Doxorubicin-induced Cell Death Research Articles

Mechano-induced cell metabolism disrupts the oxidative stress homeostasis of SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells.

There has been an increasing focus on cancer mechanobiology, determining the underlying-induced changes to unlock new avenues in the modulation of cell malignancy. Our study used LC-MS untargeted metabolomic approaches and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to characterize the molecular changes induced by a specific moderate uniaxial stretch regimen (i.e., 24h-1Hz, cyclic stretch 0,5% elongation) on SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. Differential metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the mechanical stimulation induces a downregulation of both glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. At the same time, the amino acid metabolism was found to be dysregulated, with the mechanical stimulation enhancing glutaminolysis and reducing the methionine cycle. Our findings showed that cell metabolism and oxidative defense are tightly intertwined in mechanically stimulated cells. On the one hand, the mechano-induced disruption of the energy cell metabolism was found correlated with an antioxidant glutathione (GSH) depletion and an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, we showed that a moderate stretch regimen could disrupt the cytoprotective gene transcription by altering the expression levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD1), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) genes. Interestingly, the cyclic applied strain could induce a cytotoxic sensitization (to the doxorubicin-induced cell death), suggesting that mechanical signals are integral regulators of cell cytoprotection. Hence, focusing on the mechanosensitive system as a therapeutic approach could potentially result in more effective treatments for osteosarcoma in the future.

P53 Contributes to the Chemotherapeutic Drug Doxorubicin-Induced Cell Death in Colorectal Cancer Cell Line HCT116

Doxorubicin is a commonly used chemotherapy drug for cancer treatment, although its effectiveness varies across different cancer types. p53 is a key factor involved in cell death induced by therapeutic agents, and it can be upregulated by doxorubicin, exhibiting a function of apoptosis. To further investigate the mechanism between p53 and doxorubicin, this study explored whether p53 plays a role in doxorubicin-induced cell death in the colorectal cancer line HCT116. The findings revealed that p53 was upregulated in HCT116 cells when treated with doxorubicin, and the knockdown of p53 decreased the sensitivity of HCT116 cells to doxorubicin. These results suggest that p53 plays an important role in doxorubicin-induced cell death in HCT116 cells, potentially contributing to more effective treatment approaches.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease promotes breast cancer progression through upregulated hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been shown to influence breast cancer progression, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of NAFLD on breast cancer tumor growth and cell viability through the potential mediator, hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Both peritumoral and systemic administration of FGF21 promoted breast cancer tumor growth, while FGF21 knockout attenuated the tumor-promoting effects of the high-fat diet. Mechanistically, exogenous FGF21 treatment enhanced the anti-apoptotic ability of breast cancer cells through STAT3 and Akt/FoXO1 signaling pathways, and mitigated doxorubicin-induced cell death. Furthermore, we observed overexpression of FGF21 in tumor tissues from breast cancer patients, which was associated with poor prognosis. These findings suggest a novel role for FGF21 as an upregulated mediator in the context of NAFLD, promoting breast cancer development and highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

SNX3 Promotes Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Regulating GPX4-Mediated Ferroptosis.

The complete molecular mechanism underlying doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy remains incompletely elucidated. In this investigation, we engineered mice with cardiomyocyte-specific sorting nexin 3 knockout (SNX3Cko ) to probe the potential protective effects of SNX3 ablation on doxorubicin-triggered myocardial injury, focusing on GPX4-dependent ferroptosis. Our findings indicate that SNX3 deletion normalized heart contractile/relaxation function and thwarted the escalation of cardiac injury biomarkers following doxorubicin exposure. Additionally, SNX3 deletion in the heart mitigated the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the presence of doxorubicin. At the molecular level, the detrimental effects of doxorubicin-induced cell death, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction were alleviated by SNX3 deficiency. Molecular analysis revealed the activation of GPX4-mediated ferroptosis by doxorubicin, whereas loss of SNX3 prevented the initiation of GPX4-dependent ferroptosis. Furthermore, treatment with erastin, a ferroptosis inducer, markedly reduced cell viability, exacerbated ER stress, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction in SNX3-depleted cardiomyocytes upon doxorubicin exposure. In summary, our results demonstrate that SNX3 deficiency shielded the heart from doxorubicin-induced myocardial dysfunction by modulating GPX4-associated ferroptosis.

P53 contributes to the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicininduced cell death in colorectal cancer cell line HCT116

p53 contributes to the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicininduced cell death in colorectal cancer cell line HCT116

Wnt10b protects cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced cell death via MAPK modulation.

Doxorubicin, an anthracycline chemotherapeutic known to incur heart damage, decreases heart function in up to 11% of patients. Recent investigations have implicated the Wnt signaling cascade as a key modulator of cardiac tissue repair after myocardial infarction. Wnt upregulation in murine models resulted in stimulation of angiogenesis and suppression of fibrosis after ischemic insult. However, the molecular mechanisms of Wnt in mitigating doxorubicin-induced cardiac insult require further investigation. Identifying cardioprotective mechanisms of Wnt is imperative to reducing debilitating cardiovascular adverse events in oncologic patients undergoing treatment. Exposing human cardiomyocyte AC16 cells to varying concentrations of Wnt10b and DOX, we observed key metrics of cell viability. To assess the viability and apoptotic rates, we utilized MTT and TUNEL assays. We quantified cell and mitochondrial membrane stability via LDH release and JC-1 staining. To investigate how Wnt10b mitigates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, we introduced pharmacologic inhibitors of key enzymes involved in apoptosis: FR180204 and SB203580, ERK1/2 and p38 inhibitors. Further, we quantified apoptotic executor enzymes, caspase 3/7, via immunofluorescence. AC16 cells exposed solely to doxorubicin were shrunken with distorted morphology. Cardioprotective effects of Wnt10b were demonstrated via a reduction in apoptosis, from 70.1% to 50.1%. LDH release was also reduced between doxorubicin and combination groups from 2.27-fold to 1.56-fold relative to the healthy AC16 control group. Mitochondrial membrane stability was increased from 0.67-fold in the doxorubicin group to 5.73 in co-treated groups relative to control. Apoptotic protein expression was stifled by Wnt10b, with caspase3/7 expression reduced from 2.4- to 1.3-fold, and both a 20% decrease in p38 and 40% increase in ERK1/2 activity. Our data with the AC16 cell model demonstrates that Wnt10b provides defense mechanisms against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and apoptosis. Further, we explain a mechanism of this beneficial effect involving the mitochondria through simultaneous suppression of pro-apoptotic p38 and anti-apoptotic ERK1/2 activities.

Death-associated protein kinase 1 phosphorylates MDM2 and inhibits its protein stability and function.

Breast cancer is one of the major malignancies in women, and most related deaths are due to recurrence, drug resistance, and metastasis. The expression of the mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene is upregulated in breast cancer; however, its regulatory mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, we identified the tumor suppressor death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) as a novel MDM2 regulator by unbiased peptide library screening. DAPK1 is directly bound to MDM2 and phosphorylates it at Thr419. DAPK1-mediated MDM2 phosphorylation promoted its protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, resulting in upregulated p53 expression. DAPK1 overexpression, but not its kinase activity-deficient form, decreased colony formation and increased doxorubicin-induced cell death; however, DAPK1 knockdown produced the opposite effects in human breast cancer cells. In a xenograft tumorigenesis assay, DAPK1 overexpression significantly reduced tumor formation, whereas inhibition of DAPK1 kinase activity reduced its antitumorigenic effect. Finally, DAPK1 expression was negatively correlated with MDM2 levels in human breast cancer tissues. Thus, these results suggest that DAPK1-mediated MDM2 phosphorylation and its protein degradation may contribute to its antitumorigenic function in breast cancer.

GATA3 mediates doxorubicin resistance by inhibiting CYB5R2-catalyzed iron reduction in breast cancer cells.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the primary preoperative therapy for breast cancer. The luminal subtype of breast cancer shows less NAC response than the basal subtype, with an inefficient NAC treatment effect. Understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for this chemoresistance is an important issue when determining optimal treatment. Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis was investigated using cytotoxicity, western blotting, and flow cytometry assays. The role of GATA3 in modulating doxorubicin-induced cell death was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq, qPCR, ChIP, and luciferase assay and association analyses were performed to investigate the regulation of CYB5R2 by GATA3. The function of GATA3 and CYB5R2 in regulating doxorubicin-induced ferroptosis was evaluated with iron, ROS, and lipid peroxidation detection assays. Immunohistochemistry was performed for results validation. Doxorubicin-induced basal breast cancer cell death is dependent on iron-mediated ferroptosis. Overexpression of the luminal signature transcriptional factor GATA3 mediates doxorubicin resistance. GATA3 promotes cell viability by decreasing ferroptosis-related gene CYB5R2 expression and by maintaining iron homeostasis. Analyzing data from the public and our cohorts demonstrates that GATA3 and CYB5R2 are associated with NAC response. GATA3 promotes doxorubicin resistance by inhibiting CYB5R2-mediated iron metabolism and ferroptosis. Therefore, patients with breast cancer who display high GATA3 expression do not benefit from doxorubicin-based NAC regimens.

APC Loss Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Cell Death by Increasing Drug Efflux and a Chemoresistant Cell Population in Breast Cancer.

Chemoresistance is a major health concern affecting cancer patients. Resistance is multifactorial, with one mechanism being the increased expression of ABC transporters (such as MDR1 and MRP1), which are drug efflux transporters capable of preventing intracellular accumulation of drugs and cell death. Our lab showed that the loss of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) caused an intrinsic resistance to doxorubicin (DOX), potentially through an enhanced tumor-initiating cell (TIC) population and the increased activation of STAT3 mediating the expression of MDR1 in the absence of WNT being activated. Here, in primary mouse mammary tumor cells, the loss of APC decreased the accumulation of DOX while increasing the protein levels of MDR1 and MRP1. We demonstrated decreased APC mRNA and protein levels in breast cancer patients compared with normal tissue. Using patient samples and a panel of human breast cancer cell lines, we found no significant trend between APC and either MDR1 or MRP1. Since the protein expression patterns did not show a correlation between the ABC transporters and the expression of APC, we evaluated the drug transporter activity. In mouse mammary tumor cells, the pharmacological inhibition or genetic silencing of MDR1 or MRP1, respectively, decreased the TIC population and increased DOX-induced apoptosis, supporting the use of ABC transporter inhibitors as therapeutic targets in APC-deficient tumors.

Farnesol Protects against Cardiotoxicity Caused by Doxorubicin-Induced Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death: An In Vivo Study in Wistar Rats

Doxorubicin (DOXO) is an antineoplastic drug that is used extensively in managing multiple cancer types. However, DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity is a limiting factor for its widespread use and considerably affects patients' quality of life. Farnesol (FSN) is a sesquiterpene with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. Thus, the current study explored the cardioprotective effect of FSN against DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity. In this study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7) and treated for 14 days. Group I (Control): normal saline, p.o. daily for 14 days; Group II (TOXIC): DOXO 2.4 mg/kg, i.p, thrice weekly for 14 days; Group III: FSN 100 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 14 days + DOXO similar to Group II; Group IV: FSN 200 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 14 days + DOXO similar to Group II; Group V (Standard): nifedipine 10 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 14 days + DOXO similar to Group II. At the end of the study, animals were weighed, blood was collected, and heart-weight was measured. The cardiac tissue was used to estimate biochemical markers and for histopathological studies. The observed results revealed that the FSN-treated group rats showed decrease in heart weight and heart weight/body weight ratio, reversed the oxidative stress, cardiac-specific injury markers, proinflammatory and proapoptotic markers and histopathological aberrations towards normal, and showed cardioprotection. In summary, the FSN reduces cardiac injuries caused by DOXO via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potential. However, more detailed mechanism-based studies are needed to bring this drug into clinical use.

Comparison of the immunomodulatory potential of platinum-based anti-cancer drugs and anthracyclins on human monocyte-derived cells

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are important contributors to anti-tumor immune responses. However, these highly plastic cells are also the primary targets of tumor manipulation, which may result in the development of tumor-promoting subtypes. The effect of chemotherapeutic agents on tumor cells is an area of intense study, but little is known about their effects on innate immune cells.We investigated the effects of four chemotherapeutic drugs (two platinum-based agents; oxaliplatin and cisplatin, and two anthracyclines; doxorubicin and epirubicin) on the differentiation, function, and viability of macrophages and DCs. Macrophages and DCs were differentiated from monocytes in the presence of these chemotherapeutic drugs and we compared their cell surface receptor expression, cytokine production, and chemotactic- and T-cell-polarizing ability.We have shown that differentiation in the presence of anthracyclines dose-dependently increases CTLA-4 expression in DCs. Antineoplastic agent-driven differentiation strongly modified the CCL2- or CCL5-induced chemotactic activity of both macrophages and DCs. DCs differentiated in the presence of high-dose cisplatin and a low dose of epirubicin promoted regulatory T-cell development, whereas oxaliplatin at specific doses induced both DCs and macrophages to enhance cytotoxic T-cell responses. Furthermore, we found that inflammatory macrophages are more sensitive to doxorubicin-induced cell death than their counterparts.In summary, our results confirm that chemotherapeutic agents acting on a similar basis may have different effects on the anti-tumor immune response. Treatment with optimal dose, combinations, and timing of chemotherapy may determine tumor immunity and the metastatic potential of tumors.

Increased susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced cell death in acute lymphocytic leukemia cells by inhibiting serine/threonine WEE1 kinase expression using the chitosan-carboxymethyl dextran-polyethylene glycol-TAT nanoparticles

Prevention of drug resistance is a significant challenge in treating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. It has been demonstrated that activating DNA Damage Repair (DDR) pathways play an essential role in resistance mechanisms. WEE1 serine/threonine kinase overexpression is crucial for activating DDR pathways in normal and cancerous cells due to the treatment by DNA-damage-based chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (Dox). In this study, for the first time, TAT-conjugated polyethylene glycol chitosan Carboxymethyl Dextran (TAT-PEG-CCMD) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to deliver anti-WEE1 siRNA and Dox to ALL cells to inhibit WEE1 kinase overexpression to overcome drug-resistance. The results showed that TAT-PEG-CCMD NPs could efficiently deliver WEE1 kinase siRNA and Dox to ALL cell lines (Jurkat and NALM6) and ALL primary cells (peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells) isolated from patients with ALL. Transfection of leukemic cells led to silencing WEE1 in target cells. Interestingly, silencing of WEE1 in ALL cell lines and ALL primary cells significantly enhanced the apoptotic effects of Dox. These findings imply that combination therapy of ALL using TAT-PEG-CCMD NPs loaded with anti-WEE1 siRNA and Dox can be considered a novel anti-cancer therapeutic approach that should be further investigated in future studies.

Abstract 3246: APC loss prevents doxorubicin-induced cell death by effluxing drug and increasing a chemoresistant cell population

Abstract Chemoresistance is a leading cause of breast cancer related deaths. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis for chemoresistance is essential for novel therapeutic advancement and improving patient outcome. The Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor is lost in up to 70% of sporadic breast cancer; however, little is known about how APC loss contributes to chemoresistance. Using mammary tumor cells isolated from the ApcMin/+ mouse crossed to the Polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) transgenic model, we made the novel observation that APC loss decreased doxorubicin (DOX) induced apoptosis. Therefore, we examined the mechanisms contributing to DOX resistance with APC loss to identify combination therapy options. We previously showed that APC loss in MMTV-PyMT;ApcMin/+ cells activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) thereby increasing the expression of the drug efflux pump, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1). ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as MDR1, are well established to contribute to drug resistance through exporting drugs from the cell. Furthermore, tumor initiating cells (TICs) have increased expression of ABC transporters and are known to be chemoresistant. We showed that MMTV-PyMT;ApcMin/+ cells have an increased TIC population. In addition, decreased intracellular DOX accumulation was observed in APC-deficient cells suggesting enhanced drug efflux. To investigate this decreased intracellular DOX accumulation, we measured the expression and activity of the drug export pumps, MDR1 and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1). Using a small molecule inhibitor (Valspodar), we found that MDR1 inhibition restored the DOX-induced cleaved caspase 3 expression, demonstrating that MDR1 contributes to DOX resistance. MDR1 inhibition also increased the intracellular DOX accumulation in the APC-deficient cells and reduced the TICs. Genetic manipulation to silence MRP1 also increased DOX-induced apoptosis, increased DOX accumulation, and decreased the TICs in MMTV-PyMT;ApcMin/+ cells. To target both MDR1 and MRP1, a small molecule inhibitor (Reversan) was used to see if affecting both would offer more benefit. We again found that Reversan restored DOX sensitivity in MMTV-PyMT;ApcMin/+ cells through increasing DOX accumulation and decreasing TICs. Future studies include using a panel of human breast cancer cell lines to determine correlation of APC expression and DOX sensitivity. In addition, we will also evaluate patient tumor protein lysates for APC, MDR1, and MRP1 expression, followed by correlation studies to determine whether expression of APC inversely correlates with MDR1 or MRP1. Taken together, APC loss mediates DOX resistance via increasing DOX export and the TIC population demonstrating the potential use of combination therapy to overcome chemoresistance. Citation Format: Casey D. Stefanski, Janna Kotsen, Amy Bernard, Jenifer Prosperi. APC loss prevents doxorubicin-induced cell death by effluxing drug and increasing a chemoresistant cell population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3246.

Phospholipase A2 increases the sensitivity of doxorubicin induced cell death in 3D breast cancer cell models

Doxorubicin is a common drug used for various cancer treatments including breast, ovarian, bladder, and lung cancer. However, inefficient penetration of cancer drugs into the interior of the three-dimensional (3D) tumor tissue limits the drug delivery. Increasing the dosage of drugs is an unacceptable solution, as patients may have a toxic reaction. Therefore, efficient drug delivery is crucial. We hypothesized that the addition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme found in bee venom that hydrolyzes the bond connecting fatty acid and glycerol, would increase the permeability of the drug for efficient drug penetration. We designed a 3D spheroid tumor model because it mimics an actual tumor environment better than the monolayer two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. We performed dye permeability assay using 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA), a green fluorescent probe, on 3D spheroid cells with concentration-dependent PLA2 treatment. We found that 1 mM PLA2 had the highest percentage of green fluorescence cells, indicating the highest permeability. Subsequently, we hypothesized that cotreatment of PLA2 and doxorubicin may increase drug sensitivity of doxorubicin. After analyzing the half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 (639.8 nM) of doxorubicin on the MDA-MB-231 3D spheroid, the cotreatment of PLA2 and doxorubicin exhibited lower 3D spheroid cell viability compared to doxorubicin treatment alone. This indicates that PLA2 may be a useful drug to assist in more effective doxorubicin treatment for breast cancer. Increased efficiency in drug delivery would allow lower concentrations of drugs to be used, minimizing damage to normal cells.

Increased Susceptibility to Doxorubicin-Induced Cell Death in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells by Inhibiting Serine/Threonine WEE1 Kinase Expression

Increased Susceptibility to Doxorubicin-Induced Cell Death in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells by Inhibiting Serine/Threonine WEE1 Kinase Expression

SIRT1 siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles enhanced doxorubicin-induced cell death in prostate cancer cell lines

Most chemotherapeutics induce apoptosis by creating DNA damage in tumor cells. However, high expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which is a histone deacetylase activates DNA repair mechanisms leading to the repair of chemotherapeutic-induced DNA damage and subsequently prevention of apoptosis. Therefore, inhibition of SIRT1 is a useful strategy in cancer therapy to achieve a more efficient eradication of tumor cells.In this study, novel lipoplexes composed of 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTMA) containing lipid nanoparticles and SIRT1 siRNA have been formulated by the freeze-drying method. SIRT1 silencing effect has been demonstrated by a 2.5- to 4- fold decrease in mRNA and protein expression levels. The efficiency of the lipoplexes to enhance the activity of doxorubicin, a DNA damage-inducing chemotherapeutic agent, has been studied on prostate cancer cell lines with different p53 expression patterns, namely LNCaP, DU145, and PC3. SIRT1 silencing by lipoplexes enhanced DNA damage recognition and increased the activity of doxorubicin on cancer cell death. These results have shown that SIRT1 siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles can enhance the efficiency of doxorubicin on prostate cancer cell lines.

Doxorubicin-Induced Fetal Mesangial Cell Death Occurs Independently of TRPC6 Channel Upregulation but Involves Mitochondrial Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species.

Doxorubicin (DOX), a category D pregnancy drug, is a chemotherapeutic agent that has been shown in animal studies to induce fetal toxicity, including renal abnormalities. Upregulation of the transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) 6 channel is involved in DOX-induced podocyte apoptosis. We have previously reported that TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ signaling promotes neonatal glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) death. However, it is unknown whether DOX alters mesangial TRPC expression or viability in the fetus. In this study, cell growth was tracked in control and DOX-treated primary GMCs derived from fetal pigs. Live-cell imaging demonstrated that exposure to DOX inhibited the proliferation of fetal pig GMCs and induced cell death. DOX did not alter the TRPC3 expression levels. By contrast, TRPC6 protein expression in the cells was markedly reduced by DOX. DOX treatment also attenuated the TRPC6-mediated intracellular Ca2+ elevation. DOX stimulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) generation and mitophagy by the GMCs. The DOX-induced mtROS generation and apoptosis were reversed by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone. These data suggest that DOX-induced fetal pig GMC apoptosis is independent of TRPC6 channel upregulation but requires mtROS production. The mtROS-dependent GMC death may contribute to DOX-induced fetal nephrotoxicity when administered prenatally.

HSP27 role in cardioprotection by modulating chemotherapeutic doxorubicin-induced cell death.

The common phenomenon expected from any anti-cancer drug in use is to kill the cancer cells without any side effects to non-malignant cells. Doxorubicin is an anthracycline derivative anti-cancer drug active over different types of cancers with anti-cancer activity but attributed to unintended cytotoxicity and genotoxicity triggering mitogenic signals inducing apoptosis. Administration of doxorubicin tends to both acute and chronic toxicity resulting in cardiomyopathy (left ventricular dysfunction) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Cardiotoxicity is prevented through administration of different cardioprotectants along with the drug. This review elaborates on mechanism of drug-mediated cardiotoxicity and attenuation principle by different cardioprotectants, with a focus on Hsp27 as cardioprotectant by prevention of drug-induced oxidative stress, cell survival pathways with suppression of intrinsic cell death. In conclusion, Hsp27 may offer an exciting/alternating cardioprotectant, with a wider study being need of the hour, specifically on primary cell line and animal models in conforming its cardioprotectant behaviour.

Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 upregulates autophagy and promotes viability in Hodgkin lymphoma: Implications for targeted therapy.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is composed of neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed‐Sternberg cells in an inflammatory background. The neoplastic cells are derived from germinal center B cells that, in most cases, are infected by Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), which may play a role in tumorigenesis. Given that EBV‐latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) regulates autophagy in B cells, we explored the role of autophagy mediated by EBV or LMP1 in HL. We found that EBV‐LMP1 transfection in HL cells induced a modest increase in autophagy signals, attenuated starvation‐induced autophagic stress, and alleviated autophagy inhibition‐ or doxorubicin‐induced cell death. LMP1 knockdown leads to decreased autophagy LC3 signals. A xenograft mouse model further showed that EBV infection significantly increased expression of the autophagy marker LC3 in HL cells. Clinically, LC3 was expressed in 15% (19/127) of HL samples, but was absent in all cases of nodular lymphocyte‐predominant and lymphocyte‐rich classic HL cases. Although expression of LC3 was not correlated with EBV status or clinical outcome, autophagic blockade effectively eradicated LMP1‐positive HL xenografts with better efficacy than LMP1‐negative HL xenografts. Collectively, these results suggest that EBV‐LMP1 enhances autophagy and promotes the viability of HL cells. Autophagic inhibition may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating patients with HL, especially EBV‐positive cases.

A novel method to detect intracellular metabolite alterations in MCF-7 cells by doxorubicin induced cell death.

Metabolic reprogramming within cancer cells has been recognized as a potential barrier to chemotherapy. Additionally, metabolic tumor heterogeneity is the one of factors behind discernible hallmarks such as drug resistance, relapse of the tumor and the formation of secondary tumors. In this paper, cell-based assays including PI/annexin V staining and immunoblot assay were performed to show the apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells treated with DOX. Further, MCF-7 cells were lysed in a hypotonic buffer and the whole cell lysate was purified by a novel and specifically designed metabolite (~ 100 to 1000Da) fractionation system called vertical tube gel electrophoresis (VTGE). Further, purified intracellular metabolites were subjected to identification by LC-HRMS technique. Cleaved PARP 1 in MCF-7 cells treated with DOX was observed in the present study. Concomitantly, data showed the absence of active caspase 3 in MCF-7 cells. Novel findings are to identify key intracellular metabolites assisted by VTGE system that include lipid (CDP-DG, phytosphingosine, dodecanamide), non-lipid (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N1-acetylspermidine and gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine) and tripeptide metabolites in MCF-7 cells treated by DOX. Interestingly, we reported the first evidence of doxorubicinone, an aglycone form of DOX in MCF-7 cells that are potentially linked to the mechanism of cell death in MCF-7 cells. This paper reported novel methods and processes that involve VTGE system based purification of hypotonically lysed novel intracellular metabolites of MCF-7 cells treated by DOX. Here, these identified intracellular metabolites corroborate to caspase 3 independent and mitochondria induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells. Finally, these findings validate a proof of concept on the applications of novel VTGE assisted purification and analysis of intracellular metabolites from various cell culture models.