DPPH Scavenging Assay Research Articles

Comparative analysis of phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimecrobial potential of methanolic and aqueous extracts from bunium incrassatum tubers

This study investigates the comparative biological activity and chemical composition of aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts of Bunium incrassatum tubers, a plant with traditional medicinal uses. Both extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH scavenging assays. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity using bovine serum albumin technique. While the antimicrobial activity was investigated using the disc diffusion assay against four Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and three fungi. The total phenol and flavonoid content showed that the methanolic extract had a significantly higher total phenolic content (167.4±3. 53 μg GAE/mg E) and flavonoid content (36.27± 2.18 μg QE/mg E) of than aqueous extracts. The antioxidant activity revealed that methanolic extract of B. incrassatum demonstrated higher antioxidant activity (IC50=1.15 ± 0.02 mg/mL). In contrast, it is the aqueous extract that has shown the most important anti-inflammatory activities to those of standard (sodium diclofenac).The study of antimicrobial activity demonstrated that the extracts showed a modest antibacterial and antifungal activity. Both extracts showed antibacterial activity, but the methanolic extract exhibited a higher zone of inhibition, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This comparative analysis provides insights into the effectiveness of different solvent-based extractions for harnessing the therapeutic properties of Bunium incrassatum.

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Manuka Honey and Ohia Lehua Honey.

This work sought to evaluate the antioxidant mechanisms of Manuka honey (MH) and Ohia Lehua honey (OLH), correlating them with phytochemical analyses in a rat model of experimentally induced inflammation. The identification of polyphenolic compounds in the extracts was carried out using HPLC-ESI MS. The extracts' antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro through DPPH, FRAP, H2O2, and NO scavenging assays, while in vivo assessments included measurements of total oxidative status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress index (OSI), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total thiols (SH). The phytochemical analysis found a rich content of phenolic compounds in MH and lower quantities in OLH. In terms of in vitro activity, both MH and OLH exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging abilities, effective NO and H2O2 scavenging capacities, and high FRAP-reducing power. In vivo, OLH proved highly effective in enhancing antioxidant capacity and lowering oxidative stress markers, showing significant increases in TAC and substantial reductions in TOS and OSI levels. Conversely, MH displayed limited and dose-dependent antioxidant activity, a considerable increase in TAC and SH, and a moderate decrease in TOS and OSI levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the phenolic content of OLH and to show its capacity to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. The effectiveness of MH primarily relies on its increased antioxidant properties and depends on concentration. These results highlight the importance of investigating natural products in developing antioxidant strategies.

Fatty acid composition, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica) accessions collected from major producer areas of Ethiopia

Background Oils from various sources are vital nutritional components with a variety of roles in our body. Niger seed (Guzoita abyssinica) is endemic to Ethiopia and is among the major oil seed crops grown in the country. The fatty acid composition and the concentration of other bioactive phytochemicals in it vary with species type, geographical origin, cultivation season, and varietal types. The present work investigated the fatty acid profile and the total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of Niger seed samples obtained from five different zones in the Amhara and Oromia regions of Ethiopia. using internationally accepted standard methods. Results In all the samples, its main unsaturated acids were linoleic acid, ranging between 67.30 and 74.67% with respect to the relative percentage comprising 179 to 234 mg/g in terms of concentration; oleic acid constitutes between 5.43 and 11.02% of the total fatty acid or 1.03 and 1.60 mg/g of dry matter. Among saturated acids, it was the most abundant palmitic acid, ranging between 10.32 and 10.66% of the entire fatty acids comprising 24.80 to 37.10 mg/g. Amongst the zones, the seed from Amhara region, specifically from North Gondar has been the richest regarding a total of 347.74 mg/g. In addition, the total phenolic content ranged between 10.89 and 11.78 mg GAE/g, whereas the content of total flavonoids ranged from 5.42 to 6.67 mg CE/g. Aqueous methanol (80%) extracted more phenolic content than absolute methanol. On a regional basis, the Amhara region, represented by the North Gondar and East Gojjam zones of the study area, had relatively higher TPC and TFC than other regions. The DPPH scavenging assay IC50 value (μg/mL) ranged between 133–188 μg/mL and poorly correlated with TPC. Conclusion Among the different fatty acids obtained, four of them, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids, are the major ones, followed by a significant amount of phenolic compounds irrespective of the variety of the studied samples and sampling of locations. The study also confirmed that TPC and TFC are not the only phytochemicals responsible for the antioxidant activity of the niger sees, as was reflected by the poor correlation between TPC and AA activity. Hence these findings indicate that the seeds of Niger could be an important source of essential fatty acids and medicinally important phytochemicals important for nutritional health improvement and agricultural development in Ethiopia.

Bioactive Potential of Premna esculanta: A Study on Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antidiarrheal Efficacy

Article Bioactive Potential of Premna esculanta: A Study on Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antidiarrheal Efficacy Hafijul Yousuf, Al Mamun Shohag, Md Shawon Miah, Md Foyzur Rahman and As-Sazzad Mahmud * Department of Pharmacy, Dhaka International University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh * Correspondence: sazzad.phar@diu.ac; Tel.: +880-1521305611 Received: 20 October 2024; Revised: 9 November 2024; Accepted: 14 November 2024; Published: 10 January 2025 Abstract: Objective: The discovery of the genus Premna and its traditional uses are the result of extensive information gained by living in forest or semi-forest areas and closely observing indigenous populations regarding the therapeutic qualities of plants. This investigation centered on examining the DPPH scavenging, antimicrobial and anti-diarrheal properties of ethanolic leaf extracts. This study aimed to investigate the bioactive components and antibacterial properties of ethanolic leaf extracts and their fractions. Methods: In vitro antioxidant was evaluated by DPPH scavenging assay and the disc diffusion method evaluated antimicrobial efficacy. In vivo screening for antidiarrheal was conducted, the latent period of defecation in castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice assessed antidiarrheal effects. Results: The extract showed an ability to scavenge DPPH with IC50 values of 0.931 µg/mL for Premna esculanta extract and IC50 0.902 µg/mL for ascorbic acid standard. The extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 12–19 mm against various microbial strains, notably Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans, at concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/disc. In anti-diarrheal test, Loperamide (3 mg/kg) reduced total feces and defecation by 56.62% with concentrations of 500 mg/kg. Significant changes were observed in anti-diarrheal studies. Conclusion: Premna esculanta leaf extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial, and antidiarrheal activities.

In-silico, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of cynanchum callialatum leaves

Inflammatory disorders, including various forms of rheumatic diseases, are a serious global issue. For the treatment of such disorders, the world's population is increasingly turning to herbal treatments. Many plants have been tested for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties, but only a handful have reached the therapeutic level. The purpose of this research is to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of Cynanchum callialatum leaves using in-silico and in-vitro investigations. The leaves' ethanol extract was produced and analysed for antioxidant capability using the DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Through molecular docking investigations, the phytoconstituents found in the leaves were docked against PLA2, COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX proteins. µAt 1000 µg/ml, the leaf extract had a maximum inhibitory percentage of 67.61 percent (nitric oxide) and 70.41 percent (DPPH), with an IC50 of 414.4 g/ml (nitric oxide) and 446.6 µg/ml (DPPH) (DPPH). The docking investigations indicated that the ligands inhibited the PLA2 protein via a mechanism and were submitted to a PLA2 inhibition experiment. The extract inhibited the enzyme by 71.92 percent at 1000 µg/ml, with an IC50 of 289.8 µg/ml. To assess the full inhibitory efficacy of PLA2, the phytoconstituents must be exposed to additional preclinical and clinical research.

Theoretical and Pharmacological Investigations of Phenylthiazol-2, 4 Dihydroxybenzaldehyde Condensed Schiff Base

The ability of thiazole derivatives to alter the activity of numerous metabolic enzymes suggests that they have promising therapeutic applications. Their antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties were also established. The Schiff base, which was formed by combining 2, 4-dihydrxy benzaldehyde with phenyl thiazole amine, was studied using UV, FTIR, 1H, and 13C-NMR. The significant absorption (283 nm) and vibrational peaks at 1625 cm-1 were observed for the imine group. The compound was confirmed by the presence of a free proton and carbon peak following the aromatic peaks. The derivative underwent theoretical and biological evaluations, such as antibacterial, inhibition of alpha amylase, and DPPH scavenging assays. Using an online server, QSAR parameters were predicted for the synthesised molecule and compared with drug likeness using Lipinski five rules. The experimental results are compared with theoretical DFT and docking outcomes. The DFT results revealed the compound's reactivity and decreased hardness feature. Docking interaction score ranges from -5.2 to -11.2 kcal/mol. The antimicrobial activity against the pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus aureus was observed between 12 and 15 mm inhibition zone with the minimum inhibition concentration maximum of 150±0.28 µg/mL. Likely, antidiabetic and antioxidant outcomes showed the effective concentration from 428.73±0.32 to 590.36± 0.34 µg/mL. There was excellent agreement with theoretical QSAR and docking values in the prepared Schiff base.

Study of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenol from Phyllanthus urinaria

ABSTRACTBackground: Phyllanthus urinaria, found extensively in tropical Asian countries, possesses numerous biological activities attributed to its polyphenol compounds.Objective: This study aims to optimize polyphenol extraction from Phyllanthus urinaria using microwave assistance.Materials and Methods: First, the effects of parameters including ethanol concentration (used as the solvent) (40–80% v/v), material-to-solvent ratio (1:10–1:50 w/v), extraction time (30–150 minutes), and extraction temperature (30–70°C) on conventional extraction were investigated. Subsequently, the effects of microwave pretreatment prior to extraction during the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process, including microwave power (100–700 W) and irradiation time (1–9 minutes), were evaluated. Optimal extraction conditions were determined based on total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging assay) of the extract. The second-order kinetic model was also used to compare the efficiency of extraction methods.Results: Results indicated that a microwave power of 250 W and irradiation time of 3 minutes were optimal for material pretreatment prior to extraction. Subsequent extraction parameters included ethanol concentration of 60% (v/v), solvent-to-material ratio of 1:40 (w/v), extraction temperature of 50°C, and extraction time of 60 minutes. Under these conditions, the extract exhibited maximum levels of TPC (277.99 ± 5.47 mgGAE/gDW), TFC (38.90 ± 0.58 gQE/gDW), and TEAC (280.08 ± 0.75 µmolTE/gDW), which were 22.5%, 36.1%, and 29.4% higher, respectively, compared to the control without microwave treatment.Conclusion: Furthermore, the second-order kinetic model demonstrated higher initial extraction rate (h), extraction rate constant (k), and extraction capacity (Ce) for MAE compared to conventional extraction.Keywords: Antioxidant capacity; kinetic model; microwave-assisted extractio; phyllanthus urinaria; polyphenol

Inhibitory Effects of Oil Palm Leaf Extract on Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Osteoporosis is a bone disorder caused by an imbalance in the bone remodelling process, specifically between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and is associated with increased oxidative stress. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant activity of oil palm leaf extracts (OPLEs) and their effects on osteoclastogenesis in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), comparing the results with those of vitamin C (VC). Methanol extract of oil palm leaves (MEOPL) demonstrated the highest total phenolic content (TPC) at 284.26 mg GAE/g dry weight. The antioxidant activity, assessed via DPPH scavenging and FRAP assays, showed that MEOPL had a DPPH inhibition rate of 89.41% and a FRAP value of 105.67%. In cytotoxicity assays, MEOPL-treated cells exhibited significantly higher viability compared to VC-treated cells, with viability percentages exceeding 60% at concentrations up to 0.625 mg/mL. MEOPL also significantly reduced osteoclastogenesis, as indicated by a dose-dependent decrease in TRAP-positive multinucleated cells and a notable reduction in RANKL gene expression. These findings suggest that MEOPL possesses superior anti-osteoclastogenic properties compared to VC and holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, as this study utilised an in vitro model, the direct translation of these results to clinical scenarios is limited, and further in vivo studies are necessary to confirm the clinical relevance of MEOPL.

The Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Matricaria recutita Blossoms and Zingiber officinale Rhizome Ethanol Extracts

Background: Inflammation-induced oxidative stress is a pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory diseases. Treatments targeting oxidative stress can reduce inflammatory tissue damage. Objectives: This study aimed to conduct phytochemical analysis and evaluate the antioxidant effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria recutita blossoms (M. recutita) and Zingiber officinale rhizomes (Z. officinale). Materials and Methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out by measuring the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and polyphenolic compounds’ HPLC-ESI MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro through H2O2 DPPH, FRAP, and NO scavenging assays. An in vivo experiment was performed on rats with turpentine oil-induced acute inflammation. Treatments were administrated orally for 10 days, with three dilutions of each extract (100%, 50%, 25%), and compared to the CONTROL, inflammation, Diclofenac, and Trolox groups. In vivo, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and total thiols (SH). Results: The phytochemical analysis found a high content of phenolic compounds in both extracts, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was significant. In vivo, M. recutita and Z. officinale extracts proved to be effective in increasing TAC and lowering oxidative stress markers, respectively, the TOS, OSI, MDA, and NO levels. The effects were dose-dependent, with the lower concentrations being more efficient antioxidants. Matricaria recutita and Z. officinale extract effects were as good as those of trolox and diclofenac. Conclusions: Treatment with M. recutita and Z. officinale alleviated inflammation-induced oxidative stress. These findings suggest that M. recutita and Z. officinale extracts could be a promising adjuvant antioxidant therapy in inflammatory diseases.

Study on Phytochemicals and Antioxidants of Pleurotus sp. Cultivated Through Submerged Fermentation

This study investigates the bioactive compounds present in the genus Pleurotus sp. mushrooms, with a focus on their antioxidant properties. Hot water extraction of Pleurotus mycelium was performed at three temperatures: 30°C, 65°C, and 100°C. A total of 57.48 g of mycelium biomass was obtained through submerged fermentation in basal medium. The objective was to identify specific phytochemicals and evaluate the percentage of free radical inhibition. The mycelium was initially cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar plates and later subjected to fermentation. Six phytochemical tests were carried out to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds and anthraquinones. The analysis revealed the presence of triterpenoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays. The DPPH assay showed the 65°C extract had the highest inhibition of 97.92%, while the 100°C extract exhibited the highest inhibition at 82.67%, with the 65°C extract showing the lowest at 75.38%. The results suggest that extracts at 65°C demonstrated substantial antioxidant activity, comparable to synthetic antioxidants.

Phytochemical constituents, vitamin composition and in vitro antioxidant potential of Dialium guineense fruit pulp

Medicinal herbs have been extensively utilized in the remediation of various health conditions. Dialium guineense fruit pulp, also well known as Velvet Tamarind is widely consumed in West Africa for its dietary and medicinal properties. The study aims to analyze the phytochemical constituents, vitamin content and the in vitro antioxidant effect of Dialium guineense fruit pulp (DGFP). The phytochemical constituents, vitamins (C, E, B1-12) composition, and in vitro antioxidant activity were examined utilizing standardized analytical methods. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the fruit pulp of Dialium guineense was also carried out; the result indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, phenols, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in varying concentrations. The vitamin composition revealed that vitamin C was higher than other vitamins in the fruit pulp. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide scavenging assay showed high radical scavenging activity while the FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay revealed significant reducing power. This indicates that Dialium guineense fruit pulp has potential health benefits.

Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Hypoglycemic Activity of Novel Coumarin Analogues

AbstractDiabetes and its associated conditions are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Despite the abundance of available medications for diabetes treatment, their limitations have spurred ongoing research in this field. Consequently, there is a need to discover a potential therapeutic molecule for managing diabetes and its complications. In current research work a series of novel coumarin analogs (5a–5e) were designed, synthesized, characterized through FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy and evaluated for antidiabetic property. Molecular docking study was performed to link its binding affinity toward AMPK. DPPH scavenging assay was performed for in vitro antioxidant activity, for reference standard ascorbic acid was taken. In vivo hypoglycemic activity was performed on streptozotocin and nicotinic acid induced diabetic rats. All synthesized molecule showed good docking, score among them compound 5b has lowest docking score −11.25 kcal/mol. Molecule 5b and 5c showed greater antioxidant potential with good IC50 value, i.e., 20.4 g/mL and 21.6 g/mL. In vivo antidiabetic study showed good control on blood glucose level, cholesterol, triglyceride, Hb1AC as well as SGOT and SGPT level on animals fed 5b when compared to metformin. This result showed that test molecule 5b has potential to lower the blood glucose level without causing any toxicity.

Nutritional profiling, phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant content analysis for different crude extracts of Ulva lactuca from coast of Bangladesh

This current investigation assessed the proximate composition, mineral contents, phytochemicals, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Ulva lactuca (UL). Five crude extracts of UL like 100% water (CE1), 50% water+50% ethanol (CE2), 50% water+50% methanol (CE3), 100% ethanol (CE4) and 100% methanol (CE5) were used to screen out the cytotoxicity, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. DPPH, ABTS, phosphomolybdenum, reducing power, and nitric oxide scavenging activity was determined by in-vitro methods. Cytotoxicity of extracts was assayed using brine shrimp. Results indicated that powder of UL contains a comparable amount of proximate and mineral content. Phytochemical screening, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed the presence of different secondary metabolites, functional groups and polyphenols. The CE1 showed highest phenolic content at 51.87 mg of GA/g and flavonoid content at 49.18 mg of quercetin/g, followed by CE2, CE3, CE4 and CE5. Regarding antioxidants, CE1 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity as evaluated by DPPH (75.62%), ABTS (57.67%), Phosphomolybdenum (124.58 mg of AAE/g), Reducing power (52.34 mg AAE/g), and NO scavenging (41.87%) assays. Cytotoxicity was found to be present in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that dried powder and extracts of UL contain macro-micro nutrients, and diversified phytochemicals with potential antioxidant activity.

Development of Herbal Ultrasound Gel Prototype from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe for Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammation

This research aimed to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of phlai, turmeric, ginger and combined extract of phlai, turmeric, and ginger at recipe 1:2:2 (PTG). In addition, the formula of herbal ultrasound gel for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties was developed. The TPC, flavonoid, antioxidant and anti-inflammation were investigated by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid, DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay. The PTG extract was tested for the phytochemicals by GC-MS technique. The microbial contamination standard of herbal ultrasound gel prototype was determined. The result show that the PTG extract has the TPC and flavonoid at 105.11 ± 16.93 mg GAE/g extract and 63.58 ± 2.29 mg QE/g extract, respectively. Moreover, the DPPH and ABTS assay show that PTG extract has the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 0.82 ± 0.11 and 0.98 ± 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, PTG extract has a high percentage of NO inhibition at 53.38 ± 0.16. Furthermore, the GC-MS method found that PTG extract has 7 active ingredients. The highest amount of phytochemical is AR-turmerone. The safety assessment for external use found that the herbal ultrasound gel prototype product passed standard criteria for microbial contamination at the laboratory level. To conclude, the PTG extract has a synergistic effect and a high ability to act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammation. Moreover, the PTG herbal ultrasound gel has a microbial contamination safety to use. Therefore, the prototype herbal ultrasound gel product may be further developed into health products to treat pain and inflammation efficiently in clinical practice.

Phytochemical Characterization and Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Alzheimer Effects of Algerian Seseli Tortuosum.

HPLC analysis, phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography, polyphenols and flavonoid contents were conducted to determine the bioactive contents of the Algerian Seseli tortuosum plant. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays, reducing power, phenanthroline and silver nanoparticle (SNP) assays. The anti-Alzheimer's activity of extracts was also performed in vitro and in silico. Phytochemical analysis highlighted the richness ofthe extracts in terms of coumarins, terpenoids and quercetin. The quantitative determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids showed that the highest amounts occurredinthe dichloromethane (DCME) and methanolic (MeOH) extracts. The antioxidant activities indicated a moderate potential. Compared with galantamine, DCME had a significantly greater anti-Alzheimer effect on BChE(CI50=9.14±1.74 μg/ml and 34.75±1.99 μg/ml respectively). An in silicostudy of anti-Alzheimer activity revealed a significant effect of quercetin(-30,13 KJ/mol). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the richness of the phytochemical components of seseli tortuosum,which are responsible for several biological properties, mainly their anti-Alzheimer potential.

Evaluation of Antiproliferative Potentials Associated with the Volatile Compounds of Lantana camara Flowers: Selective In Vitro Activity.

Probing the chemical profiles and biological activities of medicinal plants is important for the discovery of new potent therapeutic products. Our study deciphers the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) obtained from three different flowers of Lantana camara and evaluates their antioxidant and anticancer activities. This work represents the first study of EOs obtained from this plant and is based particularly on the difference in flower color. In addition, no other reports dealing specifically with the antitumor effects of such flower-derived EOs have been described in the literature. The collected flowers, white, pink, and orange, were extracted by hydrodistillation to yield EO1, EO2, and EO3 respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was primarily employed to identify the existing volatile compounds in the samples. Their antioxidant activities were screened through both DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assays and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assays. The antiproliferative effects were evaluated on two distinct breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and compared to a normal human breast cell line, MCF-10A, using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) assay. All EOs showed notable antioxidant potential attributed to the active phytochemical compounds, with results being supported by a positive correlation between such activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid content. The most eminent, EO1, revealed a selective dose-dependent antiproliferative effect in both breast cancer cell lines, thus reflecting its potent role as an anticancer agent. We suggest that this highly selective activity is associated with the presence of bicyclogermacrene and epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene in its chemical composition.

In-vitro Antioxidant, and In-vivo Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Allamanda blanchetii Leaf Extract in Rats.

This study assessed the In-vitro Antioxidant and In-vivo Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Allamanda blanchetii Leaf Extract in Rats. Diverse pharmacological applications of plants from the Apocynaceae family are reported in the literature. Allamanda blanchetii; an ornamental species belonging to the Apocynaceae family, is characterized by diverse biological activities, i.e. antioxidant, cyto-toxic, thrombolytic, membrane-stabilizing, antimicrobial, and anti-proliferative effects. This species represents a perennial flora that thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. Ultrasonication-assisted method used for plant extraction. The ex-tracts were subjected to phytochemical screening tests, followed by total phenolic content analysis, using gallic acid as a standard. The antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH scavenging and FRAP assays. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, tail flick, and Hot plate method were used for the determination of analgesic activity. Anti-inflammatory activity by following carrageenan-induced paw edema Results: ABLE treatments show analgesic effectiveness against the acid-induced pain source, tail flick, and hot plate methods at different doses of ABLE 400,200,100 mg/kg results showed respectively- 55.32, 38.67, and 22.85 (% inhibition), 89.47%, 62.57 %, 49.57%, and 100%, 92.40%, 65.33% response after 180 min of drug administration. ABLE 400 and 200 mg/kg exhibit effective results (1.43± 0.005 and 1.50± 0.008) against carra-geenan-induced intoxication. The fundamental components of antioxidants that can aid in the reduction of free radicals include phenol, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Applying DPPH and FRAP, ABLE exhibits remarkable antioxidant activity. When it comes to both centrally and periph-erally acting analgesics, ABLE exhibits highly effective activity. Methanolic ABLE had a noticeable impact on paw edema caused by carrageenan. Antioxidants, alkaloids, and gly-cosides were present in methanolic ABLE, which allowed it to efficiently combat inflam-matory mediators and the cause of pain. Ultrasonic assistance is beneficial in isolating active metabolites in plants, with phenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant activity. ABLE, a plant with 55% squalene, ef-fectively combats inflammatory mediators and pain. Further investigation is needed to iden-tify biomarkers in the plant.

Hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus roots on nitrobenzene-induced liver injury in Wistar rats

ABSTRACT This study examined the potential of Corallocarpus epigaeus ethanolic root extract to combat free radicals using DPPH, FRAP, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Rats were initially exposed to a single oral dose of nitrobenzene (50 mg kg−1 body weight), followed by a 15-d oral regimen of the ethanolic root extract of C. epigaeus at 200 mg kg−1 body weight. The assessment of serum liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), lipid peroxidation levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and histopathological examinations of liver tissues were carried out. The C. epigaeus ethanolic root extract demonstrated antioxidant properties and contained flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, lycopene, and phenolic compounds. In Nitrobenzene-induced rats, elevated serum markers and increased liver lipid peroxidation were observed that were normalized by the extract. It also increased antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Histopathological analysis confirmed the hepatoprotective effects of the extract.

Unveiling the Therapeutic Potentials of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Flower against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Depressive Disorders: GC-MS/MS, In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Approaches.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a highly invasive aquatic weed native to the Amazonia basin, known for its rapid propagation, adaptability, and utilization in traditional medicine. The study aims to unveil the therapeutic potential of water hyacinth flowers methanolic extract (EC CME) and its four kupchan fractions (EC PESF, EC DCMSF, EC EASF, EC ASF) through diversified chemical-pharmacological approaches. GC-MS/MS of EC-CME uncovered a rich tapestry of 72 phytochemical components. In vitro DPPH scavenging assay and total phenolic content determination assay deciphered promising antioxidant assays with remarkably low IC50 values of 0.353 and 0.485 μg/mL, respectively for EC-ESF and EC-ASF. Besides, different in vivo tests, including tail emersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, and thiopental-induced sleeping test of EC-CME, yielded a remarkable 8.61±0.29 min of tail immersion time compared to the control's 2.05±0.11 min at the highest dose (600 mg/kg). The best % inhibition of writhing was recorded as 47.96 % accrued in 400 mg/kg dose, indicating robust pain-relieving properties. The onset and duration of sleep are significantly ameliorated for EC-CME, unveiling its antidepressant potential. Besides, molecular docking studies along with ADME/T analysis also validated the wet lab findings as well as their safety, efficacy, and drug-likeliness profile. Finally, this work can be an essential hint for utilizing aquatic weeds in drug development research.

Phytochemical Characterization Utilizing HS-SPME/GC-MS: Exploration of the Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Properties of Essential Oil from Saudi Artemisia absinthium L.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia absinthium L. essential oil, focusing on its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition (α-amylase and urease) properties. Additionally, in vitro pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations were conducted through in silico molecular docking and BOILED-Egg models to assess its therapeutic potential and its potency in treating oxidative-stress-related diseases. Methods: The essential oil was isolated by the hydrodistillation (HD) of fresh plant material, and volatiles released from dried plant material were sampled via headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), followed by a phytochemical profiling analysis through the GC-MS tool. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and nitric oxide scavenging assays, while enzyme inhibition activities were tested against α-amylase and urease. Molecular docking and BOILED-Egg models were used to evaluate compound interactions with NADPH oxidase and predict pharmacokinetic behavior, respectively. Results: HS-SPME and HD yielded 46 and 25 compounds, respectively, primarily terpenoids represented by camphor (26.4%) and cis-davanone (18.0%) in HS-SPME, while in the HD essential oil, cis-davanone (60.2%) and chamazulene (10.8%) were most prevalent. The antioxidant assays showed a strong activity, with a total antioxidant capacity of 821.8 mg ascorbic acid Eq/gm. The essential oil inhibited urease by 86.7% and α-amylase by 81.8%. Molecular docking showed strong binding affinities with NADPH oxidase, supporting the antioxidant results. Conclusions:A. absinthium EO demonstrated potent antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, suggesting its therapeutic potential for treating enzyme-related disorders like diabetes mellitus and its possible use as a cure for many oxidative-stress-related diseases, thus validating the folkloric use of this plant.