DPPH Radical Scavenging Ability Research Articles

A Study on the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Phytoncide Extract

Purpose: This study aims to confirm the physiological activity of cytotoxicity, antioxidant effects, and antibacterial effects of 9 kinds phytoncide extracts were investigated and the possibility of their application as cosmetic materials was studied.Methods: The 9 kinds natural products related to phytoncide extract were selected, extracted, and used as samples. Safety was confirmed through MTT assay, and antioxidant effect through DPPH radical scavenging activity evaluation and antibacterial effect through disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bacteriological concentration (MBC) were evaluated.Results: All 9 kinds phytoncide extracts were confirmed to be safe against Fibroblast cytotoxicity at a concentration of 3.00% or less. The DPPH radical scavenging ability was similar in all phytoncide extracts, and it was confirmed that there was an antioxidant effect. The antibacterial effect did not show strong antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria, yeast and fungi as a whole, but it showed excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Dendranthema zawadskii (Herb.) Tzvelev, Cupressus sempervirens showed antibacterial activity only on gram-positive bacteria. Juniperus chinensis showed excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, yeast. Angelica tenuissima Nakai showed high antibacterial activity against fungi rather than bacteria.Conclusion: These results show that excellent antibacterial and antioxidant effects were confirmed in Dendranthema zawadskii (Herb.) Tzvelev, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus chinensis and Angelica tenuissima Nakai at a concentration of 3.00% or less. It is judged that highly likely to be use as a cosmetic material with natural ingredients that replace synthetic preservatives or antioxidants.

Comparative Compositions and Activities of Flavonoids from Nine Sanghuang Strains Based on Solid-State Fermentation and In Vitro Assays

Sanghuang, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb obtained from numerous related fungal species in the genus Sanghuangporus, contains many bioactive substances that display a variety of beneficial pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, and antidiabetic. We collected wild fruiting bodies from various Chinese localities, obtained nine pure sanghuang strains (termed S1 to S9), cultured the strains by solid-state fermentation, extracted and purified sanghuang flavonoids (termed SHFs) from mycelia, and analyzed their antioxidant abilities and α-amylase inhibitory (α-AI) activities. SHFs from strains S2, S6, S7, and S9 displayed strong DPPH radical scavenging abilities and iron reducing abilities, while SHFs from S1, S3, S5, and S8 had strong α-AI activities. SHF components were analyzed by HPLC in combination with a Chinese medicine fingerprint similarity evaluation system and statistical analyses. SHFs from the nine strains showed high fingerprint similarity. Fifteen peaks in the chromatograms (termed 1–15) were subjected to cluster analysis, which revealed that differences in SHF composition were related to geographic origin and host species. The strains with strong antioxidant activities had relatively large peak 5 and peak 9 areas, while those with strong α-AI activities had relatively large peak 13 areas. Such variation in SHF activities is attributable to differences in their components. Our findings indicate that careful selection of SHFs based on these activities will strengthen their potential development as antioxidant and antidiabetic agents.

Multiple Bioactivities of Peptides from Hydrolyzed Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (loach) is a widely distributed benthic fish in Asia. In this study, the alkaline protease was used to hydrolyze loach, and the hydrolysate products of different molecular weights were obtained by membrane separation. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the <3 kDa fraction (SLH-1) exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging ability, and reducing power), while SLH-1 was purified by gel filtration chromatography, and peptide sequences were identified by LC-MS/MS. A total of six peptides with antioxidant activity were identified, namely SERDPSNIKWGDAGAQ (D-1), TVDGPSGKLWR (D-2), NDHFVKL (D-3), AFRVPTP (D-4), DAGAGIAL (D-5), and VSVVDLTVR (D-6). In vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay and pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CE) inhibition assay, peptide D-4 (IC50 95.07 μg/mL, 0.12 mM) and D-2 inhibited ACE, and peptide D-2 (IC50 3.19 mg/mL, 2.62 mM), D-3, and D-6 acted as pancreatic CE inhibitors. The inhibitory mechanisms of these peptides were investigated by molecular docking. The results showed that the peptides acted by binding to the key amino acids of the catalytic domain of enzymes. These results could provide the basis for the nutritional value and promote the type of healthy products from hydrolyzed loach.

Enhancing the Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Wound Healing Effects of Melaleuca alternifolia Oil by Microencapsulating It in Chitosan-Sodium Alginate Microspheres

In this study, antibacterial and antioxidant molecules-rich Melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil (TTO)) loaded chitosan (CS) based nanoemulsions (NEMs) were prepared and encapsulated by sodium alginate (SA) microsphere for antibacterial wound dressing. CS-TTO NEMs were prepared by oil-in-water emulsion technique, and the nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) confirmed that the CS-TTO NEMs had an average particle size of 89.5 nm. Further, the SA-CS-TTO microsphere was confirmed through SEM analysis with an average particle size of 0.76 ± 0.10 µm. The existence of TTO in CS NEMs and SA encapsulation was evidenced through FTIR analysis. The XRD spectrum proved the load of TTO and SA encapsulation with CS significantly decreased the crystalline properties of the CS-TTO and SA-CS-TTO microsphere. The stability of TTO was increased by the copolymer complex, as confirmed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, TTO was released from the CS-SA complex in a sustained manner and significantly inhibited the bacterial pathogens observed under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In addition, CS-TTO (100 µg/mL) showed antioxidant potential (>80%), thereby increasing the DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging ability of SA-CS-TTO microspheres. Moreover, CS and SA-CS-TTO microsphere exhibited negligible cytotoxicity and augmented the NIH3T3 cell proliferation confirmed in the in vitro scratch assay. This study concluded that the SA-CS-TTO microsphere could be an antibacterial and antioxidant wound dressing.

고온 환경에서 카테킨 및 비타민 C 첨가가 육계의 생산성, 계육품질, 혈액성분 및 스트레스 지표에 미치는 영향

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary combined supplementation of antioxidants as catechin and vitamin C on growth performance, meat quality, blood profiles and stress responses of broilers exposed to high temperature. For this experiment, a total of 360 21-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. Treatments were assigned with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 birds per replicate in a 2 × 3 factorial design with vitamin C (0, 250 mg/kg) and catechin (0, 600, 1,200 mg/kg). The heat stress environment was maintained at temperature 32±1°C and relative humidity 60±5% for 24 hours until the end of the experiment. The supplemented antioxidants had no significant difference in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (<i>P</i>&gt;0.05). The content of total cholesterol in blood had no interaction, but decrease (<i>P</i>&lt;0.01) in the supplemented catechin group. Also, the supplementation with catechin showed increase in the SOD activity of blood, and lower corticosterone and IgM levels of broilers. The contents of HSP70 and MDA in liver decrease (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) with the supplementation of antioxidants, and HSP70 showed an interaction between groups. DPPH radical scavenging ability in breast meat increased (<i>P</i>&lt;0.01) in catechin, but meat quality did not show difference according to treatments. Respiratory rate decreased (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) in catechin, but no interaction with vitamin C. In conclusion, the combination of vitamin C and catechin can alleviate stress under high temperature, such as HSP70 and MDA, but further study on the optimal supplemental level is needed.

Comparative Analysis on Phytochemical Properties, Anti-Oxidative, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Different Organs of the Common Ice Plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.

The ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) is a type of succulent known to contain various minerals and beneficial compounds and is enriched in compounds exhibiting a diversity of bioactivity. This study aims to determine the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the ice plant by organs (cotyledon, stem, and leaf). The ice plant ethanol extract showed that antioxidant activity, measured by the DPPH radical scavenging ability (51.79 ± 4.18%), and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities (6.57 ± 0.29%) had lower levels than those of control BHT, but had higher antioxidant activity in the leaves of the ice plant, while ABTS+ (58.91 ± 7.23%) and Fe2+ chelating activity (16.89 ± 1.68%) showed high antioxidant activity in the cotyledon. Total polyphenols (115.43 ± 0.47 mg QE/g) and flavonoid contents (1218.07 ± 1.00 mg GAE/g) were notably high in the cotyledon. UHPLC-TOF/HRMS analyses identified 17 polyphenolic compounds of ice plants. The main constituents of the extracts obtained in this study were flavonoids, including their O-glycosides, and compounds not previously described were found. The production of NO as a major indicator of the inflammatory response was found to decrease at 100 and 300 μg/mL (p &lt; 0.05). The levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α in 10 μg/mL (p &lt; 0.05), 50, 100, and 300 μg/mL (p &lt; 0.000); IL-6 in 100 and 300 μg/mL (p &lt; 0.01); and IL-1β in 50, 100 μg/mL (p &lt; 0.01), and 300 μg/mL (p &lt; 0.05) confirmed that the anti-inflammatory effect was exhibited by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines according to the concentration of each organ of the ice plant.

A novel strategy for designing the antioxidant and adhesive bifunctional protein using the Lactobacillus strain-derived LPxTG motif structure

Cell wall-anchored LPxTG proteins derived from the Lactobacillus are recognized to have excellent adhesion and gastrointestinal tolerance functions. Since the motif of LPxTG can interact with sortase A (SrtA) on the surface of Lactobacillus, it has great potential for various biotechnological applications. In this study, a bifunctional protein named LPxT-GYLEQ was designed by replacing the C-terminal hydrophobic domain with a synthetic antioxidant peptide containing an N-terminal glycine. It was found that the synthetic LPxT-GYLEQ protein exhibited better antioxidant activity in the H2O2-damaged HepG2 cells model. Meanwhile, it found that LPxT-GYLEQ protein can also exhibit good gastrointestinal tolerance function when pretreated with gastric juice and intestinal juice, and the DPPH radical scavenging ability of the LPxT-GYLEQ protein was increased by 12.8 % and 13.7 %, respectively, compared to the synthetic GYLEQ peptide. Further results also proved the good adhesion property of this synthetic protein (50 μg/mL) in the intestinal cell model. The novel strategy design of the antioxidative and adhesive bifunctional protein with the LPxTG motif structure offers a new idea for the protection of antioxidant peptides in the host oral delivery system.

Synthesis, characterization of 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione tethered beta-aryl butanoic acid and butanoate derivatives as potent antimicrobial and antioxidant agents and their molecular docking studies

As a tactic for the drug discovery and development framework to tackle resistance to antibiotics, the target triazolidine-3-thione substituted butanoic acid and butanoate derivatives were synthesized using an effective and environmentally friendly protocol. IR, NMR, and LC-MS spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized moieties and subjected to in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation. Some of the molecules have shown promising results especially against C. albicans with lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The compounds have also shown very good DPPH radical scavenging ability when compared to the standard gallic acid. Further, the cytotoxicity evaluation of the molecules against HeLa cells associated with acetyl CoA enzyme assay with minimum inhibition of the enzyme have shown lower toxicity of the molecules. The molecular docking study against Staph gyrase B enzyme revealed excellent interaction of molecules with the enzyme's active site.

Collagenase and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities and Stability of Facial Cream Formulation Containing Cashew Leaf Extract

The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical plant found widely in many Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, and contains bioactive phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. The natural antioxidants such as collagenase and tyrosinase inhibitors found in medicinal plants are promising agents in cosmetic products. This study evaluated the inhibitory activities of the collagenase and tyrosinase from cashew leaf extracts by developing and evaluating the stability of facial cream formulations. The ethanol (DEN), ethyl acetate (DEA) and distilled water (DDW) crude extracts of cashew leaves were investigated for their bioactive compound efficacy. The DDW extract had the highest yield (24.97%). All the extracts were investigated for their antioxidant activities. The DEN extract showed the highest DPPH radical-scavenging ability, ferric-reducing power and flavonoid compounds, which were 152.04 ± 2.40 mg gallic acid/g extract, 37.90 ± 1.07 mg gallic acid/g dry weight and 7.63 ± 0.07 mg quercetin/g dry weight, respectively. The DDW extract exhibited the highest potent activity, which was 111.00 ± 0.78 mg gallic acid/g dry weight in terms of phenolic content, while the DEN extract showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition at 0.100 mg/mL (46.97 ± 3.34%) and collagenase activity at 40 µg/mL. The results suggested that the ethanolic extracts from cashew leaves showed promise for use in skincare product development. Cosmeceutical formulations for skincare were prepared. The formula mixed with DEN extract and added to whitening and anti-aging skincare cream demonstrated good stability and physical properties.

Utilization of feather keratin waste to antioxidant and migration-enhancer peptides by Bacillus licheniformis 8-4.

Feathers are keratin-rich byproducts of poultry processing, but those are often frequently abandoned as garbage and thus polluting the environment. Therefore, the study focused on the efficient biodegradation, bioactivity, and high-value application of feather keratin. Feather-degrading bacteria were identified, and the degradation properties were characterized. DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) and ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid))radical scavenging assays, cytotoxicity assays, intracellular reactive oxygen scavenging assays, and cell migration assays were used to examine the biological activities of the feather keratin hydrolysis peptides (FKHPs). The results showed that we screened a feather-degrading strain of Bacillus licheniformis 8-4, which achieved complete degradation of 2% (w/v) feathers within 48h. Notably, the feather fermentation broth was particularly high in FKHPs, which exhibited good DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability. Further studies revealed that FKHPs had both the ability to scavenge H2O2-induced ROS from HaCat cells and the ability to promote HaCat cell migration, while remaining non-toxic. The effective feather-degrading ability of B. licheniformis 8-4 allowed for the fermentation of feather medium to yield active peptides that were both antioxidants and cell-migration enhancers.

Natural deep eutectic solvent-ultrasound assisted extraction: A green approach for ellagic acid extraction from Geum japonicum.

In China and other Asian nations, Geum japonicum (GJ) is used as functional vegetables or as a type of folk medicine. Ellagic acid (EA) is one of the main active ingredients in GJ and has been utilized in food, cosmetics, and medicinal goods worldwide. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have gradually replaced organic solvents for efficient extraction of plant-derived active compounds due to its environmental protection, low toxicity, low solubility, reusability, etc. NADES with the highest EA yield was selected and the extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM), the antioxidant activity of NADES extract was determined, and finally Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to explain the mechanism for the increase of EA yield in GJ. In this work, several NADESs were tailored for the ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of EA from GJ, among which choline chloride-oxalic acid (ChCl:Oa) was the most effective. In optimal conditions, ChCl:Oa extract produced higher EA yields than common organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, and acetone. In vitro antioxidant experiments showed that ChCl:Oa extract had stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability than other solvent extracts. Mechanically, FT-IR results indicated that ChCl:Oa could form a hydrogen bonding with EA, which enhanced the stability of EA. Meanwhile, ChCl:Oa-UAE treatment could destroy the tissue structure of GJ, thereby improving EA yield. In conclusion, these results imply that the ChCl:Oa-UAE method might be an environmentally friendly approach for extracting EA from GJ.

Antioxidant properties of fermented soymilk and its anti-inflammatory effect on DSS-induced colitis in mice.

Lactic acid-fermented soymilk as a new plant-based food has aroused extensive attention because of its effects on nutrition and health. This study was conducted to delve into the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of lactic acid-fermented soymilk. To elucidate the key factors that affect the antioxidant properties of fermented soymilk, the strains and preparation process were investigated. Findings show that the fermented soymilk prepared using hot-water blanching method (BT-80) demonstrated a better antioxidant activity than that using conventional method (CN-20). Besides, a huge difference was observed among the soymilks fermented with different strains. Among them, the YF-L903 fermented soymilk demonstrated the highest ABTS radical scavenging ability, which is about twofold of that of unfermented soymilk and 1.8-fold of that of L571 fermented soy milk. In vitro antioxidant experiments and the analysis of H2O2-induced oxidative damage model in Caco-2 cells showed that lactic acid-fermentation could improve the DPPH radical scavenging ability, ABTS radical scavenging ability, while reducing the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in Caco-2 cells induced by H2O2, and increasing the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Consequently, cells are protected from the damage caused by active oxidation, and the repair ability of cells is enhanced. To identify the role of fermented soymilk in intestinal health, we investigate its preventive effect on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mouse models. Results revealed that the fermented soymilk can significantly improve the health conditions of the mice, including alleviated of weight loss, relieved colonic injury, balanced the spleen-to-body weight ratio, reduced the disease index, and suppressed the inflammatory cytokines and oxidant indexes release. These results suggest that YF-L903 fermented soymilk is a promising natural antioxidant sources and anti-inflammatory agents for the food industry. We believe this work paves the way for elucidating the effect of lactic acid-fermented soymilk on intestinal health, and provides a reference for the preparation of fermented soymilk with higher nutritional and health value.

Evaluation of deodorization techniques using cyclodextrins on the headspace volatiles and antioxidant properties of onion

Sulphur-containing volatiles in onion produce unpleasant odors and this limit their usage in foods. To expand its application, several additives including α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), and chitosan were added to onion solution and evaluated for their effect on sulphur-containing volatiles. Also, antioxidant property using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and oxidative stabilities in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion were carried out. The total volatile contents were decreased in the order of α-CD (50.1%), β-CD (49.3%), HP-β-CD (46.2%), and chitosan (7%). Meanwhile, HP-β-CD showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability followed by β-CD, α-CD, and chitosan with decreasing order. The β-CD significantly enhanced the oxidative stability of the O/W emulsion, whereas α-CD and β-HP-CD showed prooxidative behavior. Overall, β-CD might be used as a sulphur-containing volatile decreasing agent, which could keep the antioxidant properties of onion in the O/W emulsion.

Latilactobacillus curvatus FFZZH5L isolated from pickled cowpea enhanced antioxidant activity in Caenorhabditis elegans by upregulating the level of glutathione S-transferase.

Latilactobacillus curvatus is a potential probiotic that possesses beneficial health properties and fermentation traits; however, the extent of understanding of the antioxidant activities of L. curvatus is limited. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of a new L. curvatus FFZZH5L strain. The strain exhibits broad tolerance to acids, bases and salts and demonstrated good adaption to the gastrointestinal environment, with a survival rate of 45% after 24 h of treatment in artificial gastrointestinal juice. Moreover, L. curvatus FFZZH5L exhibits inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, with a self-aggregation rate of 34.8% and a co-aggregation rate of 82.2%. In vitro, the DPPH radical scavenging ability and GSH-px enzyme activity of L. curvatus FFZZH5L reach 64.27% and 15.95 U mL-1, respectively. Treatment of C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L in vivo significantly extended the organism's lifespan. Furthermore, the activity of SOD, GSH-px and T-AOC was increased by 33.6%, 43.4% and 58.3%, respectively. Feeding C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L decreased the MDA, lipofuscin and ROS levels by 9%-36.4%. L. curvatus FFZZH5L effectively protected C. elegans against juglone-induced oxidative stress damage and led to a significant increase in the organism's survival under heat stress. The RT-qPCR analysis suggests that feeding C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L upregulates the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes including glutathione S-transferase 4 (gst-4), gst-1, gst-10, sod-3, sod-5, and sod-10 in C. elegans. Our investigation confirms the probiotic and antioxidant properties of L. curvatus, indicating its potential application in functional foods and the pharmaceutical industry.

Studies of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity in Ready-to-Drink Wild Ganoderma Teas: An In Vitro Approach.

Ganoderma is a medicinally important mushroom and has been used since ancient times. However, mostly G. lucidum has been used for therapeutic purposes, in form of tea, dietary and drug supplements but other species of Ganoderma are still remaining underexploited. This study is the first approach to valorize Ganoderma teas prepared from different wild species of Ganoderma other than G. lucidum with respect to both phytochemically and therapeutically through investigation of their phytochemical, carbohydrate contents and exploring their antioxidant activity. Phytochemical contents such as phenol and flavonoids were quantified using spectrophotometry methods. The carbohydrate content of the teas was estimated by phenol sulphuric acid method. The biochemical analysis revealed the teas contained a notable amount of phenolic compounds ranging from 19.15 to 40.2 µg GAE/mg of extract and also showed significant content of flavonoids. Further, antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant capacity was also evaluated. According to the results, G. resinaceum tea showed better potential in scavenging DPPH (EC50 36 ug/mL) and ABTS radicals (EC50 3 9 ug/mL) whereas the least effect was shown for the tea of G. ahmedi. Therefore, tea showing the best results, i.e. G. resinaceum tea, was also analyzed for cytotoxicity on breast cancer cells. It was found that the tea made from G. resinaceum inhibited cellular growth and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with maximum growth inhibition (61%) observed at the highest concentration of 2.3 mg/mL. The presence of a greater quantity of carbohydrates in G. resinaceum tea also justified the remarkable anticancer potential of the tea. Overall, our findings indicated that a few wild species of Ganoderma other than G. lucidum have great potential to be valued as a healthy beverage with immense therapeutic benefits.

Evaluation of anti-oxidant and antibacterial activities of Ixora chinensis and Cascabela thevetia leaf extracts: An in vitro study

The purpose of this study was to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ixora chinensis and Cascabela thevetia leaf. Leaf parts of Ixora chinensis and Cascabela thevetia plants were subjected to prepare the extracts with pure methanol and ethanol as solvent. These leaf extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial potentialities by utilizing the DPPH assay and disc diffusion methods, respectively. All the leaf extracts exhibited DPPH radical scavenging ability, among them ethanolic leaf extracts of Ixora chinensis and combined methanolic extracts of both leaf demonstrated the substantial antioxidant potentiality with the 18.52 and 29.64 µg/ml as IC50 value, respectively. In the context of antibacterial activity, both leaf extracts (Methanol and ethanol) of Cascabela thevetia showed low to moderate antibacterial activity, generating almost similar zone of inhibition against three (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Vibrio cholerae C6706) of eleven investigated bacterial strains with the 7 to 10 millimeters (Diameter). The current outcomes conclude that leaf extracts of the Ixora chinensis and Cascabela thevetia could be utilized to develop the biopharmaceutical agents.

Additive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae and TiO2 nanoparticles on growth and essential oils enhancement of peppermint

Peppermint is an important medicinal plant, particularly regarding its high essential oil (EO) content. The present study assesses the effects of two Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMFs) and three concentrations of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) (i.e., 100, 150, and 200 mg L−1) on growth characteristics, EO constituents, phenolic content and anti-oxidative enzymatic activities of peppermint. Applying a mixed treatment of Glomus intraradices and TiO2 NPs (150 mg L-1) enhanced peppermint's shoot-fresh and dry weight by 69% and 158%, respectively, compared with controls. Also, membrane stability index (MSI) and leaf relative water content (RWC) exhibited a maximum enrichment of 69.85% and 39%, respectively, over control. Some other plant physiological characteristics were also positively affected by applying either the single or combined treatment of G. intradices and TiO2 NPs (150 mg L−1). In this regard, total phenolic content increased by 300%, DPPH radical scavenging ability by 164%, catalase by 103%, and ascorbate peroxidase activities by 124% in mixed treatment of Glomus intraradices and TiO2 NPs (150 mg L−1). Moreover, AMF symbiosis and the implementation of TiO2 NPs intervention augmented the amount of peppermint EO compounds such as menthol, menthyl acetate, and 1, 8 cineole. The highest amount of menthol production (52.04%) was obtained by adding a mixture of G. intraradices and TiO2 NPs (150 mg L−1), which had more positive effects on the other studied characteristics. Overall, AMF symbiosis and TiO2 NPs application seem suitable for promoting plant growth, improving antioxidant activity, and incrementing major components of EOs in medicinal plants.

Physicochemical properties and protective effects on UVA-induced photoaging in Hs68 cells of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides by fractional precipitation

The development of natural ingredients protecting skin from UVA-induced photoaging is widely expected. The present study investigated the physicochemical properties, antioxidant, moisturizing, collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities, and protective effect on UVA-induced photoaging in Hs68 cells of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides (POPs). POP-40, POP-60, and POP-80 were extracted by gradient precipitation of 40 %, 60 %, and 80 % ethanol, which could be prepared in large quantities. The results showed that POPs had good DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities, water retention capacity, and collagenase and elastase inhibition effects. POP-80 had the best efficacy. Further determined the anti-inflammatory and antisenescence activities of POPs in Hs68 cells. The results indicated that after UVA irradiation, the contents of ROS, senescent cells, NF-κB activity, and proinflammatory cytokines increased in Hs68 cells. However, cells pretreated with 50 μg/mL POPs significantly decreased the contents of ROS and the number of senescent cells, reduced NF-κB activity, and inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α production. There was no significant difference in reducing the accumulation of ROS and senescent cells between POP-80 and the common anti-inflammatory substance quercetin. The results suggested that POP-80 may be potential cosmeceutical ingredients as it can protect Hs68 cells from photodamage.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Citrus hystrix, Citrus limon, Citrus pyriformis, and Citrus microcarpa Leaf Essential Oils against Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line

The essential oil derived from Citrus plants has long been used for medicinal purposes, due to its broad spectrum of therapeutic characteristics. To date, approximately 162 Citrus species have been identified, and many investigational studies have been conducted to explore the pharmacological potential of Citrus spp. oils. This study investigated the volatile constituents of essential oil distilled from the leaves of C. hystrix, C. limon, C. pyriformis, and C. microcarpa, using gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. A total of 80 secondary compounds were tentatively identified, representing 84.88-97.99% of the total ion count and mainly comprising monoterpene (5.20-76.15%) and sesquiterpene (1.36-27.14%) hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes (3.91-89.52%) and sesquiterpenes (0.21-38.87%), and other minor chemical classes (0.10-0.52%). In particular, 27 compounds (1.19-39.06%) were detected across all Citrus species. Principal component analysis of the identified phytoconstituents and their relative quantities enabled differentiation of the Citrus leaf oils according to their species, with the loading variables contributing to these metabolic differences being identified. The Citrus leaf oils were tested for their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate (DPPH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. The results indicated that C. limon displayed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability (IC50 value of 29.14 ± 1.97 mg/mL), while C. hystrix exhibited the lowest activity (IC50 value of 279.03 ± 10.37 mg/mL). On the other hand, all the Citrus oils exhibit potent antiproliferative activities against the HeLa cervical cancer cell line, with IC50 values of 11.66 μg/mL (C. limon), 20.41 μg/mL (C. microcarpa), 25.91 μg/mL (C. hystrix), and 87.17 μg/mL (C. pyriformis).

Development of antioxidant chitosan-based films incorporated with chitooligosaccharide-caffeic acid conjugates

Chitooligosaccharide-caffeic acid (COS-CA) conjugates with three different grafting degrees were synthesized by the N, N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) mediated method and used as functional components to prepare antioxidant chitosan-based composite films. The effects of the synthesized conjugates on the physical and biological properties of chitosan-based films, including mechanical property, UV-barrier property, optical, water vapor permeability, thermal stability, degradation behavior in soil, and antioxidant activity, were investigated. Chitosan acetate films with chitooligosaccharide or without other additives were used as the control. The results showed that the incorporation of COS-CA conjugates caused significant increases in mechanical property, color difference, and UV-barrier property without affecting thermal stability of films and endowed the chitosan-based films with excellent DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing capacity. Moreover, the grafting ratios of caffeic acid in COS-CA conjugates had a noticeable influence on these changes of chitosan-based composite films. Overall, chitosan/COS-CA conjugates composite films with great UV-barrier property and excellent antioxidant activity could be developed as biodegradable antioxidant biomaterials for food packaging.