DPPH Assay Method Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of Zn(II) metalated chitosan based nano-hybrid: Antioxidant and antibacterial activity

An efficacious nano-hybrid has been developed comprising of a lacunary polyoxometalate (K8SiW11O39). The lacunary position has been utilized to incorporate alkyl-silane. In alkyl-silane the NH2 group is covalently attached to 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde through Schiff-base reaction and then metalated with zinc salt. After successful metalation it has been encapsulated into chitosan by ion gel technique to develop nano-hybrid. Each step of the reaction has been monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. Insertion of alkyl-silane into lacunary polyoxometalate followed by Schiff-base reaction and metalation of zinc has been confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Further the characteristic bands of UV–Visible spectrum have confirmed the final encapsulation into chitosan to develop the nano-hybrid. EDX analysis reveals the successful metalation with zinc and confirms the presence of all elements in their expected stoichiometric ratio. The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique further supported and confirmed the EDX analysis. The antibacterial activity of initial moiety and nano-hybrid have been carried out against bacterial strains of E. Coli gram (-)ve and B. subtilis gram (+)ve. The nano-hybrid has shown better antibacterial activity as compared to the initial moieties L-POM@Sil-HN and L-POM@Sil-NH-Zn. We have also studied the antioxidant activity of nano-hybrid by DPPH assay method; it has shown excellent activity.

Formulation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Rosiglitazone and Probiotic: Optimization and In-vitro Characterization.

In the present study, solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with Rosiglitazone and probiotics were prepared via solvent emulsification diffusion method which is patented. As a lipid and surfactant, Gleceryl monostearate and Pluronic -68 were used in the formulation process. During characterization, it was determined that ingredient quantity variations significantly impacted Rosiglitazone loading capacity, particle size, polydispersity index, etc. In an optimized formulation of RSG-PB loaded SLNs, spherical particles with a mean particle size of 147.66 ± 1.52 nm, PDI of 0.42 ± 0.02, and loading capacity of 45.36 ± 0.20 were identified. Moreover, the developed SLNs had the potential to discharge the drug for up to 24 hours, as predicted by Higuchi's pharmacokinetic model. The SLNs were stable at 25°C/60%RH for up to 60 days. There was little to no change in particle size, PDI, or loading capacity. In addition, the number of probiotic bacteria was determined using the standard plate count procedure. Further, the antioxidant effect of the prepared formulation is evaluated using the DPPH assay method. This study concludes that the method used to fabricate RSG-probiotic-loaded SLNs is straightforward and yields favorable results regarding various parameters, including sustained release property, particle size, PDI, and percent drug loading stability. Furthermore, DPPH radical scavenging activity shows the high antioxidant potential of RSG-PB SLNs when compared to RSG and probiotics alone.

Simultaneous estimation of catechin hydrate and vanillic acid by HPTLC from Alternanthera sessilis plant extract and evaluating their pharmacological activity

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and quantify catechin hydrate and vanillic acid from plant Alternanthera sessile and determine their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Method: By using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:5:1v/v) as a mobile phase combination, separation of catechin hydrate and vanillic acid were carried out at 254 nm. Parameters validation of developed method were performed for linearity, precision, robustness, LOD and LOQ. Microorganism’s zone of inhibition determine by using agar well diffusion method and antimicrobial activity of these two phytoconstituents were evaluated. DPPH assay method was used for determination of antioxidant activity. Result: The Rf values for catechin hydrate and vanillic acid were found to be 0.49 and 0.75 respectively and validation of parameters showed linear and accurate method for analysis. The zone of inhibition was found immensely significant for S.aureus, B.subtillis and C. albicans which when compared to standard antimicrobial agents and gave promising results. Catechin hydrate and vanillic acid also shows significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The optimised method was found to be efficient, precise, accurate, specific and economic. Therefore, the method would be useful for qualitative and quantitative routine analysis in pharmaceutical industry. Also, the antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of these two phytochemicals shows excellent result which is useful in many pharmaceuticals and disease conditions.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity Assessment of N. Oleander on the Hacat Skin Cancer Cell

ABSTRACT: Aim and objective: The study aimed to use in-vitro DPPH and the HaCaT skin cancer cell line method to examine hydroalcoholic leaf extract's antioxidant and anticancer properties from Nerium oleander. Methodology: The hydroalcoholic extract of Nerium oleander was prepared to assess antioxidants and anti-cancers using the in-vitro DPPH and MTT assay method against the HaCaT skin cancer cell line. Results: The antioxidant activity of Nerium oleander hydroalcoholic leaves extract was found to be IC50 =896.9µg/ml, equivalent to IC50= 10.93µg/ml of ascorbic acid, and IC50 = 91.49±0.181µg/ml effective against the HaCaT skin cancer cell line. Further research against carcinogenesis from the hydroalcoholic extract of Nerium oleander leaves, which demonstrated therapeutic potential against cancer cells, can yield significant results. Conclusion: The bioactive chemicals of Nerium oleander leaves may be beneficial for treating skin cancer. Limitations: The study's emphasis on in-vitro tests, which might not accurately capture the nuances of in-vivo settings, has limitations. To confirm the extract's potential for medicinal use, more research should examine its safety and efficacy in animal models and human trials.

Protective Effects of Roselle Aqueous Extracts against UV-Induced Damage in Zebrafish Fins

(1) Background: Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a flowering plant reported to have anti-obesity, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to evaluate the UV-absorbing and antioxidant activities of roselle aqueous extracts (RAE) and test the protective effects of RAE against UV radiation in zebrafish embryos. (2) Methods: DPPH assay and UV-spectrum methods were applied to evaluate the antioxidant and UV-absorbing activities, respectively. The protective effects of RAE were evaluated using fin morphology recording, Kaplan–Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazards regression. Real-time PCR experiments were also applied to detect both the UV- and RAE-induced gene expressions. (3) Results: Our results show that (i) RAE had UV-absorbing abilities and significantly reduced ROS production in vitro; (ii) the mean times of malformed fins in the UV + RAE (36 and 48 ppm) groups were 3.56 and 4.44 days, respectively, and were prolonged compared to those in the UV-only group (3.36 days); (iii) zebrafish in the UV + RAE (36 and 48 ppm) groups were 0.963 and 0.496 (p < 0.001) times more likely to develop to malformed fins, respectively, than those in the UV-only group; and (iv) the RAE treatment led to the 0.19- to 0.62-fold downregulation of the p53, p21, mdm2, and bcl2 gene expressions, compared to the UV-only group. (4) Conclusions: The UV-protective effects of RAE might derive from both the in vitro UV-absorbing activity and in vivo regulation of the p53, p21, mdm2, and bcl2 gene expressions.

Neuroprotective potential of traditionally used medicinal plants of Manipur against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAlternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC., Eryngium foetidum L., and Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers plants are traditionally used to treat various central nervous system disorders like paralysis, epilepsy, seizure, convulsion, chronic pain, headache, sleep disturbances, sprain, and mental disorders. However, their possible neuroprotective effects have not been evaluated experimentally so far. Aim of the studyThe study aims to examine the neuroprotective potential of the three plants against cytotoxicity induced by rotenone in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and assess its plausible mechanisms of neuroprotection. Materials and methodsThe antioxidant properties of the plant extracts were determined chemically by DPPH and ABTS assay methods. The cytotoxicity of rotenone and the cytoprotective activities of the extracts were evaluated using MTT assays. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) expression studies in cells were performed to assess neuronal survival after rotenone and extract treatments. Mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species were evaluated using Rhodamine 123 and DCF-DA dye, respectively. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were also measured. Apoptotic nuclei were examined using DAPI staining. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis of the plant extracts was also performed. ResultsThe methanol extracts of A. sessilis, S. japonica, and E. foetidum showed excellent free radical scavenging activities. MAP2 expression studies show that A. sessilis and S. japonica have higher neuroprotective effects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells than E. foetidum. Pre-treating cells with the plant extracts reverses the rotenone-induced increase in intracellular ROS. The plant extracts could also restore the reduced mitochondrial membrane potential induced by rotenone treatment and reinstate rotenone-induced increases in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities. All the extracts inhibited rotenone-induced changes in nuclear morphology and DNA condensation, an early event of cellular apoptosis. LC-QTOF-MS analysis of the plant extracts shows the presence of neuroprotective compounds. ConclusionsThe plant extracts showed neuroprotective activities against rotenone-treated SH-SY5Y cells through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. These findings support the ethnopharmacological uses of these plants in treating neurological disorders. They probably are a good source of neuroprotective compounds that could be further explored to develop treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease.

Exploring the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Antiviral Potential of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Aqueous Extract of Portulaca oleracea L.

Herein, the prospective applications of green fabricated silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) within the biomedical field were investigated. The leaf aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea L., a safe, cheap, and green method, was used to fabricate Ag-NPs. The maximum plasmon resonance of synthesized NPs has appeared at 420 nm. The various biomolecules present in the plant extract to assemble spherical Ag-NPs with sizes of 5-40 nm were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared and transmission electron microscopy. The Ag was the major content of the formed Ag-NPs with an atomic percent of 54.95% and weight percent of 65.86%, as indicated by EDX. The crystallographic structure of synthesized NPs was confirmed by the diffraction of the X-ray. The dynamic light scattering exhibits the homogeneity and mono-dispersity nature with a polydispersity index of 0.37 in the colloidal fluid and a zeta potential value of -36 mV. The synthesized Ag-NPs exhibited promising antimicrobial efficacy toward various prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogenic microorganisms with low MIC values of 12.5 µg mL-1 and 6.25 µg mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the P. oleracea-formed Ag-NPs showed optimistic antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and H2O2 assay methods with the highest scavenging percentages of 88.5 ± 2.3% and 76.5 ± 1.7%, respectively, at a concentration of 200 µg mL-1. Finally, the biosynthesized Ag-NPs showed high antiviral properties toward the hepatitis A virus and Cox-B4 with inhibition percentages of 79.16 ± 0.5% and 73.59 ± 0.8%, respectively. Overall, additional research is essential to explore the Ag-NP-based aqueous extract of P. oleracea for human health. In the current investigation the use of synthesized Ag-NPs as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral agents to protect against pathogenic microbes, degenerative diseases caused by various oxidative stresses, and deadly viruses is recommended.

An approach for the valorization of bio-waste pistachio shells (Pistacia vera L.): Dyeing of cellulose-based fabrics

The waste management subject is a very important issue today and in the future. Therefore, lots of scholars are endeavoring to investigate the valorization of wastes from different sources, such as paper, metal, glass, and vegetables. In this study, the pistachio soft and hard shells, as an industrial waste material, were used as natural dye sources. For this purpose, waste were collected from Gaziantep province in the south of Türkiye. Then, the soft and hard pistachio shells that had been dried in the shadow were investigated in terms of FTIR analysis and then used as a dyestuff source in the dyeing of cotton fabrics with the help of bio-mordants and metal mordants. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the soft and hard shell of pistachio was assessed through the DPPH and FRAP assay methods, and the antibacterial activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for selected dyed samples. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the CIE L*a*b* color values and (K/S) of cotton fabrics that had been dyed. The results exhibited that the tested wastes could be useful for the coloration of the cotton fabrics, and depending on the used natural dye source, mordanting agent, and mordanting method, the colors were found to have changed, but in general, light brown-ecru-brown colors were observed in the dyed samples. Meanwhile, the fastness of the samples was examined, and the sources were found to exhibit limited light fastness values but good or perfect washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. In conclusion, the evaluated conditions were found to be useful for the coloration of cotton, and even more importantly, the pistachio soft and hard shells were observed to reveal great potential for use in textile dye houses as a natural dye source.

Pectin/sodium alginate films tailored with Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid for active packaging

The present study aimed to develop food packaging films by using a combination of pectin (PE) and sodium alginate (SA) enriched with Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) as a functional or active ingredient. The fabricated films underwent comprehensive evaluation of their morphological, chemical, mechanical, barrier, optical, thermal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. SEM and FTIR analysis showed that AKBA had good compatibility with film-forming components. The AKBA-loaded film samples exhibited a decrease in their barrier properties and tensile strength, but enhancements in both elongation at break and thickness values was observed. With the addition of AKBA, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the ultraviolet barrier properties of the films and total colour variation (ΔE) was observed. TGA analysis of the films unveiled an improvement in thermal resistance with the incorporation of AKBA. Moreover, the films loaded with AKBA exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the ABTS and DPPH assay methods. Disk diffusion analysis showed the antimicrobial activity of AKBA-loaded films against P. aeruginosa, highlighting the potential of AKBA as a natural antimicrobial agent for the safety of food products. The results demonstrate the practical application of PE and SA active films loaded with AKBA, particularly within the food packaging industry.

Comparison of Antioxidant effects of Polysaccharides of Mixed Microalgae Isolates Glagah Beach Yogyakarta and East Java, Indonesia

Indonesia is a country with a large marine and has a very high biodiversity of microalgae. Previous research has identified mixed microalgae from Glagah Beach, Yogyakarta, and several beaches in East Java. This study aims to extract polysaccharides and assessed the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from those microalgae. Polysaccharides of Spirulina platensis, a mixed microalgae Glagah, and a mixed microalgae East Java were extracted by the alkaline method. The extraction rate and protein and carbohydrate content of polysaccharides of each of microalgae were calculated. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides was observed in vitro using the DPPH assay method. The highest extraction rate was obtained from Glagah microalgae followed by S. platensis and East Java microalgae with values of 13.575%, 9.75%, and 2.375%, respectively. On the other hand, the carbohydrate content of the polysaccharides from Glagah microalgae was the lowest, followed by S. platensis and East Java microalgae, 1.2 mg/mL, 13.33 mg/mL, and 21.925 mg/mL, respectively. The protein content in polysaccharides from Glagah microalgae was the highest, followed by East Java microalgae and S. platensis the lowest, 2.23 mg/mL, 1.01 mg/mL, and 0.67 mg/mL, respectively. Based on the results of IC50 values, the antioxidant activity of mixed microalgae polysaccharides from Glagah and East Java was included in the active/moderate category, 125.21 µg/mL and 127.11 µg/mL, respectively, while the antioxidant activity of polysaccharide S. platensis was low, 171.82 µg/mL. In conclusion, Glagah and East Java Microalgae Polysaccharides have the opportunity to be promoted as health ingredients to overcome free radicals.

Effect of Justicia schimperiana (Acanthaceae) roots extract on blood glucose level and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

BackgroundJusticia schimperiana has been used traditionally for the treatment of different diseases, including, diabetes. Yet, no in vivo study was conducted to substantiate these claims. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Justicia schimperiana roots extract on blood glucose levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. MethodsMale Swiss albino mice weighing 25–35 g were induced diabetes with 150 mg/kg of STZ. Animals were randomly grouped into six groups of five each. Group I was a normal control, Group II was a Diabetic control, Group III–V were Diabetic Mice treated with the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) respectively, and Group VI was standard control. The treatments were followed for 14 days. The FBG measurements were done on 0, 7th, and 14th days of treatment. On the 15th day, the mice were anesthetized with diethyl ether; blood samples were collected for the assessment of serum lipid profiles. The antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the extract were also investigated in vitro using the DPPH and DNSA assay methods, respectively. The data were entered into EPI DATA version 4.6, exported to IBM, SPSS version 26.0, and analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsThe hydromethanolic extract of J. schimperiana roots exhibited no toxicity up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. In the STZ-induced diabetic mice, the extract reduced blood glucose levels at all tested doses: 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on the 14th day as compared to diabetic control. The higher dose showed maximum reduction (29.73 %, p < 0.001) on the 14th day of treatment compared to the baseline. There were significant reductions in serum TG, TC, LDL, and a significant increase in body weight and HDL compared to the diabetic control. Besides, good antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity were obtained from the in vitro laboratory tests. ConclusionsEvidence from our study revealed that the root extract of J. schimperiana has antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic mice.

Insulin secretory actions of polyphenols of Momordica charantia regulate glucose homeostasis in alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rats

Abstract Objective Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter gourd, is traditionally used as remedies for various diseases including diabetes. The main objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro and in vivo insulinotropic and antidiabetic effects of an 80% ethanolic extract of M. charantia (EEMC) fruit, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism involved and preliminary phytochemical screening. Methods The insulin secretion was measured using clonal pancreatic BRIN-BD11 β-cells and isolated mouse islets. The ability of EEMC to inhibit carbohydrate digestive enzymes and glucose absorption and to scavenge free radicals was assessed via starch digestion, glucose diffusion, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay methods. The effects of EEMC on a variety of metabolic parameters were evaluated in alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rats, including lipid profile. Finally, a preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the active phytoconstituents. Key findings EEMC increased insulin release through the KATP-dependent/cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway, which depolarizes the β-cell membrane and elevates intracellular calcium. It also inhibited glucose absorption and free radicals, suggesting its potential to delay gastric emptying, attenuate oxidative stress, and reduce inflammatory cytokines. In vivo studies showed that EEMC improves oral glucose tolerance, food intake, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and lipids and promotes intestinal motility. The active phytoconstituents in EEMC, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, are likely responsible for these effects. Conclusion The antihyperglycemic properties of EEMC indicate that it might be a promising candidate for diabetes management. However, additional study into the application of M. charantia in type 2 diabetes is essential.

Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles derived from Limonia acidissima L. fruit extract

In the rapidly expanding field of nanoscience and research, AgNPs and their diverse by-products have been acknowledged as having a green approach. Fruit extract of Limonia acidissima L. is capable of bio-reducing AgNO3 and stabilizing AgNPs. AgNPs distinctive absorption peak at 417 nm at pH 8 was visible on the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The fruit extract contained bioactive chemicals, which may be the cause of the AgNPs bio-capping and stabilizing properties, according to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) examination, the AgNPs solid crystalline nature and size of 29.05 nm were investigated. Lastly, AFM and HR-TEM studies verified the AgNPs surface morphology, particularly their size and form. The DPPH assay method was used to measure the AgNPs capacity for radical scavenging. As compared to normal ascorbic acid and fruit extract (control), the AgNPs produced from the fruit extract demonstrated good antioxidant effectiveness. To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the AgNPs sample, it was additionally evaluated against E. coli, S. typhi, V. cholera, and S. aureus. With the greatest zone of inhibition and thus the strongest antibacterial activity, S. aureus (12.03 ± 0.043 mm) was the organism that displayed it. On the other hand, the least active strain was V. cholera (9.09 ± 0.013 mm). The data indicates that bio-fabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory efficacy together with a notable zone of inhibition. Additionally, S. aureus was shown to be more effective than V. cholera. Future health and pharmaceutical fields may benefit from the biocompatible method of separating AgNPs from L. acidissima fruit extract.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus and Piper Longum and Its Subsequent Antioxidant Activity Evaluation

Gold continues to be one of the oldest dental restorative materials which has been used for dental repairs for more than 4000 years and remains an important metal in the dental sector. In a world where the importance of nanoparticles has been well established and its preparation has become much easier, it is important to analyse if these nanoparticles can be extracted from a plant based source as well. Along with its extraction, assessment of each property of the nanoparticle is essential. A few ingredients used in Ayurveda which can also be found being used in almost every household is pepper and eucalyptus and over the years, its importance has remained constant, if not showing an increase. The aim of this study was to extract gold nanoparticles using Eucalyptus and Piper longum and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the derived gold nanoparticles. Preparation of plant extract was done following which, extraction of gold nanoparticles was performed. Antioxidant properties of the gold nanoparticles were tested by a DPPH assay method and compared against the antioxidant gold standard, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The percentage of absorbance was calculated and data was analyzed. The results demonstrated the presence of elemental gold. Both, plant extract derived AuNPs exhibited significant free-radical scavenging activity indicating that they possess antioxidant effects. Keywords - Eucalyptus, antioxidant, Nanoparticles, Novel technique, Piper longum.

Characterizing Nutritional, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Values of Diploknema butyracea (Roxburgh) H. J. Lam from the Chepang Community, Makwanpur, Nepal

The multipurpose tree Diploknema butyracea (Roxb. H.J. Lam), known locally as Chiuri, is vital for food security and beekeeping in rural Nepal. This study examines its nutritional and phytochemical traits sourced from a Chepang community in Makwanpur, Nepal. This research focuses on macronutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, and ash alongside phytochemicals such as phenolic content, vitamin C, β-carotene, and lycopene. The study aimed to estimate this fruit's antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics. The pulp and seed samples were analyzed for their nutritional and phytochemical components using standard methods (AOAC 1995). We determined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity using the DPPH assay and agar diffusion method. This fruit has a high-fat content: 30.29% in the seed and 20.23% in the pulp. The pulp and seed also contain noteworthy levels of the total phenolic content (486.08 ± 0.006 and 182. 26 ± 0.001 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (G.A.E.s) /100 g), vitamin C (20.70 ± 0.002 and 19.08 ± 0.005 mg Ascorbic Acid (A.A.)/100 g) with trace extents of compounds lycopene, β-carotene and carotenoids. We observed the antioxidant activity at 2207 ± 0.01 g/mL in pulp and 1841.05 ± 0.77 g/mL in seed, which is a substantial value. Both were discovered to be effective against Candida albicans at doses ranging from 25 to 100 mg/mL. By performing this study, we concluded that D. butyracea is a significant food source that can also be used medically.

Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Fermented Wheat Products of Grifola frondosa: In Vitro Methods.

Despite the well-known health benefits of Grifola frondosa, there is a lack of understanding regarding the potential antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of different varieties when fermented with wheat grains. We aimed to explore the potential of G. frondosa-fermented wheat flour as a functional food. Three varieties of G. frondosa (GFA, GFB, and GFC) were fermented with wheat grains for solid-state fermentation. Polysaccharides were extracted and analyzed for total sugar content, monosaccharide composition, Mw profile, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory properties. Results were evaluated using HPLC, DPPH assay, MTS assay, Griess reagent, and ELISA method. Our study found variations in three different varieties of G. frondosa-fermented wheat polysaccharides. Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide, followed by galactose and mannose. Each variety had a different molecular weight distribution, with GFA-wheat mainly present in fraction II, GFB-wheat in fraction I, and GFC-wheat in fraction III. At a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL, GFA-wheat and GFB-wheat polysaccharides increased DPPH scavenging ability by 76.8% and 58.7%, respectively. The polysaccharides showed no apparent toxic effect and enhanced the production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW 246.7 macrophages. GFB-wheat polysaccharides demonstrated remarkable immunomodulatory properties at a concentration of 5 μg/mL. Our study provides a theoretical basis for using G. frondosa in wheat staple agricultural products to improve human health.

The Effect of Storage Conditions on potential antioxidant activity of orange and Pomelo Juice

Appropriate storage conditions seem critical to preserving the antioxidant activity of fruits and veggies. This study was assessed to determine the effect of storage conditions on the antioxidant activity of orange and pomelo juice. The pomelo and orange juice samples were stored for 30 days at room(25°C) temperature, chilling (5°C), and frozen (-4 °C) temperature, chilling, and frozen temperature. The antioxidant activity of pomelo and orange juice was determined by the DPPH assay method by using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The storage time and temperature significantly alter the antioxidant activity of the pomelo and orange juice with a significant difference of (p&lt;0.05). The antioxidant activity of pomelo and orange juice decrease from 300.23 to 160.14 µmol TE / 100 g and 232.50 µmol to 101.76 TE / 100 g, respectively, at room temperature. Similarly, the activity reduced from 300.23 to 266.22 µmol TE / 100 g and 232.50 to 215.18 µmol TE / 100 g respectively at the chilling condition, which was considered less as compared to room temperature. Interestingly, the pomelo juice and orange retain 90% and 94% of its antioxidant activity from 300.23 to 270.55 µmol TE / 100 g and 232.50 to 218.10 µmol TE / 100 g. Hence, the frozen condition is best for retaining the maximum antioxidant activity in both members of the citric family. Therefore, storage conditions are essential factors for fruits quality and antioxidant potential.

Phytochemical screening and Antioxidant Potential of Alstonia scholaris Linn leaf Extracts

Medicinal plants play important roles in our daily life to treat many diseases and ailments. Research in medicinal plants reflects the recognition of the validity of many herbal products. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (A. scholaris, Apocynaceae) commonly called as Indian devil tree has been used as folklore medicines, possesses different pharmacological activities and potentially used as antimalarial drug. In alternative medicinal systems it is effective against different ailments such as asthma, malaria, fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, epilepsy, skin diseases and snakebite. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activities, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of A. scholaris collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of the leaves was assessed against DPPH radical scavenging assay methods using standard protocols. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, diterpines, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates and saponins. The total phenol and flavonoids content of methanolic leaves extract of A. scholaris was found to be 0.876, 0.757mg/100mg respectively. The activities of methanolic extracts against DPPH assay method were concentration dependent. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine. Keywords: A. scholaris L, Apocynaceae, Antioxidant activity, DPPH assay method.

Phytochemical Estimation and Antioxidant Potential of Cinchona officinalis L. Stem Bark Extracts

Stem bark of Cinchona sp. (Rubiaceae) is one of the well known drugs for its therapeutic values in traditional as well as modern medicine. Even though a lot of work has been carried out on quinoline alkaloids of Cinchona, its phenolic constituents received very little attention. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activities, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Cinchona officinalis L (C. officinalis) stem bark collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolic content were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of the stem bark was assessed against DPPH radical scavenging assay methods using standard protocols. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of, carbohydrates, flavonoids, diterpines, saponins, protein and phenols. The total phenolic content of aqueous stem bark extract of C. officinalis was found to be 0.548mg/100mg respectively. The activities of aqueous extracts against DPPH assay method were concentration dependent. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine. Keywords: Cinchona officinalis L, Rubiaceae, Antioxidant activity, DPPH assay method.

Antioxidant isolation and characterization from the plant Tradescantia spathacea Sw. of the Commelinaceae family

A novel bioactive flavan glycoside was isolated by solvent extraction method with the help of Soxhlet apparatus from the methanolic extract of Tradescantia spathacea Sw. Flavan glycoside having molecular formula C20H22O10, melting point 175-1780C, molecular weight by ESI-MS m/z (M + H]+ 423, optical rotation was[α]21 D-45.1(c 0.20 methanol). Its structure was determined (–)-epicatechin 7-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside. Various color reactions, chemical degradation (like acid hydrolysis, permethylation, and enzymatic hydrolysis), UV-Visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to establish the structure of compound (–)-(–)-epicatechin 7-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside.. A flavan glycoside was also tested with a DPPH assay method for antioxidant activity by using Ascorbic acid as standard. DPPH radical scavenging test data demonstrate that a flavan glycoside possesses potent antioxidant activity so this flavan glycoside can be utilized as a potent antioxidant agent.