DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay Research Articles

The assessment of antioxidant potential of Olea europaea and Ocimum basilicum and their comparative and combine study

Many chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, are connected to the negative consequences of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ocimum basilicum or basil is a plant that is high in eugenol and vitamin K and is recognized for its antioxidant qualities. Research has indicated that basil possesses strong anticancer properties, impacting multiple biological processes like autophagy, cell cycle regulation, inflammation management, apoptosis, and metastasis suppression. Analogously, Olea europaea (olive) is acknowledged for its hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics. Because of their anticancer properties, the polyphenols included in olive leaves have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against specific forms of cancer. At doses of 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively, the Olea europaea extract demonstrated dose-dependent antioxidant activity with scavenging rates of 45%, 66%, and 83%. At the same concentrations, the Ocimum basilicum methanolic extract demonstrated antioxidant action as well, with scavenging rates of 11%, 43%, and 49%. Notably, both plants’ methanolic extracts showed increased antioxidant activity when combined. At doses of 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL, the combined extracts demonstrated scavenging activities of 42%, 49%, and 71% using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. This study's main goal is to assess the combined antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts made from the leaves of Ocimum basilicum and Olea europaea. The results indicate that Ocimum basilicum and Olea europaea combination therapy considerably suppresses DPPH free radicals. With potential therapeutic effects, this combined therapy may be instrumental in scavenging free radicals that lead to the development of cancer.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity with in silico ADMET Prediction, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Studies of Carbazole Ring Containing Thiazole Schiff Bases

AbstractTwelve thiazole hybrids (2 a–2 l) were synthesized in this study incorporating with Schiff base and carbazole scaffolds and characterized by spectral analyses. Antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potency were investigated by agar disc diffusion method and DPPH free radical scavenging assays where trimethyldihydrothiazole 2 c had revealed its higher efficacy in both biological studies. It had displayed IC50 of 25.55±0.40 μg/mL which is higher than the standard ascorbic acid (IC50=41.31±1.83 μg/mL) as well as dihydrothiazoylchromenone 2 e showed promising antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 40.82±0.54. The compound 2 c satisfied all the ADME properties and toxicological parameters with maximum drug score value (0.39) among all derivatives. Molecular docking was undertaken for higher bioactive compounds where 2 c revealed its wide range of interactions with different amino acid residues which was also endorsed with the output of molecular dynamics simulation.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Quality and Differences in Silene viscidula Franch from Different Origins Based on UPLC-ZENO-Q-TOF-MS/MS Compounds Analysis and Antioxidant Capacity.

Silene viscidula Franch is mainly produced in southwest China. The region has a vast area and rich climate, which has an impact on the quality of the plants due to the differences in distribution between the origins. There is a lack of systematic research on its chemical compounds in the existing literature, and fewer studies have been reported for the active compounds of this plant. Therefore, high-resolution liquid mass spectrometry was used in this study. Sixty batches of Silene viscidula Franch samples from twenty origins in three provinces were analyzed for compounds. A database of chemical compounds of Silene viscidula Franch was established through node-to-node information in the GNPS molecular network, as well as literature records. The ion fragmentation information obtained was compared with the literature data and analyzed and identified by importing the mass spectrometry software PeakView 1.2. Then, the MarkerView t-test was applied to analyze and identify the compounds of Silene viscidula Franch from different origins. Afterwards, the antioxidant activity of Silene viscidula Franch from different origins was preliminarily evaluated using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. The results showed a total of 78 compounds, including 34 steroids, 14 triterpenoid saponins, 30 flavonoid glycosides, and other classes of compounds, such as alkaloids. The cleavage patterns of steroids, triterpenoid saponins, and flavonoids in positive-ion mode were also summarized. Based on the p-value of the t-test (p < 0.05), 29 differential compounds were screened out. The relative contents of saponins and steroidal compounds in these samples were found to be associated with antioxidant activity. This study provided a preliminary reference for the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for the quality of Silene viscidula Franch.

Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Banana Bract Lehya

Banana Bract Lehya, a traditional Ayurvedic formulation, has gained recognition for its potential therapeutic applications. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate the physicochemical properties and biological activities of Banana Bract Lehya. The lehya was prepared using banana bract powder (Musa paradisiaca), jaggery, tamarind, and a blend of spices including cumin, ajwain, ginger, fennel, and black pepper. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, with high concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and moderate levels of tannins and terpenoids. Physicochemical analysis showed a pH of 6.20, loss on drying of 70%, total ash content of 3.2%, and total solid content of 96%. Organoleptic evaluation indicated a light brown and black color, pungent and spicy taste, and jelly-like texture. The total phenolic content was 78.5 ± 3.2 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content was 42.3 ± 2.1 mg QE/g. Antioxidant activity, assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, showed an IC50 value of 127.6 ± 5.4 μg/mL, compared to ascorbic acid's 23.8 ± 1.2 μg/mL. Glucose adsorption capacity increased with rising glucose concentration, suggesting potential anti-diabetic effects. The lehya exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values of 156.3 ± 7.2 μg/mL and 143.7 ± 6.5 μg/mL, respectively, compared to acarbose's 83.2 ± 3.8 μg/mL and 95.6 ± 4.1 μg/mL. These findings provide valuable insights into the composition, physicochemical properties, and potential health benefits of Banana Bract Lehya.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition and Antifungal Potential of Millingtonia hortensis Leaf Extract

Millingtonia hortensis, commonly known as the Indian cork tree, has been traditionally used in Southern Asian medicine for various therapeutic purposes. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal properties of M. hortensis leaf extract and evaluate its potential as a natural alternative to synthetic antifungal agents. Leaf samples were collected, authenticated, and subjected to aqueous and methanolic extraction. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and proteins. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, while the antifungal potential was evaluated through the agar-well diffusion method against selected fungal strains. The aqueous extract yielded 4.4% w/w, while the methanolic extract yielded 2.9% w/w. Both extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with the methanolic extract showing slightly higher potency. The antifungal assay revealed dose-dependent inhibition of fungal growth, with the highest concentration (300 μg/ml) exhibiting the maximum zone of inhibition. Ketoconazole served as a positive control, while 10% DMSO was used as a negative control. The results suggest that M. hortensis leaf extract possesses promising antifungal properties, likely attributed to its rich phytochemical composition. This study provides a foundation for further research into the development of novel, plant-based antifungal therapies and highlights the potential of M. hortensis as a source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications

FTIR, 1H-/13C-NMR spectral characterization, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, PASS, SAR, and in silico properties of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside derivatives

A novel series of biologically active derivatives based on methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) has been developed, comprising 6-O-monosubstituted MGP derivatives obtained from methyl α-D-glucopyranoside. These derivatives were transformed into 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl MGP derivatives, incorporating diverse functionalities within a single molecular framework, aimed at producing new products for antimicrobial studies. All synthesized compounds were identified through spectral analyses (FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR) and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial in vitro testing revealed that these MGP derivatives have notable efficacy against various pathogenic microorganisms, along with the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS). Compounds 2 and 7 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.25 to 64.0 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 8.0 to 128.0 µg/mL. Moreover, these compounds demonstrated significant antioxidant properties compared with those of standard antioxidants according to the results of the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. An evaluation of the growth and proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells revealed moderate cell growth inhibition by compounds 5 and 6, with IC50 values of 5958.54 and 5437.17 µg/mL, respectively, as determined via an MTT colorimetric assay. An analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) revealed that the combination of the (p-CH3.C6H4CO-) and halo-aromatic [3-Cl.C6H4CO-] chains with sugar had the highest efficiency in pathogens. Molecular docking studies using AutoDock Vina highlighted compound 7 as a promising inhibitor of the carbapenemase, OmpF, and HmoB proteins, with binding energies of -11.53 kcal/mol, -2.26 kcal/mol, and -30.75 kcal/mol, respectively. A 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation study demonstrated the validity of stable conformation and binding patterns in a stimulating environment. Pharmacokinetic characterization and ADMET predictions indicated favorable drug-like properties. These substantial in vitro and in silico studies demonstrate the importance of additional investigations to confirm the efficacy of MGP derivatives as antimicrobial agents.

Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Cr (III) and Rh(III) Complexes Derived from A New Mannich Base

The Mannich base ligand was synthesized in an ethanol medium through a condensation reaction of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and ciprofloxacin at room temperature. Subsequently, several metal complexes of this ligand were prepared. To characterize both the base ligand and the metal complexes, various techniques were employed, including elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, molar conductivity measurements, magnetic moment determination, and melting point analysis. The results were shown that the metal complexes formed have the formula [Cr(L)2Cl2] Cl.H2O and [Rh(L)2(H2O)2] Cl3.H2O, where L= mannich base ligand. Based on spectroscopic analytical, coordination with metal ions involves the 'N' donor atom of mannich base and 'N' atom of piprizaing ring, and two complexes are A six-coordinated octahedral structure is suggested. Molar conductivity of these complexes showed that they were electrolytic in nature. In this study, the anticancer and antioxidant potential of the Mannich base ligand and its metal complexes were investigated against MDA-MB-231 cell lines and using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Moreover, the in vitro efficacy of the ligand and its complexes against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), as well as the fungal strain Candida albicans, was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The results indicated that Cr (III) and Rh(III) complexes demonstrated the highest levels of cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cell lines, enhances antioxidant and antimicrobial activity more than the free ligand. These findings suggest that these metal complexes may have promising applications in the development of novel anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Analgesic, Antidiarrheal Activity and GC-MS Analysis of the Leaves of Stachyphrynium Placentarium

The goal of the present study is to analyze the phytochemicals, antioxidants, cytotoxic, analgesic and anti-diarrheal properties of the leaves of Stachyphrynium placentarium methanol extract as well as its dichloromethane soluble fraction using GC-MS technique. The leaves of the S. placentarium were extracted with methanol and designated as SPM. Phytochemicals investigation exhibited the presence of several important secondary metabolites. Antioxidants such as total phenolic content, flavonoids content, total antioxidant, reducing power capacity and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay SPM revealed non-significant antioxidant properties. The cytotoxicity study of the extract showed significant cytotoxicity (LC50 35.1093 µg/mL) compared to standard vincristine sulfate (LC50 0.482 µg/mL). Analgesic study of S. placentarium by hot plate model indicates both the doses exhibited significant central analgesic activity compared with the control. The maximum analgesic activity was observed at 90 min. SPM (500 mg/kg) is 60.21 %. SPM250 also showed a significant percentage of elongation or latency from 30 to 150 min 57.00, 59.64, 59.88, 58.07 and 53.71 %, respectively 30 min time interval. In the acetic acid writhing test, S. placentarium significantly outperformed the control and standard (SPM250 - 52.27 %, SPM500 - 34.09 and STD - 27.27 %), showing a significant increase in peripheral analgesic activity (p &lt; 0.001). Antidiarrheal activity of SPM showed that SPM250 and SPM500 substantially decreased the feces in castor oil-induced diarrhea (p &lt; 0.05). According to the study, the incidence and severity of diarrhea are significantly reduced by SPM500. Four chemicals are found in the dichloromethane-soluble portion of the methanol extract of S. placentarium leaves, according to GC-MS studies such as Octadecane, 6-methyl- (1.326 %), Dodecane (1.02 %), 1-Iodo-2-methylundecane (0.47 %), tetradecanoic acid 12-methyl, methyl ester (72.64 %). Tetradecanoic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory, anticancer, 5-reductase inhibitory, antioxidant, hemolytic and antifibrinolytic properties. HIGHLIGHTS The phytochemicals, antioxidants, cytotoxic, analgesic and anti-diarrheal properties of Stachyphrynium placentarium methanol extract (SPM) leaves. The dichloromethane soluble fraction is examined using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and identified Octadecane, 6-methyl-, Dodecane, 1-Iodo-2-methylundecane, tetradecanoic acid 12-methyl, methyl ester. The brine shrimp lethality test exhibited that SPM has significant cytotoxicity (LC50 35.1093 µg/mL) compared to vincristine sulphate (LC50 0.482µg/mL), the extract showed significant cytotoxicity (LC50 35.1093 µg/mL). S. placentarium at both dosages (250 and 500 mg) provided significant central analgesia compared to the control in a hot plate model. In the acetic acid writhing test, S. placentarium showed significantly higher peripheral analgesic action (SPM250 - 52.27, SPM500 - 34.09 and STD - 27.27 %) compared to control and standard. In castor oil-induced diarrhoea, SPM250 and SPM500 (250 and 500 mg) showed significantly reduced faeces production (p &lt; 0.05). GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Quantitative Determination of the Cytotoxic Compounds in Different Organs of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. by LC-HRESIMS Using Respond Survey Methodology.

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., commonly known as "Burdock", is a species within the Arctium genus of the Asteraceae family. Determining the optimum extraction conditions to obtain a concentrated extract with targeted active ingredients guides the most efficient use of natural products. Herein, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) to extract bioactive compounds from different organs of A. minus. Furthermore, phytochemical composition of extracts of the A. minus was investigated by using liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS), antioxidant potential by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), diazanium;3-ethyl-2-[(3-ethyl-6-sulfonato-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)hydrazinylidene]-1,3-benzothiazole-6-sulfonate (ABTS), CUPRAC, and metal chelation assays, and cytotoxic activities by using human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and hepatocellular carcinoma cancer cell line (HepG2), and compared against conventional methods; Soxhlet and maceration. The RSM was employed to investigate the influence of ultrasound power, extraction time, and extraction temperature on the antioxidant potential assessed by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. In UAE of A. minus leaves, flowers, and branches, the conditions resulting in the minimum IC50 values: 20 °C for 6 min at 50 W for leaves, 20 °C for 3 min at 100 W for flowers, and 20 °C for 3 min at 100 W for branches. Chlorogenic acid was identified as the major phenolic compound in the extracts obtained by UAE, with concentrations of 24,666.96 μg/g in leaves, 1054.92 μg/g in flowers, and 3,501.24 μg/g in branches. Flowers of A. minus had significantly higher levels of arctiin and arctigenin than those of leaves and branches. Extracts from leaves and flowers were more effective against MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cancer cell lines than arctiin and arctigenin.

Pyrazole-based N-phenyl pyrazolines: Synthesis, docking, and pharmacological evaluation

A series of methoxy substituted pyrazole based pyrazoline derivatives (4a-j) were synthesized in good to excellent yield from corresponding pyrazole-chalcones (3a-j). All synthesized derivatives were characterized and screened for their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities. Among the series, compounds 4f, 4j, 4a, and 4i showed better anti-inflammatory activity as compared to diclofenac sodium. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, all the compounds were shown excellent activity and moderate to good activity in SO and NO free radical scavenging assay as compared to standard ascorbic acid. Antibacterial screening of synthesized pyrazolines showed that compounds 4f and 4j have significant antibacterial activity. The compounds 4j, 4f, 4h, 4a, and 4c have shown comparable inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme leading to good antidiabetic activity as compared to standard acarbose. Molecular docking studies suggest that these compounds have strong binding with COX-2 and alpha-amylase enzyme due to significant capability of aromatic and hydrophobic interaction. The outstanding results of reported compounds in all biological screening will pave the way for the design of new drug candidate bearing pyrazole moiety.

In vitro and in silico therapeutic properties of Artepillin C and Aromadendrin as collagenase and elastase inhibitors and investigation of anti-Ovarian cancer effects and antioxidant potential

In this investigation, the enzymes collagenase and elastase were inhibited by artepillin.C and aromadendrin molecules with excellent to good IC50 values of 16.65, and 0.79 μM for artepillin.C and 7.31, 19.38, and 10.56 μM for aromadendrin. Using the molecular modeling study, the chemical activity of these compounds against the enzymes, collagenase, and elastase were evaluated. The anti-cancer properties of the compounds were evaluated using the following cell lines: NIH: OVCAR-3, ES-2, UACC-1598, Hs 832(C).T [Hs832.Tc], TOV-21G, UWB1.289. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pricrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay was used to measure antioxidant activity, and the spectrophotometric method was used in this work. The chemical activities of artepillin.C and aromadendrin against collagenase and elastase were investigated utilizing the molecular docking study. The anti-cancer activities of the compounds were evaluated against NIH: OVCAR-3, ES-2, UACC-1598, Hs 832(C).T [Hs832.Tc], TOV-21G, UWB1.289 cell lines. Also, some cell lines had best results for aromadendrin like NIH: OVCAR-3, ES-2, UACC-1598, Hs 832(C).T [Hs832.Tc], TOV-21G, UWB1.289 (10.54 ± 0.94, 22.11 ± 2.52, 31.85 ± 4.73, 8.14 ± 1.52, 17.94 ± 1.88, and 24.31 ± 2.64 μM). The chemical activities of artepillin.C and aromadendrin against some of the expressed surface receptor proteins (folate receptor, CD44, EGFR, Formyl Peptide Receptor–Like 1, M2 muscarinic receptor, and estrogen receptors) in the mentioned cell lines were assessed using the molecular docking calculations. The outcomes provided information on potential interactions and their atomic-level properties. According to the docking scores, the compounds show a high affinity for binding to proteins and enzymes. Furthermore, these substances made good contact with the receptors and enzymes. As a result, these substances may have the ability to suppress cancer cells and enzymes.

Bio-efficacy of Essential Oil Extracted from Locally Available Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels from Nepal

Essential oils from various plants are valued for their therapeutic, aromatic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The majority of them are employed in cleaning procedures, aromatherapy, stress reduction, food flavouring and preservation, and beauty products. The present investigation focuses on elucidating the chemical composition along with the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oil extracted from locally available orange (Citrus sinensis) peels, mainly exploring its bio-efficacy. The antibacterial property was studied against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The analysis results revealed significant antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition of 4 mm and 5.5 mm, respectively. The antifungal property was studied against the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, which showed positive activity, producing 4.5 mm of zone of inhibition. The antioxidant activity of the oil was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, which showed an IC50 value of 1.3532 µL/mL. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the essential oil as determined using some standard colour-developing methods showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, and saponins. The above results were validated by FT-IR and GC/MS analysis. The FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing functional groups. The GC/MS analysis showed the presence of limonene, d-limonene, 1S-α-Pinene, 1R-α-Pinene, β-myrcene, linalool, α-humulene, α-terpineol, etc. These findings demonstrated that orange peels from Nepal that are readily available locally could be a source of compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties.

Research on the Isolation of Endophytic Fungi from Papaya and the Prevention of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Endophytic fungi can be used as a source of herbal antioxidants to overcome the limitations of low yield and lengthy growth cycles associated with using plants as raw materials for antioxidant production. Papaya fruit is often susceptible to infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides after harvest, leading to postharvest rot. Endophytic fungi were extracted with ethyl acetate, and the initial screening concentration was 100 mg/L. Seven strains were identified, with scavenging rates exceeding 50% and strong antioxidant activity. The IC50 values in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays ranged from 19.72 to 84.06 mg/L and from 14.34 to 64.63 mg/L, respectively. Strain Y17 exhibited robust antioxidant activity (IC50 < 20 mg/L) and was identified as Penicillium rolfsii (MT729953) through ITS sequencing. Treatment of papaya fruit wounds with a fermentation broth of strain Y17 significantly inhibited the infection and colonization of anthracnose pathogens, resulting in a slowed disease incidence rate. This promoted the activity of protective enzymes, such as CAT, POD, and SOD, in the papaya fruit and slowed down the rate of MDA accumulation. This strain, which was found to have antioxidant activity in this study, has the potential to control anthracnose in papaya and has value in terms of further development and utilization.

Aaptamine: A Versatile Marine Alkaloid for Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Therapeutics

Aaptamine (8,9-dimethoxy-1H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine), an alkaloid obtained from marine sponges of the genus Aaptos (Demospongiae, Suberitida, Suberitidae), has attracted significant attention as a promising scaffold for the development of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents. This review offers an extensive overview of updated research on aaptamine, focusing on its multifaceted pharmacological properties. The antioxidant potential of aaptamine reflects its potential ability for use in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, for suppressing ROS, and subsequently deactivating the MAPK and AP-1 signaling pathway. Moreover, it demonstrates notable antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, including mycobacterial active and dormant states, making it a potential candidate for combating bacterial infections. Additionally, aaptamine shows promising anticancer activity by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis induction, and suppressing tumor growth through various signaling pathways, including the regulation of PTEN/PI3K/Akt and CDK2/4, and the regulation of cyclin D1/E in cell cycle arrest. The unique chemical structure of aaptamine offers opportunities for structural modifications aimed at enhancing its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. The exploration of aaptamine as a scaffold in the development of novel therapeutic agents offers great promise for addressing various challenges associated with oxidative stress, bacterial infections, and cancer. This article underscores the potential of aaptamine as a valuable marine-derived scaffold in the fields of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer therapy.

Antiparkinson potential of khellin on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in a zebrafish model: targeting MAO, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers with molecular docking, MD simulations, and histopathology evidence

In this study, the antiparkinson effect of khellin (KL) on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) was examined in zebrafish. Initially, In silico evaluations, such as drug likeness and ADME/T analysis, confirmed the pharmacological viability of KL. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis revealed stable binding interactions between KL and monamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Molecular docking results for KL and pioglitazone (CCl) revealed binding energies of −6.5 and −10.4 kcal/mol, respectively. Later, molecular dynamics (MD) studies were performed to assess the stability of these complexes, which yielded binding energies of −36.04 ± 55.21 and −56.2 ± 80.63 kJ/mol for KL and CCl, respectively. These results suggest that KL exhibits considerable binding affinity for MAO-B. In In vitro studies, according to the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, KL exhibited significant antioxidant effects, indicating that it can promote redox balance with an IC50 value of 22.68 ± 0.5 μg/ml. In vivo studies and evaluation of locomotor activity, social interaction, histopathology and biochemical parameters were conducted in KL-treated zebrafish to measure SOD and GSH antioxidant activity, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), the inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase (MPO) and MAO-B. However, while the locomotor and social interaction abilities of the rotenone-treated zebrafish were significantly reduced, KL treatment significantly improved locomotor activity (p < 0.001) and social interaction (p < 0.001). KL alleviated PD symptoms, as indicated by significant increases in SOD (p < 0.01), GSH (p < 0.001), MDA (p < 0.001), MAO-B (p < 0.001) and MPO (p < 0.001) in rotenone-induced PD fish (p<0.001) significantly reduced activities. Histopathological studies revealed that rotenone-induced brain hyperintensity and abnormal cellularity of the periventricular gray matter in the optic tectum were significantly reduced by KL treatment. This study provides a strong basis for developing KL as a new candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, with the prospect of improved safety profiles and efficacy.

Bioinspired green synthesis of copper, nickel, and hybrid nanoparticles using Myristica Fragrans seeds: Biomedical applications and beyond

Nanotechnology focuses on materials at the molecular and atomic levels, with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 100 nm. This study explores the synthesis and characterization of copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO), and hybrid nanoparticles using an aqueous seed extract from Myristica fragrans. The nanomaterials underwent comprehensive characterization employing various techniques: UV analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, TGA, EDX and SEM. We explored their biological applications through antioxidant and antibacterial assays. UV analysis determined the optical absorption spectra values for CuO, NiO and hybrid nanoparticles. FTIR analysis confirmed functional groups in the plant extract responsible for capping and reducing the reaction medium. XRD and SEM analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature and morphology of the nanoparticles. CuO nanoparticles exhibited polyhedral morphology, while NiO nanoparticles were primarily spherical with some agglomeration. The CuO-NiO hybrid nanoparticles showed a wurtzite morphology with significant agglomeration and larger mean size than CuO and NiO nanoparticles. EDX indicated higher quantities of Cu and Ni. XRD spectra revealed the average particle sizes of nanoparticles. TGA indicated the thermal stability of the nanoparticles, with hybrid nanoparticles being the most stable. The nanoparticles exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, with hybrid nanoparticles showing the highest values in measuring total antioxidant capacity, total reducing power (TRP), ABTS assay, and DPPH-free radical scavenging assay at 400 μg/mg. Antibacterial assays against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains demonstrated that antibiotics-coated hybrid nanoparticles exhibited potent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, CuO, NiO, and CuO-NiO hybrid nanoparticles mediated by Myristica fragrans showcase promising characteristics for various applications, especially in biomedical and clinical settings. The nanoparticles eco-friendly synthesis and biocompatible nature make them attractive candidates for future research and development.

Phyto-pharmacological and computational profiling of Bombax ceiba Linn. Leaves revealed pharmacological properties against oxidation, hyperglycemia, pain, and diarrhea

The present study aimed to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of methanolic crude extract of leaves of Bombax ceiba Linn. via experimental and computational approaches. Six secondary metabolites were isolated chromatographically, and the structures were elucidated by extensive analyses of high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR data. The separated compounds were characterized as β-sitosterol (1), β-amyrin (2), β-amyrin acetate (3), β-amyrin palmitate (4), β-amyrone (5), and isoscopoletin (6). DPPH free radical scavenging assay, tail-tipping method, writhing assay, and castor oil-induced diarrheal mice methods, respectively, were used to assess the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activities of the leaf extract of B. ceiba plant species. The study observed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in the level of blood glucose at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min following the administration of the crude extracts (200 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 400 mg/kg bw). These reductions occurred in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, both doses of the investigated extracts exhibited significant (p < 0.05) central and peripheral analgesic effects compared to morphine (2 mg/kg bw) and diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg bw), respectively. Furthermore, the 400 mg/kg bw extract demonstrated anti-diarrheal activity, reducing 54.17 % of diarrheal episodes in mice compared to loperamide with 70.83 % inhibition. The computational investigations yielded results consistent with existing in vivo findings. The results obtained from molecular docking showed that the isolated compounds had a better or comparable binding affinity to the active binding sites of the glutathione reductase enzyme, mu-opioid receptor, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and kappa opioid receptor. These findings may indicate that the compounds isolated from the B. ceiba plant species have antioxidant, analgesic, hypoglycemic, and anti-diarrheal, properties. Consequently, it was inferred that the plant B. ceiba might be beneficial in dealing with oxidation, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and pain. Nonetheless, further investigations are necessary to perform thorough phytochemical profiling and elucidate the exact mechanistic ways of the crude extract and the isolated phytoconstituents.

Inhalation of Curcumae Rhizoma volatile oil attenuates depression-like behaviours via activating the Nrf2 pathway to alleviate oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial dysfunction.

Curcumae Rhizoma (CR) is a traditional Chinese medicine used frequently in clinics, which contains volatile components that exhibit various active effects. This study explores the effect of Curcumae Rhizoma volatile oil (CRVO) on depressive mice and its possible mechanism of action. Chemical composition of CRVO was analysed by GC-MS. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant capacity of CRVO. A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model was used to evaluate the antidepressant effect of CRVO. The effects of CRVO on oxidative stress in vivo were investigated using Nissl staining, ELISA and transmission electron microscopy. The Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signalling pathway was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. ML385, a Nrf2 inhibitor was used to validate the effect of Nrf2 on CUMS mice with CRVO treatment. Phytochemical analysis showed that CRVO is rich in its characteristic components, including curzerene (31.1%), curdione (30.56%), and germacrone (12.44%). In vivo, the administration of CRVO significantly ameliorated CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviours. In addition, inhalation of CRVO significantly alleviated the oxidative stress caused by CUMS and improved neuronal damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. The results of mechanistic studies showed that the mechanism of action is related to the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway and the antioxidant and antidepressant effects of CRVO were weakened when ML385 was used. In summary, by regulating the Nrf2 pathway, inhalation of CRVO can reduce oxidative stress in depressed mice, thereby reducing neuronal damage and mitochondrial dysfunction to alleviate depression-like behaviours. Our study offers a prospective research foundation to meet the diversity of clinical medication.

GC-MS analysis and pharmacological potentiality of Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites leaves and fruit extracts: an in vitro and in silico studies.

Lasia spinosa (L. spinosa) is widely used in Asian countries for treating various diseases and as a vegetable, yet its bioactive properties remain under-researched. It is traditionally utilized in Ayurveda and the AYUSH system of medicine for its medicinal properties, and commonly used to treat digestive disorders, respiratory issues, and inflammatory conditions. This study aims to identify the phytochemicals in L. spinosa leaves and fruit extracts and evaluate their biological activities. Phytochemicals in methanol extracts of L. spinosa fruits and leaves were identified by GC-MS analysis. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities were assessed using the DPPH free radical and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay and brine shrimp lethality test. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri, Streptococcus iniae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, while antifungal properties were tested against Cercospora beticola and Rhizoctonia solani. Molecular docking was conducted to predict the effectiveness of L. spinosa phytochemicals against NADPH oxidase and the Shigella effector OspG. Nine compounds were detected from both extracts. The methanol leaves extract exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to the fruit extract, with IC50 values of 111.81 ± 8.99µg/ml and 174.81 ± 4.86µg/ml, respectively, as determined by the DPPH scavenging assay. The nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay also revealed higher potency in the leaves extract (IC50 = 138.59 ± 1.50µg/ml) compared to the fruit extract (IC50 = 196.47 ± 1.72µg/ml). Both extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. In silico studies indicated notable inhibitory activity of all phytochemicals against the target proteins, with Linoelaidic acid and 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- exhibiting the highest activity against NADPH oxidase (PDB: 2cdu) and Shigella flexneri OspG effector kinase (PDB: 4bvu), respectively. These findings suggest that L. spinosa has potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Compounds from this plant could serve as lead compounds for developing antioxidant and antibacterial agents. However, molecular studies should be addressed.

Rosmarinic Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity in Ehretia asperula Zollinger et Moritzi Cell Suspension Cultures

Background: Ehretia asperula Zollinger et Moritzi is a medicinal tree abundant in rosmarinic acid, the primary phenolic component, with numerous beneficial biological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-allergy, anti-arthritis, asthma and anti-cancer. Methods: The cell suspension cultures of E. asperula Zollinger et Moritzi derived from the leaf in vitro callus were established in liquid B5 medium added with 0.4 mg/L NAA, 0.1 mg/L BA and 45 g/L glucose. After four weeks, 50 mg/L of chitosan was given to the cell suspension cultures to stimulate rosmarinic acid (RA) production after a 48-hour treatment period. RA content was analyzed using the HPLC and spectrophotometry method after four weeks and 48 hours of chitosan treatment. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the extracts from E. asperula Zollinger et Moritzi was also tested using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Result: The RA content and antioxidant capacity of E. asperula Zollinger et Moritzi’ extracts from the leaf in vitro greater than callus derived from the leaf in vitro greater than field-grown leaf greater than biomass of cell suspension cultures. These results suggested a strong correlation between RA concentration and antioxidant capacity. The use of E. asperula Zollinger et Moritzi cell suspension cultures with chitosan as an elicitor for RA production and evaluation of antioxidant activity is presented in this study for the first time. Our results suggest that cell suspension cultures and others may be a good source of RA, an antioxidant compound.