by the circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) current when the incident plane is perpendicular to the connection of the two contacts, whereas the circular photon drag effect (CPDE) dominates the HDPC when the incident plane is parallel to the connection of the two contacts. In addition, the CPGE of the (Bi$_{0.7}$Sb$_{0.3}$)$_2$Te$_3$ nanoplate is regulated by temperature, light power, excitation wavelength, the source-drain and ionic liquid top-gate voltages, and the regulation mechanisms are discussed. It is demonstrated that (Bi$_{0.7}$Sb$_{0.3}$)$_2$Te$_3$ nanoplates may provide a good platform for novel opto-spintronics devices.

In situ study and assessment of the phosphorus-induced solute drag effect on the grain boundary mobility of austenite

The solute drag effect of phosphorus (P) in the single-phase austenite (γ-Fe) region was studied under isothermal annealing conditions at temperatures of 1050 °C, 1150 °C, 1250 °C and 1350 °C. High-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy (HT-LSCM) was used to observe and quantify in situ grain growth on the surface of three different samples containing 0.026 wt.-% P, 0.044 wt.-% P and 0.102 wt.-% P. The dependence of the arithmetic mean grain sizes on time and temperature were modeled mathematically using a simple ordinary differential equation (ODE) according to normal grain growth (NGG) theory. As no other major effects, i.e., Zener-pinning by precipitates, occurred under the selected experimental conditions, grain growth interference was only considered by grain boundary (GB) segregation of P. Thus, the total grain boundary mobility (M) was directly determined depending on the P content and isothermal annealing temperature. The fitted GB mobility values enabled the determination of an average binding energy value between impurity P atoms and grain boundaries (E0 = -1.1 - -0.6 eV) in the system. Finally, the GB segregation of P in γ-Fe was derived from the observed grain growth kinetics. The results showed reasonable agreement with calculations using segregation enthalpies from the literature.

Helicity-dependent photocurrent of topological surface states in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4

Helicity-dependent photocurrent (HDPC) of the topological surface states (TSSs) in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 is investigated. It is revealed that the HDPC is mainly contributed by the circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) current when the incident plane is perpendicular to the connection of the two electrodes, while the circular photon drag effect plays the dominant role when the incident plane is parallel to the connection of the two electrodes. The CPGE current shows an odd function dependence on incident angles, which is consistent with the C3v symmetry group of the TSSs in MnBi2Te4. The amplitude of the CPGE current increases with the decrease in temperature, which can be attributed to the increase in mobility at low temperatures, confirmed by the transport measurements. Furthermore, we modulate the CPGE of MnBi2Te4 by applying top gate and source–drain voltages. Compared to Bi2Te3 of the same thickness, the CPGE current of MnBi2Te4 can be more effectively tuned by the top gate because the Fermi level of MnBi2Te4 can be effectively regulated by the top gate, and it is tuned across the Dirac point. This work suggests that the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 is a good candidate for designing opto-spintronics devices.

Impact of the Fizeau drag effect on Goos-Hänchen shifts in graphene

Impact of the Fizeau drag effect on Goos-Hänchen shifts in graphene

Quantifying dislocation drag at high strain rates with laser-induced Microprojectile impact

As deformation rate increases, the thermally activated dislocation glide gives way to a continuous glide of dislocations governed by their interactions with phonons. Understanding the dislocation-phonon drag regime is critical for designing metallic materials for extreme deformations rates. However, it has proven challenging to study empirically, partly due to the resource intensive nature of the experimental approaches targeting this regime. Here, we develop an impression-based experimental approach combining laser-induced microprojectile impact (Hassani et al., 2020a) and spherical nanoindentation to characterize the dislocation-phonon drag regime. We also develop a physically based constitutive framework that, when integrated with our experimental measurements, can quantify the dislocation-phonon drag regime. We isolate the effect of dislocation-phonon drag by leveraging the similar deformation geometries and length scales but different operative mechanisms during spherical nanoindentation and microprojectile impact. We discuss mechanistic contributions to the plastic work for microprojectile impacts in a range of impact velocities producing strain rates up to 109 s−1. We also develop a deformation mechanism map focused on the transition from thermal activation to dislocation drag for a model FCC metal, copper.

Nanocrystalline AZ91 alloy: Preparation, exceptional thermal stability and enhanced hardness

Nanocrystalline (NC) magnesium alloys can improve energy efficiency through enhanced mechanical properties as applying to traffic field. In this work, NC AZ91 alloys with high hardness were prepared by mechanical milling. The stability of this alloy was subsequently tested through isochronal annealing at 573 K–723 K for 1 h. The microstructural evolutions, including milled and annealed alloys, were characterized by SEM, XRD, and TEM. The activation energies at the low temperature region (573 K–673 K) and high temperature region (673 K–723 K) were 95–108 kJ/mol and 134–190 kJ/mol, respectively. After annealing at 723 K for 10 h, the average grain size increased from 91 nm to 256 nm. The results revealed that the thermal stability is superior to Mg–Al series and even Mg-RE series alloys, which could be attributed to the drag effect and thermodynamic stabilization of the grain boundaries. Nanoscale Mg17Al12 precipitates with particle sizes smaller than 20 nm were observed at annealing temperatures higher than 623 K. The main contributions to the strength of annealed AZ91 alloys could be attributed to the GBs strengthening and the precipitate strengthening. The corresponding contribution ratios were 54% and 45%, respectively.

CFD-DPM Simulation on the Atmospheric Pollutant Dispersion in Industrial Park

In order to mitigate the impact of particulate pollutants in Nanjing Sample Industrial Park, it is imperative to simulate the wind field and pollutant dispersion inside the park. Therefore, a CFD-DPM study was employed to simulate the wind field and pollutant dispersion with an accurate landform model. A large eddy simulation was utilized for calculating wind flow distribution inside the park, which is more suitable than Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Equations (RANS). The physical model of the plant canopy was incorporated to assess its influence on the wind field and particulate pollutants through drag, buoyancy, and deposition effects. Using this method, the distributions of the wind field, and contaminant and the sensitivity tests were obtained by means of calculating a number of research cases under different meteorological conditions. In the numerical results, the wind field was obstructed by the plant canopy, resulting in near-ground uniformity under unstable weather conditions. The distribution of particulate pollutants was influenced not only by the drag and buoyancy effects but also by deposition, which caused an accumulation of particulate pollutants on the windward side of the canopy under unstable weather conditions. The sensitivity tests were performed by comparing the concentrations of particulate pollutants under various conditional settings. The canopy regions can remove the particulate pollutant by 50% under stable weather conditions. The deposition effect is enhanced by larger particle density and diameter and is also influenced by leaf area density.

Influence of High Concentration Vacancy-Type Defects on the Mobility of Edge Dislocation in <i>α</i>-Iron: An Atomistic Investigation

Many vacancy-type defects (vacancy, vacancy clusters, and hydrogen-vacancy complexes) are generated in metals by plastic deformation in hydrogen environments. In this study, we use extensive molecular dynamics calculations based on a highly accurate interatomic potential to examine how vacancy-type defects affect the mobilities of edge dislocations in α-iron at a temperature range of 300–500 K and a dislocation speed 𝑉d range of 0.1–10 m/s. Under all conditions, the edge dislocation absorbs the vacancies along the slip plane and causes them to migrate with the edge dislocation. Although the necessary shear stress to glide edge dislocation in α-iron containing vacancy increases with dislocation speed, the effect is small compared to the hydrogen effects. The dislocation absorbs the hydrogen-vacancy complex along the slip plane and causes the hydrogen and the jog to migrate with the edge dislocation at low dislocation velocity regimes (𝑉d ≤ 0.1 m/s). Therefore, the hydrogen-vacancy complex exerts a continuous drag effect on the dislocation. At higher dislocation speeds (𝑉𝑑 ≥ 1 m/s), hydrogen does not migrate with the dislocation, resulting in the formation of isolated hydrogen detached from the dislocation and diffused into the material; only vacancy is absorbed. When multiple hydrogen-vacancy complexes are arranged along the slip plane, the dislocation absorbs them if they interact with dislocation at different points rather than at a single point to avoid the formation of a large jog at the colliding segment, and the required shear stress increases as the hydrogen atoms in the dislocation core increase.

Computational Rhinology: Unraveling Discrepancies between In Silico and In Vivo Nasal Airflow Assessments for Enhanced Clinical Decision Support.

Computational rhinology is a specialized branch of biomechanics leveraging engineering techniques for mathematical modelling and simulation to complement the medical field of rhinology. Computational rhinology has already contributed significantly to advancing our understanding of the nasal function, including airflow patterns, mucosal cooling, particle deposition, and drug delivery, and is foreseen as a crucial element in, e.g., the development of virtual surgery as a clinical, patient-specific decision support tool. The current paper delves into the field of computational rhinology from a nasal airflow perspective, highlighting the use of computational fluid dynamics to enhance diagnostics and treatment of breathing disorders. This paper consists of three distinct parts-an introduction to and review of the field of computational rhinology, a review of the published literature on in vitro and in silico studies of nasal airflow, and the presentation and analysis of previously unpublished high-fidelity CFD simulation data of in silico rhinomanometry. While the two first parts of this paper summarize the current status and challenges in the application of computational tools in rhinology, the last part addresses the gross disagreement commonly observed when comparing in silico and in vivo rhinomanometry results. It is concluded that this discrepancy cannot readily be explained by CFD model deficiencies caused by poor choice of turbulence model, insufficient spatial or temporal resolution, or neglecting transient effects. Hence, alternative explanations such as nasal cavity compliance or drag effects due to nasal hair should be investigated.

Ac Hall Effect and Photon Drag of Superconducting Condensates.

We suggest a theoretical description of the photogalvanic phenomena arising in superconducting condensates in the field of electromagnetic wave. The ac Hall effect and photon drag are shown to originate from the second-order nonlinear response of superconducting carriers caused by the suppression of their concentration due to the combined influence of the electron-hole asymmetry and charge imbalance generated by the incident electromagnetic wave. Starting from the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory with the complex relaxation constant, we develop a phenomenological description of these phenomena and investigate the resulting behavior of the dc supercurrent and second harmonic induced by microwave radiation incident on a superconductor surface.

Influence of exchange bias on spin torque ferromagnetic resonance for quantification of spin–orbit torque efficiency

Antiferromagnet (AFM)/ferromagnet (FM) heterostructure is a popular system for studying the spin–orbit torque (SOT) of AFMs. However, the interfacial exchange bias field induces that the magnetization in FM layer is noncollinear to the external magnetic field, namely the magnetic moment drag effect, which further influences the characteristic of SOT efficiency. In this work, we study the SOT efficiencies of IrMn/NiFe bilayers with strong interfacial exchange bias by using spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) method. A full analysis on the AFM/FM systems with exchange bias is performed, and the angular dependence of magnetization on external magnetic field is determined through the minimum rule of free energy. The ST-FMR results can be well fitted by this model. We obtained the relative accurate SOT efficiency ξ DL = 0.058 for the IrMn film. This work provides a useful method to analyze the angular dependence of ST-FMR results and facilitates the accurate measurement of SOT efficiency for the AFM/FM heterostructures with strong exchange bias.

Carbon solute drag effect on the growth of carbon supersaturated bainitic ferrite: Modeling and experimental validations

The carbon partitioning and lengthening rate of bainitic ferrite (αb) are excellent experimental parameters to estimate our level of understanding of the mechanism of bainitic transformation from a continuum perspective and our ability to capture it in analytical expressions. For Fe-C alloys and relatively simple steels the classical Zener-Hillert theory captures the bainitic transformation rather well but mispredicts the level of carbon in solution in the bainite and overestimates the lengthening rates for transformations at lower temperatures. To address this issue, this paper presents a new thermo-kinetic model based on the Zener-Hillert theory and the Gibbs energy balance concept to simulate the lengthening behavior of αb in the Fe-C and low alloyed steels. The model incorporates the effect of the temperature dependent carbon diffusion within the migrating interface via a temperature dependent ferrite/austenite interfacial energy and a temperature dependent diffusion coefficient but does not impose local equilibrium across the interface. The good agreement between the model predictions and nine sets of published experiments indicates that both the carbon supersaturation in αb and the slower lengthening rate are caused by carbon diffusion within the migrating interface. It is found that the degree of carbon supersaturation in αb increases significantly with decreasing temperature. Consequently, the enhanced carbon solute drag effect, resulting from carbon diffusion within the interface, strongly retards the lengthening rates of αb at lower temperatures. Transformation strain is shown to have a modest effect on the lengthening rates but to lower the degree of carbon supersaturation.

Computational analysis of magnetized Casson liquid stretching flow adjacent to a porous medium with Joule heating, stratification, multiple slip and chemical reaction aspects

This article aims to investigate the characteristics of thermo-solutal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) non-Newtonian smart coating boundary layer flow of a stretching substrate adjacent to a porous medium, considering the influence of chemical reactions and thermal radiation subject to a transverse static magnetic field. A non-Darcy drag force model is deployed to capture both Darcy bulk drag and inertial Forchheimer (quadratic) drag effects. A diffusion flux model is deployed for radiative heat transfer. The Casson viscoplastic model has been utilized to simulate rheological characteristics. Due to polymeric slip effects, three slip phenomena are included at the wall (hydrodynamic, thermal and concentration) in the formulation. Furthermore, viscous dissipation and Ohmic heating (Joule dissipation) are also included. Robust scaling similarity variables are deployed to transform the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Subsequently, the emerging dimensionless coupled nonlinear boundary value problem is solved utilizing the Bvp4c method in MATLAB version 2022. This numerical approach allows for a logical parametric examination of all key control parameters on the transport phenomena, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the system behavior. Validation with previous studies is included. Detailed graphical and tabular computations are included for velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number, for the influence of Darcian parameter, Forchheimer inertial parameter, mixed convection, velocity (momentum) slip, magnetic number, Casson parameter, nonlinear thermal convection parameter, nonlinear concentration convection parameter, radiation parameter, thermal stratification parameter, Prandtl number, heat source/sink parameter, Eckert number, thermal slip parameter, Schmidt number, chemical reaction, solutal stratification parameter and solutal slip parameter. Detailed interpretation of the physics associated with these multiple effects is included. The simulations provide further insight into the transport characteristics of electromagnetic viscoplastic coating material manufacturing.

Independent enhancement of the in-plane Seebeck effect in 2D PtSe2/PtSe2 homostructures via a facile interface tuning method

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) films have emerged as promising semiconducting materials for use in thermoelectric (TE) applications. However, the utilization of such materials remains challenging owing to the relatively high intrinsic resistance as the size of the TMDC thin films increases to the centimeter scale. These 2D TMDC films can also form vertically stacked homo- or heterostructures at large interfaces with other 2D TMDC films, resulting in unique TE properties at room temperature. This article reports on the in-plane TE properties when the interfaces formed within a PtSe2/PtSe2 (3 nm/3 nm) homostructure are modulated as a function of O2 plasma treatment time. The results show enhanced Seebeck coefficients compared with that of the single-layer PtSe2 with the same thickness. The independent enhancement in the Seebeck coefficient while keeping the electrical conductivity leads to a substantial increase in the power factor. Such extra Seebeck voltage in 2D PtSe2/PtSe2 homostructures is mainly as a result of momentum exchange by charge carriers caused by the temperature gradient in the vertical direction, which occurs in-plane Seebeck coefficient measurements, at the interface between the PtSe2 layers in the in-plane temperature gradient along the samples. These results resemble the characteristics of the phonon drag effect at low temperatures, which can independently increase the Seebeck coefficient at room temperature.