Dpp-bian Ligand Research Articles

Formation of carbon-carbon bonds between activated alkynes and diimine ligands in the aluminum complexes

The gallium and aluminum complexes containing the redox-active ligand (dpp-bian)Ga-Ga(dpp-bian) (1), (dpp-bian)Al-Al(dpp-bian) (2), or (dpp-bian)AlI(Et2O) (3) (dpp-bian is 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) react with alkyl butynoates Me-C≡C-CO2R (R = Me, Et) to form C-C bonds between the dpp-bian ligand and alkyne. The reaction of complex 1 with methyl 2-butynoate and 4-chloroaniline in a molar ratio of 1: 2: 2 affords 7-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-10-methylacenaphtho[1,2-b]pyridin-8(7H)-one (4) containing no gallium. In the reaction of complex 2 with methyl 2-butynoate, alkyne is inserted into the skeleton of the dpp-bian ligand to form 4-(dpp-AIE)-9-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-8-(1,3-dpp-2MBIDP)-3,7-dimethoxy-1,5-dialuma-9-aza-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonadiene-3,7 (5) (dpp-AIE is 1-[2-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)acenaphthen-1(2H)-ylidene]ethyl; 1,3-dpp-2MBIDP is 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-phenalen-2-yl). The reactions of complex 3 with methyl and ethyl 2-butynoates afford dimeric derivatives [-OC(OR)=C(2,3-dpp-1MBIDP)Al(I)-]2 (2,3-dpp-1MBIDP is 2,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-phenalen-2-yl; R = Me (6), Et (7)). The reaction of complex 3 with methyl 2-butynoate gives the product isomeric to compound 6: [-OC(OCH3)=C(1,3-dpp-2MBIDP)Al(I)-]2 (8), which cleaves THF resulting in complex [-OC(OCH3)=C(1,3-dpp-2MBIDP)Al(OC4H8I)-]2 (9). Complex (dpp-bian)Al(acac) (10), obtained by the reduction of dpp-bian with aluminum in the presence of Al(acac)3 in diethyl ether at ambient temperature, is inert towards acetylene, phenylacetylene, and alkyl butynoates. Compounds 4–7 and 10 were characterized using IR spectroscopy, and compounds 4, 7, and 10 were additionally characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The structures of compounds 4–7, 9, and 10 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.

N,N′-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acenaphthene-1,2-diimine-1κ2N,N′]heptacarbonyl-1κC,2κ3C,3κ3C-di-μ3-tellurido-triiiron(II)(2Fe—Fe)

The sterically hindered title complex, [Fe(3)Te(2)(C(36)H(40)N(2))(CO)(7)], was obtained by substitution of two carbonyl groups in the [Fe(3)(μ(3)-Te)(2)(CO)(9)] cluster by the bulky redox-active N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acenaphthene-1,2-diimine (dpp-BIAN) ligand. The asymmetric unit contains two molecules of the same geometry. The C=N bond lengths in dpp-BIAN indicate a rather low level of electron transfer from the cluster core to the dpp-BIAN ligand.

Dialane with a Redox‐Active Bis‐amido Ligand: Unique Reactivity towards Alkynes

The treatment of 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dpp-bian) with one equivalent of AlCl(3) and three equivalents of sodium in toluene at 110 °C produced a stable dialane, (dpp-bian)Al-Al(dpp-bian) (1). The reaction of compound 1 with pyridine gave Lewis-acid-base adduct (dpp-bian)(Py)Al-Al(Py)(dpp-bian) (2). Acetylene and phenylacetylene reacted with compound 1 to give cycloaddition products [dpp-bian(R(1)R(2))]Al-Al[(R(2)R(1))dpp-bian] (3: R(1)=R(2)=CH; 4: R(1)=CH, R(2)=CPh). These addition reactions occur across Al-N-C moieties and result in the formation of new C-C and C-Al bonds. At elevated temperatures, compound 4 rearranges into complex 5, which consists of a radical-anionic dpp-bian ligand and two bridging alken-1,2-diyl moieties, (dpp-bian)Al(HCCPh)(2)Al(dpp-bian). This transformation is accompanied by cleavage of the dpp-bian-ligand-alkyne C-C bond, as well as of the Al-Al bond. In contrast to its analogous gallium complex, compound 1 is reactive towards internal alkynes. In the reaction of compound 1 with PhC≡CMe, besides symmetrical addition product [dpp-bian(R(1)R(2))]Al-Al[(R(2)R(1))dpp-bian] (R(1)=CMe, R(2)=CPh; 6), monoadduct [dpp-bian(R(1)R(2))]Al-Al(dpp-bian) (R(1)=CMe, R(2)=CPh; 7) was also isolated. Complexes 1-7 were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR (1-4), and electronic absorption spectroscopy (3-5); the molecular structures of compounds 1-7 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

One- and Two-Electron-Transfer Reactions of (dpp-Bian)Sm(dme)3

The reduction of 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dpp-Bian) with an excess of samarium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (dme) affords the Sm(II) complex (dpp-Bian)Sm(dme)(3) (1). The reaction of 1 with 0.5 mol equiv of 1,2-dibromostilbene proceeds with the formation of the dimeric Sm(III) complex [(dpp-Bian)SmBr(dme)](2) (2). Oxidation of both the metal and the dpp-Bian ligand takes place if 1 is reacted with equimolar amounts of 1,2-dibromostilbene or iodine, yielding the monomeric Sm(III) derivatives (dpp-Bian)SmBr(2)(dme) (3) and (dpp-Bian)SmI(2)(THF)(2) (4; THF = tetrahydrofuran), respectively. The reaction of 1 with 0.5 mol equiv of iodine followed by 0.5 mol equiv of tetramethylthiuram disulfide gives the Sm(III) complex (dpp-Bian)SmI[SC(S)NMe(2)](dme) (5). Compound 4 and tBuOK react with the formation of the iodine-bridged dimer [(dpp-Bian)SmI(OtBu)(THF)](2) (6). Complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and complexes 2-6 by their molecular structures, which were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

Steric Control of Coordination Geometry in Titanium-Imido Complexes of N,N′-bis(arylimino)acenaphthylene Ligands

Titanium complexes of N,N'-bis(arylimino)acenaphthylene (BIAN) alpha-diimine ligands with varied steric profiles have been prepared. Coordination of the BIAN ligand derivatives to TiCl(4) afforded the adducts (dpp-BIAN)TiCl(4) (1a), (tmp-BIAN)TiCl(4) (1b), and (dmp-BIAN)TiCl(4) (1c) (dpp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl; tmp = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl; dmp = 3,5-dimethylphenyl). While the least sterically crowded complex 1c is robust toward loss of the diimine ligand, the dpp-BIAN and tmp-BIAN ligands are readily displaced by pyridine from the more crowded derivatives 1a and 1b, respectively. The crowded profiles engendered by the tmp-BIAN and dpp-BIAN ligands result in the formation of five-coordinate titanium-imide complexes, (dpp-BIAN)TiCl(2)(=N(t)Bu) (2a) and (tmp-BIAN)TiCl(2)(=N(t)Bu) (2b), upon addition of (t)BuNH(2) to solutions of 1a or 1b, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal a square pyramidal coordination environment with an apical imide ligand and a short Ti-N distance, consistent with a Ti-N triple bond. Conversely, the less crowded dmp-BIAN ligand affords a six-coordinate titanium imido complex, (dmp-BIAN)TiCl(2)(=N(t)Bu)(NH(2)(t)Bu) (4), upon treatment of 1c with (t)BuNH(2). Surprisingly the imido ligand is coordinated trans to one arm of the diimine. This six coordinate species is fluxional in solution, and exchange and variable temperature (1)H NMR experiments suggest dissociation of the coordinated (t)BuNH(2) ligand to generate a five-coordinate imido intermediate analogous to 2a and 2b.

1,2-Bis(imino)acenaphthene complexes of molybdenum and nickel

Molybdenum hexacarbonyl reacts with 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (, dpp-BIAN) and 1,2-bis[(trimethylsilyl)imino]acenaphthene (, tms-BIAN) in toluene to produce (dpp-BIAN)Mo(CO)(4) () and (tms-BIAN)Mo(CO)(4) (), respectively. The reaction of [CpNi(CO)](2) with yields (dpp-BIAN)NiCp (). Metathesis between Li(2)(tms-BIAN) and NiCl(2)(dppe) affords the Ni(0) complex (tms-BIAN)Ni(dppe) (). The diamagnetic compounds , and have been characterized by (1)H, (29)Si and (31)P NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The ESR spectrum of the paramagnetic compound indicates the presence of Ni(i) coordinated by Cp and a neutral dpp-BIAN ligand. The molecular structures of have been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis.

Coordination of benzene to a sodium cation

The complexes Na(Et2O)(dpp-BIAN)AlEt2 (5) and Na(η6-C6H6)(dpp-BIAN)AlEt2 (6) were synthesized by reactions of the disodium salts of dpp-BIAN (dpp-BIAN is 1,2-bis[(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) with 1 equiv. of Et2AlCl in diethyl ether and benzene, respectively. The structures of both complexes were established by X-ray diffraction. In molecules 5 and 6, diethylaluminum is chelated by the dianionic dpp-BIAN ligand. The sodium cations in molecules 5 and 6 are located above the plane of the diimine fragments and coordinate the Et2O or benzene molecule, respectively.

Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides 182 [1]. Calcium and Neodymium Complexes Containing the dpp-BIAN Ligand System: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of [(dpp-BIAN)CaI(THF)2]2 and [(dpp-BIAN)NdCl(THF)2]2

Oxydation of (dpp-BIAN)Ca(THF)4 with 0.5 equiv. of I2 in THF yields [(dpp-BIAN)CaI(THF)2]2 (1). A corresponding neodymium compound [(dpp-BIAN)NdCl(THF)2]2 (2) has been obtained by reaction of (dpp-BIAN)Na2 with NdCl3 in THF. The X-ray single crystal structure analyses show 1 and 2 to be isostructural dimers containing octahedrally coordinated metal atoms bridged by the respective halides. The chelating dpp-BIAN ligand acts as a radical anion in the Ca2+ complex 1 and as a dianion in the Nd3+ complex 2, respectively.

(dpp‐bian)GaGa(dpp‐bian)] and [(dpp‐bian)ZnGa(dpp‐bian)]: Synthesis, Molecular Structures, and DFT Studies of These Novel Bimetallic Molecular Compounds

1,2-Bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) (dpp-bian) stabilizes gallium-gallium and zinc-gallium bonds (compounds 1-3). The compound [(dpp-bian)Ga-Ga(dpp-bian)] (2) was prepared by the reaction of GaCl3 with K3[dpp-bian] and the heterometallic [(dpp-bian)Zn-Ga(dpp-bian)] (3) was prepared by a simple one-pot reaction of [{(dpp-bian)ZnI}(2)] with GaCl3 and K4[dpp-bian]. In contrast to [(dpp-bian)Zn-Zn(dpp-bian)] (1) and 3, compound 2 is ESR silent, thus proving the dianionic character of both dpp-bian ligands. The solution ESR spectrum of 3 reveals the coupling of an unpaired electron with the gallium nuclei (69)Ga and (71)Ga (A((69)Ga)=0.97, A((71)Ga)=1.23 mT), thus confirming the presence of Zn-Ga bonds in solution. According to the results of the X-ray crystal structure analyses the metal-metal bond lengths in 2 (2.3598(3) A) and 3 (2.3531(8) A) are close to that found in 1 (2.3321(2) A). The electronic structures of compounds 2 and 3 were studied by DFT (B3 LYP/6-31G* level). The metal-metal pi bond in 2 is mainly formed by overlap of the p orbitals of Ga in the HOMO and HOMO-1, the latter showing a stronger interaction. The s and p orbitals of Ga overlap in the deeper located HOMO-17 producing a Ga-Ga sigma bond. In contrast to the Zn-Zn bond in 1, which has 95 % s character, the NBO (natural bond order) analysis of 2 reveals 67.8 % s, 32.0 % p, and 0.2 % d character for the Ga-Ga bond. Compound 3 has a doublet electronic ground state. The unpaired electron occupies the alpha HOMO-1 localized at the Zn-containing fragment. The Ga-Zn bond is mainly formed by overlap of the metal orbitals in the alpha HOMO-6 and beta HOMO-5. According to the results of the NBO analysis, the Zn wave functions are responsible for 28.7 % of the Zn-Ga bond, with 96.7 % s, 1.0 % p, and 2.3 % d character.

Sodium Cation Migration Above the Diimine π‐System of Solvent Coordinated dpp‐BIAN Sodium Aluminum Complexes (dpp‐BIAN=1,2‐Bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene)

The reactions of the disodium salt of the 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dpp-BIAN) ligand with one equivalent of Me2AlCl in diethyl ether, toluene, and benzene produced the complexes [Na(Et2O)2(dpp-BIAN)AlMe2] (1), [Na(eta6-C7H8)(dpp-BIAN)AlMe2] (2) and [Na(eta6-C6H6)(dpp-BIAN)AlMe2] (3), respectively. Recrystallization of 1 from hexane afforded solvent-free [{Na(dpp-BIAN)AlMe2}n] (4) or [Na(Et2O)(dpp-BIAN)AlMe2] (5) depending on the temperature of the solvent. The molecular structures of 1-5 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The sodium cation coordinates either one of the naphthalene rings (1) or the diimine part of the dpp-BIAN ligand (2-5). In the complexes 2 and 3, the sodium cation additionally coordinates the toluene (2) or benzene molecule (3) in an eta6-fashion.

Reduction of aromatic ketones with the (dpp-BIAN)AlI(Et2O) complex

Reduction of benzophenone and 4,4′-bis(methoxy)benzophenone with the aluminum complex (dpp-BIAN)AlI(Et2O) (1) containing the dianionic dpp-BIAN ligand (dpp-BIAN is 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) affords the pinacolate complexes [(dpp-BIAN)AlI]2[μ-O2C2Ph4] (2) and [(dpp-BIAN)AlI]2[μ-O2C2(C6H4OMe)4] (3), respectively, which undergo the pinacolone rearrangement upon prolonged storage in diethyl ether to form [(dpp-BIAN)AlI]2O (4). The reaction of 1 with fluoren-9-one produces stable pinacolate (dpp-BIAN)Al[μ-O2(C13H8)2] (7) and the (dpp-BIAN)AlI2 complex (8). Compounds 2—4, 7, and 8 were characterized by ESR spectroscopy. Hydrolysis products of compounds 2 and 3 were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The structures of complexes 4 and 7 were established by X-ray diffraction.

Monomeric Alkylaluminum Complexes (dpp-BIAN)AlR2 (R = Me, Et, iBu) Supported by the Rigid Chelating Radical-Anionic 1,2-Bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene Ligand (dpp-BIAN)

Me2AlCl, Et2AlBr, and iBu2AlCl react with (dpp-BIAN)Na (dpp-BIAN = 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) in Et2O to give the dialkylaluminum complexes (dpp-BIAN)AlR2 (R = Me (1), Et (2), iBu (3)). Compounds 1−3 have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and ESR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystal structure analysis. In the molecules of 1−3 the Al atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated by two alkyl groups and the two N atoms of the dpp-BIAN ligand. The ESR spectra of the complexes prove the radical character of the dpp-BIAN ligand and show a hyperfine structure due to the coupling of the unpaired electron with the 14N, 27Al, and 1H nuclei.

Divalent Germanium Compound with a Radical-Anionic Ligand: Molecular Structures of (dpp-BIAN)•-GeCl and Its Hydrochloration Products [(dpp-BIAN)(H)2]•+[GeCl3]- and [{(dpp-BIAN)(H)2•+}2(Cl-)]+[GeCl3]- (dpp-BIAN = 1,2-Bis{(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino}acenaphthene)

The germanium(II) compound (dpp-BIAN)GeCl (1), which contains the radical anion of dpp-BIAN can be prepared either by reacting free dpp-BIAN ligand with 2 equiv of GeCl2(1,4-dioxane) in Et2O or by metathetical reaction of the sodium salt of dpp-BIAN with germanium dichloride in Et2O or benzene. The reaction of benzene solutions of 1 with 2 or 3 equiv of HCl led to protonation of the dpp-BIAN ligand affording [(dpp-BIAN)(H)2]*+[GeCl3]- (2) and [[(dpp-BIAN)(H)2*+]2(Cl-)]+ [GeCl3]- (3), which incorporate the radical cation of the protonated ligand. Compounds 1-3 have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Molecular structures of 1-3 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In molecule 1, the Ge atom is positioned at the apex of the slightly distorted trigonal pyramid. The Ge-N bond lengths in 1 are 2.0058(19) and 2.004(2) A. The molecular structure of 2 consists of contact ions [(dpp-BIAN)(H)2]+ and [GeCl3]-. In the molecular structure of 3, two radical cations of [(dpp-BIAN)(H)2]+ are "coordinated" by the chlorine anion. The ESR signal of 1 indicates the presence of a dpp-BIAN radical anion and shows a hyperfine structure due to the coupling of an unpaired electron to 14N, 73Ge, 35Cl, 37Cl, and 1H nuclei (AN=0.48 (2 N), AGe=0.96, ACl=0.78 (35Cl), ACl=0.65 (37Cl), AH=0.11 (4 H) mT, g=2.0014). Both 2 and 3 reveal ESR signals of radical cation [(dpp-BIAN)(H)2]*+ (septet, AN=0.53, AH=0.48 mT, g=2.0031).