DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay Research Articles

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Effects of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles from the Aqueous Extract of Persea americana

Nanoparticles have played a very important role in modern research. This technology involves the synthesis of nanoparticles with controllable size, shape, and material dispersion at nanometer-scale lengths. In the current work, copper nanoparticles have been synthesized by simple green technology using Persea americana leaf extract. The formation of Cu NPs was monitored by recording UV-Vis absorption spectra showing surface plasmon resonance at 320 nm. The green synthetic copper nanoparticles will be further characterized by FT-IR, FESEM, EDS and XRD. FT-IR identified the presence of active groups and phenolic groups. The crystal morphology and size of the nanoparticles will be determined by FESEM and X-ray diffraction studies. It was found that the average particle size of the copper nanoparticles was in the range of 71 nm. These biosynthetic copper nanoparticles were tested for the photocatalytic dye degradation of commercially important textile dyes such as methylene blue The antioxidant activity of green synthesized nanoparticles from the fruit extract was analysed by DPPH-free radical scavenging assay method. The results show that green synthetic nanoparticles have strong dye degradation potential.

Shelf-life improvement of raw milk using ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants (Moringa stenopetale, Artemesia anua and MenthaSpicata)

The current study was designed to examine the Shelf life extension ability and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts processed from Moringa stenopetale, Artemesia anua and Mentha Spicata. The raw milk and preservative plants was collected from Chencha woreda, Arba Minch. Purposive sampling techniques were used for collection of milk and plant samples. The crude extracts were isolated from three plant species using Soxhlet extraction method and characterized for the presence of bio-active compounds qualitatively and quantitatively. He accelerated shelf-life testing method was used to estimate the shelf-life of milk samples. Deterioration was tracked using measurements of the peroxide values and sensory characteristics. The DPPH free radical scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant capacity of various extracts, and the absorbance was measured at 517 nm. Mentha Spicata had the highest TPC value of 2.842 ± 0.109 mg GAE/g, while Moringa stenopetale had the lowest at 0.285± 0.0098 mg GAE/g. Similarly, Moringa stenopetale had the greatest TTC value of 69.86 ± 1.25 mg QE/g, while Mentha Spicata had the lowest at 46.2 ± 0.7 mg QE/g. The extracts of Moringa stenopetale, Artemesia anua, and Mentha Spicata showed good antioxidant activities, with IC50 values of 39.490 ± 0.029, 61.189± 0.058, and 68.062± 0.014 g/mL, respectively. The shelf-life of the milk sample improved with Moringa stenopetale was 6.99 days at 27 °C. Generally, Moringa stenopetale had the longest shelf life of all the plant extracts tested for milk samples.

Toxicological safety, antioxidant activity and phytochemical characterization of leaf and bark aqueous extracts of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of bark and leaves aqueous extract Commiphora leptophloeos, and conduct in vivo and in vitro assays to determine the presence of any toxicological consequences due to exposure. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was estimated utilizing DPPH free radical scavenging and phosphomolybdenum assays. Cell viability was measured by the MTT method on J774 and human adenocarcinoma cells, which were treated with concentrations of 12,5, 25, 50, 100 or 200 µg/ml of both extracts. Acute oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity assays were determined using a single oral dose of 2000 g/kg in male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus). Biochemical analysis of the blood and histological analyses of the kidneys, liver, spleen, pylorus, duodenum and jejunum were undertaken. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity were determined utilizing blood samples. Gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin were identified in the bark and chlorogenic acid in leaves. Data demonstrated a high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids associated with significant antioxidant potential. No significant signs in damage or symptoms of toxicity were detected. No marked reduction in cell viability was found at lower concentrations tested. On histomorphometry, only the gastrointestinal organs exhibited significant difference. Renal hepatic and blood parameters were within the normal range. No apparent signs of toxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity or cytotoxicity were found in vivo and in vitro experiments.

Synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of triazole, pyrazole containing thiazole derivatives and molecular docking studies on COVID-19

New series of biologically active triazole and pyrazole compounds containing 2, 4-disubstituted thiazole analogues (12a-l) were synthesized from p-hydroxy benzaldehyde and phenyl hydrazine in excellent yields and purity. All the synthesized compounds were unambiguously identified based on their spectral data analyses (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra, and HRMS). The final derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro anti-microbial activity after thorough purification. Among all the tested compounds, the compound 12e, 12f and 12 k possess the highest growth inhibitory activity at MIC values of 4.8, 5.1 and 4.0 μg/ml respectively. The antioxidant properties of these compounds demonstrated and revealed remarkable activity compared to the standard antioxidant by using the DPPH free radical-scavenging assay. Moreover, molecular docking studies to evaluate the probable interactions with the catalytic domain of the gram-positive S. aureus topoisomerase IV enzyme may provide new insights for developing these new hybrids as potential antimicrobial agents. The binding affinities of compounds 12a-l were ranging from − 10.0 to − 11.0 kcal/mol with topoisomerase IV enzyme and with COVID-19 main protease binding affinities are ranging from − 8.2 to − 9.3 kcal/mol. These docking studies reveal that the compounds 12a-l could be the best inhibitors for the novel SARS Cov-2 virus and have more future in discovery of potent drug candidates.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Fibroblast Migration Activities of Fractions Eluded from Dichloromethane Leaf Extract of Marantodes pumilum.

(1) The complexity of diabetes and diabetic wound healing remains a therapeutic challenge because proper and systematic wound care and management are essential to prevent chronic microbial infection and mechanical damage to the skin. Marantodes pumilum, locally known as 'Kacip Fatimah', is an herb that has been previously reported to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive and antipyretic properties. The current study aims to assess the antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activities of the fractions eluded from the dichloromethane extract of M. pumilum leaves. (2) The total antioxidant capacity of M. pumilum was assessed using the total proanthocyanidins and phosphomolybdenum assays, while DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide free radical scavenging assays were tested to determine the antioxidant potential of M. pumilum. An in vitro scratch wound assay was performed to measure the fibroblast cell migration rate using normal and insulin-resistant human dermal fibroblast cells. (3) All M. pumilum fractions exhibited good antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activity, among which fractions A and E displayed the greatest effect. (4) M. pumilum's fibroblast migration activity could be attributed to its strong antioxidant properties along with its previously reported properties.

Rutin Inhibits Hepatic and Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting CYP3A4 and GST

Abstract: Background: Digestive cancer is among the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Rutin, a bioactive secondary metabolite belonging to flavonoids and distributed in many fruits and vegetables has shown anti-proliferative, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective activities. In this study, the antiproliferative, antioxidant and apoptotic activities of rutin on hepatic and pancreatic cancer cell lines were investigated. Materials and Methods: The effect on cellular viability was monitored by SRB assay. Increasing activity of caspases (3/7) was used as an indicator of apoptosis. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of rutin were evaluated after measuring amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced and through DPPH free radical scavenging assays, respectively. Moreover, the inhibitory effect on both CYP3A4 and GST enzymes has also been evaluated. Results: According to the data presented here, rutin has anti-proliferative effect and raises the number of caspases 3/7 in investigated cell lines. Conclusion: HepG-2 cells showed the highest cellular growth inhibition, followed by BxPC-3, Huh-7, MiaPaCa-2, Suit-2, and the normal cell line HPDE. Rutin also inhibited the cyctochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450 3A4) and glutatihione-S-transferase activity, with dose-dependent inhibition. Furthermore, suppression of PGE2 synthesis in BxPC-3 cells supported rutin's anti-inflammatory action (high COX-2 expression). Keywords: Rutin, Pancreatic and Liver cancer, Apoptosis and Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant.

Synthesis, In Silico Studies, and Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential of 2-(Substituted Phenyl) Thiazolidine-4-Carboxamide Derivatives.

Heterocyclic nuclei have shown a wide variety of biological activities, highlighting their importance in drug discovery. Derivatives of 2,4-subsituted thiazolidine have a structural similarity with the substrates of tyrosinase enzymes. Hence, they can be used as an inhibitor to compete against tyrosine in the biosynthesis of melanin. This study is focused on design, synthesis, biological activities, and in silico studies of thiazolidine derivatives substituted at positions 2 and 4. The synthesized compounds were evaluated to determine the antioxidant activity and tyrosine inhibitory potential using mushroom tyrosinase. The most potent tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor was compound 3c having IC50 value 16.5 ± 0.37 µM, whereas compound 3d showed maximum antioxidant activity in a DPPH free radical scavenging assay (IC50 = 18.17 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies were conducted using mushroom tyrosinase (PDB ID: 2Y9X) to analyze binding affinities and binding interactions of the protein-ligand complex. Docking results indicated that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were mainly involved in the ligand and protein complex. The highest binding affinity was found to be -8.4 Kcal/mol. These results suggest that thiazolidine-4-carboxamide derivatives could serve as lead molecules for development of novel potential tyrosinase inhibitors.

Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities

Abstract In continuation of the research, the phytochemical investigation of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) (Capparaceae). In this work, we described the isolation and identification of two novel polycyclic compounds Capparisone A (1) and Capparisone B (2). The structures of these compounds were determined based on NMR spectral data and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we evaluated the inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from C. dongvanensis leaves against five cancer cell lines, the results showed that isolated compounds exhibited good activities on four cancer cell lines. Otherwise, two isolated compounds 1 and 2 and EA extract also exhibited the anti-oxidant activity in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay.

Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenols, and Proanthocyanidin Changes during Storage of Fourteen Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Populations from Serbia – A Chemometric Approach

Considering the interest in the consumption of faba bean and study of antioxidants in natural food resources, methanol extracts of fourteen Vicia faba cultivars harvested from a two-year field experiment were studied for their phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidines, and antioxidant activities by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS cation radical decolorization assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and total reducing power (TRP). The results indicate significant differences among the populations in their content of polyphenols and proanthocyanidine, resulting in variations in antioxidant activity of seed extracts. The storage of V. faba mature seeds under uncontrolled, but identical conditions decreased the total phenol content and antioxidant properties. The total phenols were from 10.12 ± 0.19 to 18.53 ± 0.14 mg GAE g−1 DE (2021 year) and 19.52 ± 0.16 to 26.94 ± 0.34 mg GAE g−1 DE (2022 year). In the 2022 growing season, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity had higher values for all populations from 4.83 ± 0.002 to 6.17 ± 0.003 g mg TE g−1 DE. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis obtained from antioxidative profiles grouped the samples into two major clusters. The first cluster consists of extracts of V. faba cultivars from the 2021 growing season, while the V. faba cultivars from the 2022 growing season are in second cluster. Tested cultivars can be used as a readily available source of natural antioxidants.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaves of Chromolaena odorata and its Antioxidant Activity

Harmful chemical waste is a serious problem being faced during the synthesis of nanoparticles due to the usage of hazardous chemicals. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of the leaves of C. odorata is cheap and environmentally friendly. This study reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using C. odorata aqueous extract as reducing agent. The leaves of C. odorata was extracted by using cold maceration technique. The phytochemicals screening of leaves was done and positive results was showed for the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolics in the leaves extract of C. odorata. The synthesized C. odorata extract mediated AgNPs was characterized using several techniques including UV-Visible spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The reduction of pure Ag (I) ions to Ag (0) was monitored using UV-Vis every one hour after 24 hours up to 28 hours and it showed an absorption band at 430-450 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was utilized to determine its particle size and the average particle size obtained was 27.3 nm. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by using C. odorata leaves aqueous extract was determined for its antioxidant activity by using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The IC50 value obtained was 277.29 mg/ml. Based on the results obtained, it indicates that the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced using C. odorata leaves aqueous extract possessed antioxidant activity that can scavenge free radicals.

High throughput biochemical profiling, and functional potential analysis for valorization of grape peduncles

Vitis vinifera L., commonly known as grape is a major fruit crop in the world. Grapes seem to confer health benefits due to their chemical components, biological and antioxidant activities. The present study is conducted to evaluate the biochemical constituents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential of ethanolic grape peduncles (EGP) extract. The result of phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as flavonoid, tannin, carbohydrates, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, phenol, steroid, terpenoids, quinones and anthraquinones. Furthermore, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were 7.35 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g (Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram) and 29.67 ± 0.13 mg QE/g (Quercetin Equivalent per gram) respectively. DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay revealed IC50 = 159.3 μg/mL. The antibacterial and antifungal study disclosed that the extract was highly potent against Salmonella typhi with maximum zone of inhibition of 27.2 ± 1.60 mm and Epidermophyton floccosum with 74 ± 1.81% inhibition. The extract was analyzed for its cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity and showed no activity against HeLa cell line and promastigotes of Leishmania major. Elements Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cd were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and approximately 50 compounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Current work suggest that grape peduncles can be a promising source of bioactive medicinal component.

Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of an Indigenous Plant of Bangladesh, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.: Drug Discovery from Nature.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Family: Asteraceae) is a tropical Asian medicinal plant found in Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. It has long been utilized to treat a variety of health concerns in numerous countries around the world, such as renal discomfort, constipation, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, and hypertension. The chemical investigation resulted in the isolation and characterization of six compounds from the methanol (MeOH) extract of the leaves of Gynura procumbens, which were identified as phytol (1), lupeol (2), stigmasterol (3), friedelanol acetate (4), β-amyrin (5), and a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (6). In-depth investigations of the high-resolution 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic data from the isolated compounds, along with comparisons to previously published data, were used to clarify their structures. Among these, the occurrence of Compounds 1 and 4 in this plant are reported for the first time. The crude methanolic extract (CME) and its different partitionates, i.e., petroleum ether (PESF), chloroform (CSF), ethyl acetate (EASF), and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions, were subjected to antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and anti-diabetic activities. In a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, EASF showed the maximum activity, with an IC50 value of 10.78 µg/mL. On the other hand, CSF displayed the highest cytotoxic effect with an LC50 value of 1.94 µg/mL compared to 0.464 µg/mL for vincristine sulphate. In a thrombolytic assay, the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest activity (63.77%) compared to standard streptokinase (70.78%). During the assay for anti-diabetic activity, the PESF showed 70.37% of glucose-lowering activity, where standard glibenclamide showed 63.24% of glucose-reducing activity.

Exploring the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Wilckia maritima: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations

This research aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of methanol extract of Wilckia maritima, a plant belonging to the family Brassicaceae, which is enriched with natural antioxidants. Qualitative phytochemical studies showed the presence of numerous compounds including glycosides, phenols, triterpenoids, and GC-MS studies revealed the presence of 35 bioactive components, including n-hexadecanoic acid (26.96%), 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid (cis) (25.52%), 3,5 di-hydroxy-6-methyl 2,3-di-hydro-4-pyran 4-one (14.35%), and 3-tertiary butyl-4-hydroxy-anisol (11.68%) as major components, which are thought to be responsible for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials of methanol extract of W. maritima., flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The antioxidant potential of the extract was determined by performing various assays, including DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous reducing, and hydrogen peroxide assays, which showed significant percentage inhibition (83.55 ± 0.89, 79.40 ± 1.17, and 81.26 ± 0.36%, respectively) as compared to ascorbic acid (standard). The extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity with percentage inhibition 65.66 ± 0.42% compared to standard ibuprofen, which showed 73.20 ± 0.21% inhibition. In vivo analysis further confirmed this anti-inflammatory potential of the extract, showing a 75.55 ± 0.11% reduction in edema at 300 mg/kg as compared with standard diclofenac sodium 70.27 ± 0.012%. Moreover, in silico investigations revealed that the phytocompounds in W. maritima exhibited excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics, which could provide novel biological molecules for target receptors. Overall, our findings suggest that W. maritima can be utilized as a potential resource of natural compounds with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory potential, with promising therapeutic effect in relieving various ailments related to inflammatory response.

SUNLIGHT-DRIVEN INSTANT SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING AQUEOUS FRUIT EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA PANICULATA ROTH AND IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF ITS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES

Herein we report a sunlight-driven, instant, one-step, green route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous fruit extract of Terminalia paniculata Roth and in vitro assessment of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. 5 mL of aqueous fruit extract of T. paniculata was added to 95 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 and exposed to direct sunlight. The T. paniculata fruit extract mediated AgNPs (TpF-AgNPs) were characterized for their morphological, physical, and chemical properties using UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) with Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED). The antioxidant activity of TpF-AgNPs was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and the anti-inflammatory activity by Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) anti-denaturation assay at different doses. The formation of TpF-AgNPs was observed as a colour change from pale-yellow to reddish-brown within 3 mins under direct sunlight. UV-Vis spectra revealed an absorption peak at 411 nm, which is the characteristic for silver nanoparticles. FTIR spectra revealed the possible functional groups of phytochemicals such as -OH and -NH involved in the reduction and capping of TpF-AgNPs. HR-TEM analysis confirmed the spherical shape of nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5-50 nm with an average particle size of 26 nm. AFM shows surface topography of TpF-AgNPs. The crystalline nature with Face Centered Cubic structure was confirmed through XRD and SAED. The negative value of zeta potential (-53.9 mV) indicated the excellent stability of nanoparticles. The TpF-AgNPs exhibited maximum % scavenging of 71.72 ± 0.51 at 100 µg/mL for antioxidant activity and maximum % inhibition of 85.88 ± 1.09 at 500 µg/mL for anti-inflammatory activity. The sunlight-driven green synthesis of TpF-AgNPs proved to be an instant method in the formation of small-sized nanoparticles exhibiting good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Structural characterization, DNA binding study, antioxidant potential and antitumor activity of diorganotin(IV) complexes against human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231

Five new organotin(IV) complexes, Me2SnL (1), Bu2SnL (2), t-Bu2SnL (3), Ph2SnL (4) and Oct2SnL (5), have been synthesized from the reaction of R2SnCl2 (R= Me, Bu, tert-Bu, Ph, Oct) with N'-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)formohydrazide (H2L). The structural elucidation of synthesized compounds was done by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Crystallographic data of complex (1) showed seven coordinated central tin atom with distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. Where in solution the Sn atom of synthesized complexes exhibit five coordination, confirmed from 1H-NMR. The results from DNA interaction studies via UV-visible spectroscopy, viscosity, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) suggested an intercalative mode of interaction between the synthesized compounds and SS-DNA. Furthermore, the complexes interact more significantly than ligand. Electrochemical and thermodynamic parameters, including diffusion coefficient, ∆H, ∆G, and ∆S, were calculated using cyclic voltammetry data. The linear plot of peak current (I) vs. square root of the scan rate (υ1/2) indicated the electrochemical processes to be diffusion controlled. The DPPH free radical scavenging assay results showed that complex (4) is an active antioxidant. In-vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was determined on human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 using tetrazolium-based MTT assay, and complexes (2), (3) and (4) showed significant cytotoxic activity. The structure-activity relationships may be utilised to direct the optimization of the activity of agents from this class of compounds by comparing the specifics of the compound structures, their DNA binding, and toxicity.

Determination of Phytochemicals, Minerals, and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic Activities of Young Fronds of <i>Diplazium esculent</i>um: A Vegetable of Tripura, India

Diplazium esculentum belongs to the family Athyriaceae, an edible fern rich in micronutrients, beta-carotene, folic acid, and minerals like calcium, iron, and phosphorus. The present study aims to determine secondary metabolites and minerals content and evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of young fronds of Diplazium esculentum. The plant extract was prepared by the Soxhlet apparatus method. Total alkaloids and total tannin content were determined by the titrimetric method. Folin and Ciocalteu's colorimetric method used gallic acid as a standard drug to determine total phenols. The antioxidant activity of plant extract was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. α-amylase inhibition assay was performed for evaluation of the antidiabetic activity of plant extract. Fronds of Diplazium esculentum contain a significant number of total alkaloids (145.54±1.49), phenols (174.2±0.95), and tannins (263.96±1.32) mg/g of dry extract. Fronds of Diplazium esculentum also contain a significant amount of minerals. Diplazium esculentum shows significant antioxidant activity compared to the standard drug ascorbic acid and antidiabetic activity compared to the standard drug metformin. Based on these findings, young fronds of Diplazium esculentum can be recommended as a good source of phytochemicals and minerals. It also shows significant antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Metabolic profiles of Weissella spp. postbiotics with anti-microbial and anti-oxidant effects.

This present study aimed to isolate beneficial bacteria from honey bee pollen microbiota and to investigate the metabolite profiles of postbiotics exhibiting anti-microbial and anti-oxidant properties. Pour plate technique was used to isolate bacteria from honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollen samples. Different colonies grown on agar plates were selected and screened for their anti-microbial activity against important pathogens using agar well diffusion assay. The isolates that exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects against all tested pathogens were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) free radical scavenging assays were used to assess the antioxidant capacity of their postbiotics. Besides, the total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds in postbiotics were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively. The valuable metabolites in postbiotics were also profiled using chromatographic tools and Mass Spectrophotometry (MS) analysis. Twenty-seven strains were isolated from different honey bee pollen samples. 16 out of the 27 strains exhibited antagonistic activity against at least one reference strain of pathogens, tested. The most effective strains belonging to the genus Weissella were identified as W. cibaria and W. confusa. Postbiotics above 10 mg/mL exhibited higher radical scavenging activity and high total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. MS analysis demonstrated that metabolites in postbiotics derived from Weissella spp. were found very similar to the metabolites found in honeybee pollen. The outcomes of this study revealed that honey bee pollen could be considered a potential source for the bacteria which produce anti-microbial and anti-oxidant agents. The similarity with the nutritional dynamics of honey bee pollen also indicated that postbiotics could also be used as novel and sustainable food supplements.

In-Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Arthritis, Anti-inflammatory, Thrombolysis, Anti-bacterial, and in-Vivo Neuropharmacological Activities of Bioactive Metabolites of Solanum americanum Mill.

Aims: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of methanol-prepared leaf extracts from the Solanum americanum Mill. plant on a variety of in vitro activities, including antioxidant, anti-Arthritis, anti-inflammatory, thrombolysis, anti-bacterial, and in-vivo neuropharmacological activities.
 Study Design: Methanolic extract of Solanum americanum leaf (MESAL) was primarily evaluated via phytochemical screening. The potential for in vitro activities, including antioxidant, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, thrombolysis, and anti-bacterial activity were determined to study due to the pharmacological interest in the plant's chemical constituent. Whether there is statistical significance to the changes seen in its in vivo neuropharmacological characteristics when tested in experimental animals.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out between November 2022 to January 2023 at the Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology in the Department of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh and Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka.
 Methodology: The plant was subjected to phytochemical screening utilizing a variety of test reagents and potential antioxidant, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, anti-bacterial, and neuropharmacological activities of MESAL were investigated. Antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and antibacterial activities were tested at different doses utilizing the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay, Protein Denaturation Assays, Clot Lysis, and the Disk Diffusion Method. Swiss albino mice were tested using open-field and hole-cross methods to measure their locomotion as part of the neuropharmacological study.
 Results: The MESAL phytochemical screening findings demonstrated that the plants' chemical compositions varied. Most antioxidant activities were found in MESA, with an IC50 of 11.73 µg/mL compared to Ascorbic acid's IC50 of 28.86 µg/mL. When compared to the standard, the percent inhibition value of MESAL's anti-arthritis activity was significantly higher. With a maximum protein denaturation value of 94.03% at a concentration of 1000µg/mL, MESAL possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. The value of MESAL in terms of clot lysis is very significant which is 90.257%. While MESAL's antibacterial value is moderate, it is still worth considering. However, the extract was proven to be less effective than Diazepam in improving motor coordination in the Open Field and Hole Cross Tests.
 Conclusion: Several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, may benefit in the future from the use of plant-derived pharmacological agents due to their neuropharmacological, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activity, which can replace the use of NSAIDs.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Parinari curatellifolia Methanol Stem Bark Extract and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

Parinari curatellifolia Planch ex. Benth (Chrysobalanaceae) has been used traditionally for the treatment of cancer, pneumonia, fever, dressing of wounds and fractures. The green synthesized nanoparticles from phytochemicals have been utilized as effective antimicrobial and anticancer agents. The research was designed to synthesize nanoparticles from methanol stem bark extract of P. curatellifolia and to investigate its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The stem bark was powdered and then extracted by maceration. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using 5 mM AgNO3 solution. DPPH free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were employed to determine the antioxidant activity. The antibacterial activity was determined using agar disk diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids and tannins. XRD analysis of the synthesized silver nanoparticles revealed a crystalline structure with face cantered cubic orientation. The SEM revealed particle size of 1 nm and consisted of highly agglomerated particles which formed large aggregates. The IC50 of DPPH free scavenging activity of the extract, silver nanoparticles and ascorbic acid (standard) were 2.804 mg/mL, 2.367 mg/mL and 2.065 mg/mL respectively. Also, that of H2O2 against the extract, silver nanoparticles and ascorbic acid (standard) were 4.986 mg/mL, 36.56 mg/mL and 6.414 mg/mL respectively. The nanoparticles inhibited the growth of the organisms with zone of inhibition between 8-12 mm whereas that of standard antibiotic (gentamicin) ranged from18-26 mm. This therefore implies that PC extract can be used in the synthesis of nanoparticles for its use against bacteria strains and as antioxidants.

Comparative Study of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Cytotoxic Potentials, and Phytochemicals of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Trigonella foenum-graecum and Zingiber officinale are used as traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, a comparative analysis and bioactivities of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale lack some necessary information for therapeutic purposes. This study was designed to evaluate the biochemical characterizations and biological efficacy of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiamnesic, and cytotoxic agents. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Antidiabetic potentials were evaluated by glycation, alpha-amylase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition assays. We performed biochemical characterization through analyses of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Results revealed that total phenolic contents (TPCs) (g GAE/100 g) of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale were 5.74 ± 0.81 g and 6.15 ± 0.06 g, respectively, and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) varied from 1.51 ± 0.58 g CE/100 g to 17.54 ± 0.58. DPPH scavenging potentials of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale extract were 50.27% and 88.82%, respectively. Antiglycation potentials of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale showed a maximum activity at 16–29% and 96%. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition ranged from 9.43–24.95 and 10.52–27.89 and 54.97%, respectively. All the test samples of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale showed acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential at 0.37–46.88%. HPLC analysis of T. foenum-graecum revealed the presence of quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and cumeric acid, while Z. officinale revealed the quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, p.Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of aldehydes, ketones, aromatic compounds, amines, and carbonyl groups in T. foenum-graecum, while alcohol, alkane, alkene, ketone, amine, and ether are bioactives present in the methanolic extract of Z. officinale. It was concluded that a comparative analysis of T. foenum-graecum and Z. officinale showed that Z. officinale showed higher therapeutic effects.