DPT Immunization Research Articles

Trends in household out-of-pocket health expenditures and their underlying determinants: explaining variations within African regional economic communities from countries panel data

BackgroundThe persistently high out-of-pocket health spending (OOPHE) in Africa raise significant concern about the prospect of reaching SDG health targets and UHC. The study examines the convergence hypothesis of OOPHE in 40 African countries from 2000 to 2019.MethodsWe exploit the logt\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{log }}t$$\\end{document}, club clustering, and merging methods on a panel of dataset obtained from the World Development Indicators, the World Governance Indicators, and the World Health Organization. Then, we employ the multilevel linear mixed effect model to examine whether countries' macro-level characteristics affect the disparities in OOPHE in the African regional economic communities (RECs).ResultsThe results show evidence of full panel divergence, indicating persistent disparities in OOPHE over time. However, we found three convergence clubs and a divergent group for the OOPHE per capita and as a share of the total health expenditure. The results also show that convergence does not only occur among countries affiliated with the same regional economic grouping, suggesting disparities within the regional groupings. The findings reveal that countries' improved access to sanitation and quality of governance, increased childhood DPT immunization coverage, increased share of the elderly population, life expectancy at birth, external health expenditure per capita, and ICT (information and communication technology) significantly affect within-regional groupings’ disparities in OOPHE per capita. The results also show that an increasing countries’ share of elderly and younger populations, access to basic sanitation, ICT, trade GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth, childhood DPT immunization coverage, and antiretroviral therapy coverage have significant impacts on the share of OOPHE to total health expenditure within the regional groupings.ConclusionTherefore, there is a need to develop policies that vary across the convergence clubs. These countries should increase their health services coverage, adopt planned urbanization, and coordinate trade and ICT access policies. Policymakers should consider hidden costs associated with access to childhood immunization services that may lead to catastrophic health spending.

Effectiveness Of Onion Compress On The Event Swelling In Children After Pentabio Immunization At Puskesmas Plawad In 2023

Background : Immunization is an effort to actively generate/increase a person's immunity against a disease so that if one day they are exposed to the disease they will not get sick or only experience a mild illness. Swollen immunization marks are a normal side effect and are experienced by many people. This swelling is the body's reaction to the vaccine administration process and is a sign that the body is starting to form immunity to disease. Research purposes : Knowing the effectiveness of shallot compresses on the incidence of swelling in children after immunization at the Plawad Health Center in 2023. Research methods : This type of research is analytic observational with a case control design. The sample of this study were children who received DPT immunization. The sample technique uses accidental sampling technique. Data collection uses an observation sheet. The data analysis used was univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using the chi square test. Research result : The results of the chi square test with a p value of 0.000 <0.05 indicate that there is an effect of onion compresses on the incidence of swelling after immunization. Thus it can be seen that onion compresses are effective in alleviating the incidence of swelling in children after immunization. Based on the analysis of the Odds Ratio (OR) it was obtained at 8.250 (95% CI = 2.530-26.900). This shows that onion compresses are 8,250 times effective in overcoming swelling after immunization. Conclusion : Onion compresses are effective in overcoming the incidence of swelling in children after immunization.

Efektivitas Sosialisasi Outbreak Response Immunization (ORI) Terhadap Pelajar di Desa Laweyan Kecamatan Sumberasih Kabupaten Probolinggo

Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease, and is caused by the gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin strain. This disease is characterized by inflammation at the site of infection, especially the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx, tonsils, nose and also the skin. The number of diphtheria cases in East Java as of March 2023 is 51 cases spread across 26 districts/cities with a total of 4 deaths. DPT immunization in Indonesia began in 1976 and was given 3 times, namely to babies aged 2, 3 and 4 months. Furthermore, DPT immunization was included in the School Children's Immunization Month (BIAS) program in 1984 with the aim of further increasing protection against diphtheria. The method used is socialization. Socialization was carried out through the delivery of material related to the meaning of diphtheria, symptoms of contracting diphtheria, solutions for preventing diphtheria, as well as breaking the chain of diphtheria spread through Outbreak Response Immunization (ORI). The service carried out in the form of socialization aims to increase knowledge and break the chain of diphtheria spread. The research method used in the success of this service activity is descriptive qualitative using four theories of effectiveness, namely: target accuracy, program socialization, achievement of program objectives, and program monitoring. This activity shows an increase in the knowledge of elementary school students in Laweyan regarding knowledge and prevention of diphtheria disease.

Intervensi Family Triple Support (FTS) Berpengaruh terhadap Respon Bayi pada saat Imunisasi DPT

This study aims to determine whether the FTS intervention affects the baby's pain response when DPT immunization is given at the Community Health Center. This type of research is pre-experimental with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The results of the study showed that the frequency of responses to pain in babies before treatment was the highest, namely seven babies with a pain scale of 3, a percentage of 46.7% in the moderate pain category, the frequency of responses to pain in babies after treatment was the highest, six babies with a pain scale of 2, percentage 40% with the mild category. At the same time, the results of the bivariate analysis show that the p-value is 0.000 < 0. In conclusion, family triple support intervention has a significant effect on the baby's pain response when DPT immunization is given at the Community Health Center.
 
 Keywords: Family Triple Support, DPT Immunization, Baby Response

The Effectiveness of Allium cepa L Compress on Body Temperature of Fever Infants after DPT Immunization (Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus) at Posyandu Kenanga Kertajaya Village, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia

Fever in infants after DPT immunization can cause concern for parents and health care providers. One alternative that is widely used in relieving fever in infants is by applying compresses using natural ingredients. One of the natural ingredients used in compresses is Allium cepa L, or better known as shallots. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of compressed Allium cepa L on the body temperature of infants with fever after DPT immunization at Posyandu Kenanga Kertajaya Village, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia. This study was an experimental study, where as many as 30 research subjects participated in this study. The research subjects were grouped into the intervention group and the control group. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS univariate and bivariate. Giving compresses Allium cepa L statistically effective in reducing the temperature of research subjects by 0.6°C and statistically significant, p<0.05. Compress Allium cepa L effective in reducing body temperature in infants with fever after DPT immunization at Posyandu Kenanga Kertajaya Village, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia.

Case Study of Implementation Compresses (Allium Cepa L.) to Reduce Fever in Toddlers Post DPT Immunization

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of shallot comresses on redukcing fever in childern under five after DPT immunization. Method: The method used is a Qualitative method with a single case studi approach. The study was conducted on toddlers immunized by DTP who had a fever in the Utama Village. Toddlers with a fever are given shallot compresses on the armpits for 15 minutes, and then their body temperature is measured Result: The study's results on a 7-month-old girl toddler, at 08.00 WIB on July 7, 2022, were given DPT exercise and had a fever with a body temperature of 38.40C. First, a compress is given to the toddler's armpit for 15 minutes. After that, a re-evaluation was carried out; with the measurement results, there was a decrease in body temperature to 37.10C. Conclusion: Onion compresses can reduce fever in toddlers after DPT immunization. This can be used as alternative midwifery care to deal with the side effects of DPT immunization.

Analysis of Giving DPT Immunization to Babies at Posyandu Lestari – Tangerang

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of mothers who gave DPT immunization to infants at Posyandu Lestari-Tangerang in 2015. Research Methodology This study was descriptive in nature by taking a sample taken from all populations, namely 51 respondents where the sample was taken using the Total Sampling method. Research results from the results of a study of 51 respondents on the characteristics of mothers based on the age of the majority were productive (20-35 years) namely 39 people (76.5%) and minorities of non-productive age (<20 years and> 35 years) namely 12 people ( 23.5 %), based on education the majority had higher education, namely 36 people (70.6 %) and a minority with low education, namely 15 people (29.0 %), based on parity the majority had parity 1-3, namely 32 people (62, 7%) and a minority with parity> 3, namely 19 people (37.3%), based on work the majority do not work, namely as many as 26 people (45.0%) and a minority work, namely as many as 25 people (49.0%). Conclusions based on the description of the material and discussion of the results of research on the characteristics of mothers regarding DPT immunization can be concluded as follows age, education, parity and occupation. Suggestions can be expected for health workers to be able to maintain and continue to improve the implementation of immunization.

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Terhadap Pemberian Imunisasi DPT Di Puskesmas Labuhan Deli Kecamatan Labuhan Deli Kabupaten Deli Serdang Tahun 2023

Immunization is an effort to provide immunity to infants and children by injecting vaccines into the body so that the body makes a substance to prevent certain diseases. This study aims to determine the relationship between the mother's level of knowledge and the provision of DPT immunization at the Labuhan Deli Health Center, Labuhan Deli District, Deli Serdang Regency. This research is an analytical quantitative research using a cross sectional design. The population in this study were mothers who had babies aged 6-12 months, namely 42 respondents at the Labuhan Deli Health Center, Labuhan Deli District, Deli Serdang Regency in 2023. The sampling technique was total sampling. Data collection was analyzed by chi-square test. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the mother's knowledge level and the administration of DPT immunization at the Labuhan Deli Health Center, Labuhan Deli District, Deli Serdang Regency, with a p value <0.05 (0.009).

PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG PEMBERIAN PARACETAMOL PASCA IMUNISASI DASAR DI UNIT BALAI KESEHATAN IBU DAN ANAK (BKIA) RUMAH SAKIT UMUM IMELDA PEKERJA INDONESIA MEDAN

Immunizations must be given to children from birth so that their bodies are protected from dangerous diseases. Complete basic immunizations that have fever side effects are DPT and measles immunizations, while BCG, polio and hepatitis B immunizations cause pain around the injection and redness. Antipyretics are used to treat high fever and seizures due to fever after immunization. This study aims to determine the level of experince of mothers about giving paracetamol after basic immunization to children at the mother and child health clinic (MCH) RSU Imelda Pekerja Indonesia Medan. The sample used in this study was 30 people. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a time series approach. The results of this study indicate that the characteristics of the mother's greatest level of work are housewives (66.7%) and the highest level of education of mothers is high school (53.3%). The mother's level of experince about giving paracetamol after immunization showed that the mother had a good level of experince (70%). In addition, the type of immunization that was given the most to children was BCG immunization (40%), where the age of the most immunized children was 2 months (20%). In addition, each child who was given paracetamol after BCG immunization was 4 children (13.3%). The average age of mothers who bring their children immunized is 24-26 years old (16.7%).

Effect of onion compresses on feverish children aged 2-10 months after DPT immunization

Introduction: Fever felt by children aged 2-10 months after DPT immunization is caused by the body's reaction to bacteria or viruses that enter the body respondents by injection after vaccination. To overcome this, parents, especially mothers, gave paracetamol drugs, but because of the limited drugs from the Integrated Healthcare Center. Objectives: Knowing the effect of giving shallot compresses on children with fever aged 2-10 months after immunization at Posyandu Kp. Kadu Rt. 003A/001. Methods: This study uses a quasi-experimental design in one pre-test and post-test group. The sample in this study was 60 respondents. The measurement of body temperature before the intervention of giving red onion compresses resulted in hyperthermia of 46 respondents, 76.7%. Whereas after being given the intervention of giving onion compresses, expected results were obtained for 52 respondents 86.7%, and hypothermia for eight respondents 13.3%. This study uses sampling techniques and for this study using random sampling samples. Results: The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Z -5.962ᵇ statistic and the P-value result of 0.000 (<0.05) H0 are rejected. It can be concluded that "Ha is accepted," which indicates the hypothesis is accepted and means there is a difference before and after being given onion compresses. Conclusions: There are differences in the results of the administration of compressed shallots before and after the intervention. From this, it can be concluded that the giving onion poultices are effective in children with fever aged 2-10 months after immunization at Posyandu Kp. Kadu Rt. 003A/ 001.

Overview of Risk Factors for Toddlers with Congenital Heart Disease Suffering from Pneumonia at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) includes structural and non-structural abnormalities that arise from birth. Disorders of the circulatory system can also affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms and disturbances that similar to primary respiratory disease. This study aimed to describe the risk factors for toddlers with congenital heart disease who suffer from pneumonia at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia.
 Methods: Descriptive observational study using secondary data. A total of 58 research subjects participated in the study. The research subjects met the inclusion criteria in the form of patients who had been diagnosed with congenital heart disease, aged 29 days – 60 months, and were treated at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software univariately.
 Results: The majority of patients with various age levels have a cured outcome. The majority of subjects with medium and high parental education had a greater recovery percentage than subjects with low parental education. Subjects with medium and high socioeconomic status had a greater percentage of recovery outcomes than subjects with low socioeconomic status. The majority of subjects with normal nutritional status and normal birth weight had a higher percentage of recovered outcomes than those who died. The history of DPT immunization and the type of congenital heart disease did not show a large percentage difference between patients who recovered and died. History of measles immunization and leukocytosis showed a greater percentage of patients with cured outcomes than death outcomes.
 Conclusion: CHD patients with pneumonia are under 1 year old, male, come from families with low-medium socioeconomic status, low-medium educational level, and malnutrition status have worse patient outcomes.

Teaching Campus Project Batch 3 in Strengthening the Profile of Pancasila Students (Case Study at State Elementary School 14 Pontianak Kota)

The purpose of this research is generally to analyze the Teaching Campus Project Batch 3 in Strengthening the Profile of Pancasila Students. The type of research used by researchers is a case study. The location of this research researcher is State Elementary School 14 Pontianak City with Pontianak City. Informants were selected based on criteria from gender, pinter, medium and low criteria and status from the community at Sekolah Dasar Negeri 14 Pontianak Kota. Researchers use data collection techniques and tools in the form of field notes obtained from data collection in the form of participant observations, indepth interviews, and documentation. While data collection techniques and tools are observation techniques, indirect communication techniques, direct communication techniques and documents. For data analysis techniques in this study using interactive analysis. The results of this study are. Teaching Campus Activities Batch 3 can grow students as pancasila students. The value of mutual aid is shown by the activities of the measles and Rubella DPT immunization event. The value of faith is seen in the activities of lightning boarding schools. Creative value is reflected in the learning creation program with traditional games in the form of tabak games. The value of global diversity is reflected in the gathering activities with principals, teachers and students carried out by Teaching Campus Students Batch 3. The value of self-reliance is reflected in training learners as flag ceremonial officers. The value of critical reasoning can be seen from literacy and numeracy activities for students.

Upaya Peningkatan Pemahaman Pentingnya Imunisasi DPT pada Kader

Introduction: Efforts to reduce the level of morbidity and mortality in children, one of which is the provision of immunization. DPT immunization is one of the mandatory immunizations given to children which aims to generate active immunity against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus at the same time. In addition to having benefits, DPT immunization also causes side effects in its implementation which can cause anxiety in mothers so that they do not want their children to get DPT immunization. An understanding of the importance of immunization is needed to reduce anxiety and increase the coverage of DPT immunization. Objective: The purpose of this health education is to increase understanding of the importance of DPT immunization for cadres Method: The method used is health education about the importance of DPT immunization through lectures and discussions with leaflet media. Result: The activity was carried out on Friday, September 23, 2022 at 13.00 WIB at the GOR Panykiran Village, Ciamis District. The total number of cadres who attended the health counseling activities was 30 people. The responses of the participants varied, but the majority were actively discussing. Conclusion: This health education has been successful, it can be seen from the enthusiasm and enthusiasm of the cadres who play an active role in participating in the activities and can answer the evaluation of the material that has been delivered.

Analisis Kepatuhan Ibu Terhadap Pemberian Imunisasi DPT Pada Balita Di Puskesmas Bandar Jaya Kabupaten Lahat

The most important Pusekesmas Program is the Maternal and Child Health (KIA) Program. Basic immunization in the form of DPT immunization is one of the programs carried out by the Puskesmas in the Maternal and Child Health (KIA) Program. Indonesia is one of the countries with a large number of children who do not get complete immunization. Data on complete basic immunization coverage at Bandar Jaya Health Center is 93,5 %, while the target for complete basic immunization coverage is 95 %. There is a decrease in data on DPT Imunization visits for toddlers at the Bandar Jaya Health Center, Lahat Regency in 2020. Research purposes : to determine the Analysis of Maternal Compliance (Knowledge, Education, Profession, Attitude, and Family Support) in providing DPT Immunization to Toddlers in the work area of the Bandar Jaya District Health Center Lahat in 2021. The research method : uses a cross sectional study design, this research was conducted from June 30 to July 23, 2021 with a purposive sampling technique. The sample in this study were mother who visited to provide DPT Immunization to their toddlers, totalling 65 people. Data were taken by questionnaire and anlyzed by Univariate Analysis, Bivariate by Chi-square test and Multivariate Analysis by Multiple Logistic Regression. The results showed that there was a relationship between mothers education and P-value (0,05). And there is no relationshio between mother’s knowledge and her P-value (0,19), there is no relationship between mother’s work and her P-value (0,15), there is no relationship between mother’s attitude and her P-value (0,56) and there is no relationship on support mother;s family with his P-value (0,12). The dominant variable is education with a ? value (1,78) and P-value (0,01). In conclusion, there is a relationship between mother’s education and compliance with DPT immunization in toddlers and there is no relationship between knowledge, work, attitudes and family support with adherence to DPT immunization on toddlers. It is recommended for the Bandar Jaya Public Health Center to conduct socialization and counseling both directly and by distributing leaflets about the importance of DPT Immunization for toddlers so that mothers of toddlers can obtain optimal knowledge about DPT Immunization.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN IBU TENTANG PENTINGNYA IMUNISASI PADA BAYI DI DESA PAKU KEC.GALANG

Immunizations are mandatory for infants aged 0-9 months. Immunization is an effort made to actively induce/enhance a person's immunity against a disease so that if one day they are exposed to a disease, they will not get sick. Only experiencing mild symptoms (Permenkes RI, 2017). The purpose of immunization is to provide protection against diseases that can be prevented by immunization. In Indonesia, immunizations that are required by the government and WHO include; BCG, DPT, Hepatitis, Measles and Polio immunizations.
 According to data obtained from WHO data based on routine immunization data reports in October 2021, complete basic immunization coverage has only reached 58.4% of the target of 79.1%. Banten is just approaching the target of complete basic immunization coverage, which is 78.8%. Meanwhile, a number of complete basic immunization coverage areas are above 60%, including; South Sulawesi, Bengkulu, North Sumatra, Bali, Gorontalo, Bangka Belitung, East Java, Jambi.
 The method used is descriptive observational with 32 participants who are in Galang Village. Sample selection based on purposive sample. While the data collection through the evaluation of the question instrument carried out with a check list about the importance of immunization in infants. The community service team provided material about the importance of immunizing babies directly by complying with health protocols. From the evaluation results, it was found that there was an increase in participants' knowledge about the benefits of the importance of giving immunizations to infants from 69% less knowledge of mothers to 95% good. Knowledge is an important domain and is the initial factor for a person to behave. Knowledge forms participants' beliefs so that they want to immunize their babies.

A Study to assess the Effectiveness of Distraction on level of pain perception among infants receiving DPT immunization in selected hospital, Chennai

A pain measure in infants is one of the most significant health challenges in the developing world. Pain can be defined as unpleasant sensory and emotional experiences associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of skin damage. Fear of injection is most common in children even for minor painful procedure. Many children receive no intervention to reduce pain during injection The health professional must use effective pain management to reduce pain in children. Distraction helps in the reduction of pain and focuses the activity in the environment. Distraction is useful for children of all ages undergoing procedural pain. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of distraction on level of pain perception among infants receiving DPT immunization. The design employed for the study was a quasi- experimental post-test only control group design. The study was conducted in Southern Railway hospital, Perambur, Chennai. 60 infants, fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique. During DPT immunization, distraction was given by sound producing rattle for 1 minute then post assessment was done by Modified neonatal infant pain assessment scale. The comparison of post assessment level of pain perception revealed the mean difference 5.87 and the unpaired ‘t’ value of 15.561 which was highly significant at p<0.001level. It reveals that the infant’s pain perception level was reduced after distraction in experimental group. Therefore, distraction can be used as a safe and effective pain reducing measures during immunization which gives comfort to the infants. It is an easy practical nursing intervention which helps the infants cope up with the common painful procedures like injection, blood collection, IV fluid placement etc.

Edukasi tentang Pemberian Imunisasi DPT di Posyandu Penyengat Rendah Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Aur Duri Kota Jambi

Immunization is an effort to actively cause or increase a person's immunity to a particular disease so that if one day is exposed to the disease it will not be sick or only experience mild illness. DPT immunization can prevent diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus which can cause disability and even death. by giving immunizations will reduce the incidence of morbidity, disability, and deaths due to PD3I which is estimated to be 2 to 3 million deaths each year. in the Aurduri Puskesmas working area until 2018 the decline in immunization coverage was highest in the city of jambi because of the lack of knowledge about immunization. output targets are expected to increase knowledge between before and after counseling, as well as the awareness of mothers to bring their children to Posyandu for immunization. The method used is counseling. the result of dedication there is an increase in knowledge and awareness of the mother to bring her child to be immunized in an effort to prevent disease.

HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG IMUNISASI DPT PADA BAYI DENGAN PERILAKU PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT DIFTERI PERTUSIS DAN TETANUS DI PUSKESMAS KORPRI BANDAR LAMPUNG TAHUN 2020

DPT immunization is the basic immunization used to prevent diphtheria pertussis and tetanus. According to data from the Bandar Lampung City Health Office from 30 health centers in Bandar Lampung, the Korpri Puskesmas in Sukarame District is the health center with the lowest complete basic immunization coverage, which is 60.8% in 2015. The low immunization coverage rate is inseparable from health behavior and parental knowledge about DPT immunization. Purpose of this study to determine the relationship between the level of mother's knowledge about DPT immunization in infants with the prevention behavior of diphtheria pertussis and tetanus at the Korpri Puskesmas Bandar Lampung in 2020. This study used an observational and analytic type of study with a cross sectional approach and a questionnaire interview method. The sample used in this study were mothers who had babies in the work area of the Korpri Bandar Lampung Community Health Center in 2020. Data analysis used Chi-Square. The result It is known that 7 mothers (77.8%) have bad knowledge about DPT immunization and bad behavior towards DPT disease prevention, as many as 2 mothers (22.2%) have bad knowledge about DPT immunization and good behavior towards DPT disease prevention. A total of 28 mothers (33.3%) had good knowledge about DPT immunization and bad behavior towards DPT disease prevention, as many as 56 mothers (66.7%) had good knowledge about DPT immunization and good behavior towards DPT disease prevention. Chi-square test results obtained p-value = 0.024 (p ≤ 0.05), which means that there is a relationship between the level of maternal knowledge and the prevention behavior of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. There is a significant relationship between the level of maternal knowledge about DPT immunization in infants with the prevention behavior of diphtheria pertussis and tetanus at the Korpri Puskesmas Bandar Lampung in 2020 with a p-value = 0.024 (p ≤ 0.05).

Pengaruh Metode Kangguru terhadap Penurunan Suhu Tubuh, Frekuensi Menyusu dan Durasi Tidur Bayi

Immunizations sometimes have side effects once they are given to babies. DPT immunization is one that has a low-grade fever side effect and sometimes results in high fever and seizures. One of the efforts to treat fever in infants is the kangaroo method. Through this method, heat transfer occurs between mother and baby, increasing the frequency of breastfeeding which can meet the fluid needs of the feverish baby and facilitate the baby in increasing the duration of quiet sleep, less crying and less activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the kangaroo method on decreasing body temperature, feeding frequency and infant sleep duration. Sampling using Porbability Sampling with Simple Random Sampling technique, totaling 30 people and divided into 2 groups of 15 people each, namely the experimental and control groups. The results of the analysis are based on several assumptions of One way MANOVA, namely there is linearity between variables, the data is normally distributed, multicollinearity is not detected and the covariance matrix between groups is assumed to be the same as the Box'M value p = 0.006 > 0.001. The results of the multivariate test showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups with a value of F (3.26) = 49.334, p< 0.001; Wilk’s ʌ 0.149, ƞp2 = 0.851, then the univariate results showed that group differences caused significant differences in body temperature, feeding frequency and sleep duration with p < 0.001. The results of the bonferroni correction further test showed that the average decrease in body temperature, feeding frequency and duration of infant sleep in the experimental group was better than the control group with p < 0.001. This study proves that the kangaroo method has an effect on decreasing body temperature, breastfeeding frequency and infant sleep duration after DPT immunization.

INDIVIDUAL AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AFFECTING DPT IMMUNIZATION IN INDONESIA

Nowadays, diphtheria cases always increase from year to year. Until now, no drug has been found to cure diphtheria, but there is the most effective way of prevention through immunization. It is known that diphtheria sufferers who don’t get immunizations increase every year. The purpose of this study is to determine the individual and contextual factors that influence the status of DPT immunization in Indonesia and its trends and to know the diversity between cities. The data used in this study are Susenas KOR and consumption and expenditure (KP) modules. The results of multilevel binary logistic regression analysis indicate that individual factors that influence the status of DPT immunization are residence classification, highest maternal education, ownership of immunization cards, birth order, and household poverty status. While the contextual are the ratio of posyandu to 100,000 population and PDRB. Characteristics of children aged 12-59 who do not get immunizations tend to live in rural areas, have mothers with the highest education in junior high school, don’t have immunization cards, who born late in households with many children, and come from poor households. Besides that, there is a diversity of characteristics between cities, which amounted to 22,19%.