Downstream Oil Research Articles

Penegakan Hukum Pidana terhadap Penjualan Bahan Bakar Minyak Eceran secara Ilegal

The limited number of fuel filling stations (SPBU), the distance traveled and the time needed to get to the gas station, emergencies requiring fuel, plus wishes. Some people who prioritize time effectiveness and practicality are the reasons some people are reluctant to queue at gas stations. This then becomes a lucrative business opportunity and becomes additional income for some people to sell retail fuel using used plastic bottles which are sold on the side of the road. The types of retail fuel that are traded include Premium, Solar, Pertalite, to Pertamax. Basically, retail oil business activities, if you do not have a business license, can be punished according to the provisions of Article 53 of Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas Earth. This type of legal research is normative legal research. The nature of the research in this study is analytical descriptive in nature. The type of data used in this research is library research. Judging from the legal factor, Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas and its implementing regulations have correctly stipulated the rules for the legal distribution of fuel; law enforcement factors, namely the police are not running optimally because until now there has been no report regarding the illegality of retail fuel sales; the factor of facilities or facilities that support law enforcement is not running as it should because the law enforcement process that was initiated by complaints and reports related to the illegality of Retail BBM has not occurred; and community factors that prioritize the practicality of obtaining fuel oil (BBM) including corrupt cultural factors between consumers, Pertamini entrepreneurs, and unscrupulous staff at Fuel Filling Stations (SPBU) which also support the existence of illegal Pertamini. The effort to overcome the legality obstacle is the issuance of regulations that open opportunities for the sale of gasoline on a small scale to the general public through Regulation of the Downstream Oil and Gas Regulatory Agency Number 6 of 2015 concerning Distribution of Certain Types of Fuel Oil and Types of Fuel Specially Assigned to Areas where there are no distributors . Efforts to overcome legal awareness are repressive efforts through criminal liability and the application of criminal sanctions that violate the provisions of Article 23 of the Oil and Gas Law.

Evaluating the critical safety factors causing accidents in downstream oil and gas construction projects in Malaysia

This study aimed to identify and evaluate the primary safety factors that contribute to accidents in downstream oil and gas construction projects in Malaysia. A quantitative approach was used, including a pilot survey and a main survey of individuals involved in these types of projects. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the pilot survey data, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted on the main survey results. The study identified several critical safety factors, including inadequate safety training, insufficient safety procedures, and inadequate supervision. The findings provide insights into the significant safety elements in Malaysia's oil and gas construction industry and may aid in improving both theoretical and practical aspects of construction safety in this field. This research helps to fill a gap in knowledge regarding construction safety in Malaysia's oil and gas sector by highlighting the most important contributors to accidents in this industry.

Growth and Financial Performance Governance by the Total Resources: A Case of Indian Downstream Oil and Gas Firms

The total resources of the business organizations define the size of the operational activities and provide the base for the revenue and availability of the working capital for the business activities. The oil and gas industry provides a base for the manufacturing and processing sector in India. Downstream oil and gas firms play a vital role in processing crude oil and gas and procuring it for final consumers. The study is intended to get the degree and direction of governance of the financial performance of the downstream Indian oil and gas firms. The study is based on secondary data while financial ratios, index numbers, post hoc homogeneity, and correlation are calculated to get the financial performance, movement trend, sensitivity of movement, and governance of the financial performance measures by the total resources in downstream Indian oil and gas firms. The study found that the growth of the total resources affects the profit-earning capacity and return on total resources in downstream Indian oil and gas firms positively but negligibly. There is moderate sensitivity between the growth of total resources and short-term paying ability while no relationship between the total resources and solvency of firms in downstream Indian oil and gas firms. The finding of the study concludes that investment in the total resources can be increased to get the benefits of profitability and profits, ultimately. But, the investment in the smaller downstream Indian oil and gas firms is more profitable than the investment in the larger downstream Indian oil and gas firms.

Reflections on the Indigenization of Ghana’s Petroleum Downstream Industry (OMC AND BDC activities) and the Possible Upshot on the Country

In developing countries, indigenization is a common policy and legislation tool implemented to increase and promote local content and local participation in the various sectors especially the natural sector. However, these policies and legislation produce mixed results as reported by industry players and researchers. In 2005, the act setting up the National Petroleum Authority (NPA), the regulator of Ghana’s petroleum downstream, placed enormous responsibility on the authority to enhance the indigenization of the oil and gas industry in the downstream sector. In relation to this key mandate, the National Petroleum Authority, led by its new chief executive, Dr. Mustapha Al-Hamid, unveiled a major change in state policy with regards to the indigenization of the structure of the sector. This paper seeks to identify and thoroughly examine the possible impact of this impending indigenization of Ghana’s downstream oil and gas industry. Positive impacts such as the infrastructural development in the country, the reduction on foreign control of the economy, the increment in revenue, the indigenous participation and self-reliance it brings to the country are the essential benefits. However, the discouragement of foreign investment as well as the wealthy hijacking the economy will have an adverse effect on the positive impact.

Impact of technology management in improving sustainability performance for Egyptian petroleum refineries and petrochemical companies

PurposePetroleum companies have various goals in light of high energy prices, uncertainty and potential fluctuations in demand in the current digital age, including making a profit while maintaining long-term sustainability and lowering their environmental impacts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of technology management (TM) and its practices through process and maintenance technologies on sustainability performance (SP) for petroleum refineries and petrochemical companies in terms of economic, environmental and social sustainability.Design/methodology/approachA new proposed framework has been developed for a clearer understanding in relation to these aspects. The study was conducted among Egyptian refineries and petrochemical companies. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 65 petroleum experts and professionals, which was then summarized using statistical analysis, hypothesis testing and regression analysis.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that TM has a significant and direct impact on SP. Furthermore, the study shows that process technology (PT) has a positive influence on the three aspects of SP. Although maintenance technology has a positive impact on economic and environmental sustainability, it shows no direct effect on social sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsThe degree to which TM and sustainability principles are implemented across petroleum companies in various countries varies significantly because of managerial and cultural dimensions. Therefore, when conducting the research, it is important to consider the study’s geographical area to comprehend how these practices are impacted by the distinctive managerial and cultural settings of each country. Also, respondents in developing countries do not participate in such surveys with much enthusiasm.Practical implicationsThe study shows that implementing TM practices generates more economic stability and ensures environmental and social sustainability. The research studied how PT and maintenance practices affected each aspect of sustainability. These findings can apply to all downstream oil companies, regardless of their size or type of operations. Further research can be conducted to examine the relationship between variables in other industries.Social implicationsDecision-makers and managers may use the study's findings to improve their companies' performance and develop new plans and policies. The results demonstrate that companies will have a greater chance of achieving sustainable performance if they incorporate process and maintenance technologies into their activities. Besides economic and environmental sustainability, petroleum companies must strive for social sustainability.Originality/valueThe study is regarded as a significant contribution to the management of petroleum refineries and petrochemical companies, as it combined TM practices with SP in a single research framework. Industry executives and researchers can use this research as a guide that can be applied to all petroleum companies in the same country.

A trio of resiliency, reliability, and uncertainty to design and plan the downstream oil supply chain

The main goal of this research is to design and plan a downstream oil supply chain network under mixed uncertainty. To reach this goal, a bi-objective mixed-integer linear model is proposed to make decisions at tactical and strategic levels. Notably, to deal with mixed uncertainty, a hybrid uncertain programming approach including adjustable possibilistic programming, chance-constrained programming, scenario-based programming, and p-robust optimization is developed and applied. Finally, the proposed model is implemented in a real-life case from the National Iranian Oil Products Distribution Company to illustrate the applicability and efficacy of the proposed approach. The analysis of the results indicates that the benefit of the used methods leads to the improvement of network performance against operational and disruption risks. Moreover, the analysis of the results indicates that the tailored approaches improve the total costs, the resiliency of the network, and the reliability of the chain in comparison to the deterministic situation.

Local Government Authority Over The Licensing and Supervision Of Pertamina Shop's Business

Abstract
 
 The purpose of this research is to determine the Authority of local governments to implement Pertamina Shop Business Licensing and Supervision which is motivated by the Government's desire to realize equitable distribution of Fuel Oil to all regions in Indonesia. The issue raised was related to the role of the Regional Government in implementing the Pertashop program aimed at the scope of the Regency or Village. Provisions related to the implementation of Pertashop still do not provide clear limits of authority by the Central Government and Regional Governments. The results of this study show that the authority over the licensing of the Pertashop program remains the authority of the central government, but still has the involvement of the Regional Government and other bodies in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations and the concept of regional autonomy. Furthermore, regulations related to pertashop business licensing requirements are further regulated in the regulation...of the Downstream Oil and Gas Regulatory Agency Number 6 of 2015 concerning the Distribution of Certain Types of Fuel Oil and Special Types of Fuel Assignments in Areas Where There are No Distributors.

Effects of external injection of deionized water and water with impurities on Water-assisted flares

Water-assisted flares are used on offshore platforms and occasionally at downstream oil and gas facilities to reduce soot and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and flame luminosity. Typically, water-assisted flares inject water into the flame from outside the flare stack (external injection), and the water often contains high concentrations of impurities. Different configurations of water injection were explored using a range of water flow rates, atomizer angles, and radial displacements from the burner center to understand the effects of water flow rate and location of water entrainment into the flame on emissions. A range of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations was also tested as a surrogate species for the impurities contained in the water used at offshore and downstream oil and gas facilities. Flow visualization analysis was carried out, and the water droplet velocity field was used to discuss their motion transitioning from being dominated by their momentum to that of the buoyancy of the combustion products. This study used atmospheric turbulent non-premixed flames on a two-inch circular burner at a constant propane flow rate of 20 standard L/min. It was discovered that the atomizer’s angular displacement plays a significant role in black carbon (BC) and NOxemissions suppression, but the atomizer’s horizontal displacement does not affect NOxemission. Water directed very close to the base of the flame ensured water was present early in the combustion process relative to other external injected configurations and reduced emissions by a greater extent compared to when the water was directed higher in the flame. The buoyancy of the flame affects the velocity of the injected water, helps to redirect its flow in the flame, and increases its mixing with fuel and air. Large amounts of water droplets pass through the flame front and evaporate within the fuel side of the flame envelope. The flame color and luminosity were affected by an increased NaCl concentration and the different configurations of the injected water. Higher NaCl concentration in the water causes an increase in BC emissions and a slight decrease in NOx emissions relative to deionized water. The smaller NaCl concentration in the water does not affect NOxand BC emissions compared to deionized water.

Distribusi Dan Transportasi Bio Solar Di Jawa Timur

Government Regulation Number 36 of 2004 concerning Downstream Oil and Gas Business Activities, the government regulates, fosters, and supervises the implementation of downstream business activities which includes guaranteeing the availability and smooth distribution of fuel throughout the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) which is a form of route problem involving vehicles to distribute goods to customers with the aim of minimizing the total distance, minimizing the use of vehicles and the overall distribution time which is expected to reduce errors in selecting gas stations into road routes. Based on the application of the fuel distribution system to gas stations in East Java, especially in the Bojonegoro Regency area using the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) method, using a tanker with a capacity of 40 KL is more effective than a tanker with other capacities, distance and operating costs for a tanker of 40 KL the results after the application of the VRP method are more effective than the current distribution patterns, if the VRP method is used it will produce several benefits, including reducing the total mileage of the previous tank car from 3,740 KM to 1,058 KM compared to the current average total mileage of TBBM Semarang-To gas stations in Blora. There was a saving in the cost of diesel fuel from IDR 25,432,000 to IDR. 7,194,400 per day considering there is great efficiency, the pattern for sending Bio Solar fuel from TBBM Tuban to gas stations in Bojonegoro Regency uses a new route using a tanker capacity of 40 tons.

Proposed Improvement of Pertalite Fuel Outbound Logistics Performance to Achieve Pertamina Patra Niaga MS2 Compliance (A Case Study of Bandung City)

PT. Pertamina Patra Niaga was founded in 2004, is a sub-holding of PT. Pertamina which handles Pertamina’s downstream oil and gas processes, especially fuel trading and handling, as well as fleet and depot management. This study took Fuel Terminal Bandung Group – Ujung Berung as a research location which encounter issue related to the not achieved of the MS2 Compliance target in delivery time delay related to the external logistics performance. This research focuses on the delivery of Pertalite fuel in the city of Bandung in the third quarter of 2022. This study aims to identify the factor that affect the value of MS2 Compliance in Fuel Terminal Bandung Group-Ujung Berung and initiate the improvement initiatives to improve outbound logistic performance for Fuel Terminal Bandung Group – Ujung Berung. The conceptual framework used in this research describes the supply chain design and focuses on outbound logistics in terms of moving the final product to the retailers to achieve responsive supply chain strategy is improving the outbound logistic performance. The equipment that used to carry the delivery are tank trucks. The method used in this study uses a quantitative approach with heuristic methods using a sweep algorithm. Quantitative data were obtained from company data, observations at the company and interviews with departments that related to the company’s logistics. Secondary data analysis using literature and company data. The analysis was carried out by finding the root of the problem with a fishbone diagram and analysing quantitative data with a sweep algorithm. The analysis is carried out by taking days that have low MS2 Compliance in Quarter III 2022 in one week, where one day has three delivery batch. From the results of the analysis, it was found that there were four main causes, namely method, environment, human, and equipment factors. Then examine by the sweep algorithm analysis which results in more effective route selection and maximizing the use of tank trucks by calculating the travel time for each shipment by considering the allowance time for each shipment.

Study the Effectiveness of ISO 27001 to Mitigate the Cyber Security Threats in the Egyptian Downstream Oil and Gas Industry

As Egyptian oil and gas downstream information technology has grown digitally over the past decade, security breaches against these digitally connected systems have also increased. These cyber security threats could have devastating effects on the operations and reputation of these companies. Preventing such cyberattacks is crucial. Especially, with the significance of the Egyptian oil and gas downstream sector to the local economy and the fact that many of these connected systems are sometimes managed remotely. This paper examines the value of the ISO 27001 standard in mitigating the effect of cyber threat and seeks to inspire decision-makers to the importance of the proactive measures to strengthen their organization’s cybersecurity posture and protect information critical assets. The study stresses the importance of improving the local educational system to bridge the gap between supply and demand for cybersecurity specialists by implementing a structured approach that emphasizes behavior modification to get a high return on investment in cybersecurity awareness.

The Potential of Sukuk for Financing Oil and Gas Sector in Nigeria

Nigeria has promising investment opportunities in the up and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry that need financing. In the upstream, there are an estimated 37.2 Billion proven oil reserves and 182 Trillion cubic feet of natural gas. New investment opportunities are being developed, and individual and organizational investors need to finance their activities by purchasing drilling equipment and financing their infrastructures and storage facilities. Sukuk financing became a potential investment opportunity that could significantly address the upstream and downstream oil and gas sector and restore the glory of refineries in the country. There are currently three petroleum refineries in Nigeria with a stated capacity of 438 750. Perhaps the refineries are obsolete and bedeviled by poor management and turnaround maintenance due to the lack of funding. The study examines the potential of Sukuk financing oil and gas in the sector in Nigeria. The study employed Structural Equation Modeling to test the respondents' perspectives on the proposed model. Findings predict that the government may diversify and look for an alternative for funding that attracts more investors to participate in Sukuk financing. Future research is encouraged to use quantitative assessment methods to assess funding priorities between the Upstream, middle and downstream petroleum sectors.

Development and coalescence mechanism of an improved filter cartridge for oil mist separators

Oil mist coalescence and filtering are extensively used in the fields of natural gas purification and chemical production. However, it remains technically challenging to capture high-concentration, small-sized, oil mist droplets under complex industrial field conditions. To solve this problem, three novel high-efficiency coalescence filter cartridges are proposed, which have improved filter material arrangements. The filtering performance of the cartridges was evaluated in the laboratory and at a natural gas pipeline pressure station under different working conditions to understand the mechanism by which high-concentration small-sized droplets are captured. According to the laboratory results, the filtration efficiency for droplets> 0.2 µm can reach 99.99% if the first layer in the cartridge has a small pore size (1.5 µm). The use of a filtering material with a large pore size can reduce the pressure drop. An arrangement of layers with increasing pore sizes can significantly improve the quality factor of the cartridges and decrease secondary entrainment. In the field test, the size distributions of the oil mist under compressor “hot standby” and operating conditions were gained for the first time. The median size of oil mist droplets was 1.2 µm during hot standby and 0.5 µm during operation. Under both compressor modes, the downstream oil mist concentrations of the proposed cartridges were> 95% lower than that of an existing commercial cartridge once filtering reached a steady state. In a long-cycle test under field conditions, the proposed cartridges showed more stable filtering performance than the existing product, with the filtration efficiency being about 40% higher after 15 days. Moreover, the oil mist coalescence mechanism was determined by microscopic characterization of liquid channels.

The Effect of the Exploration and Exploitation of Oil and Gas on Indonesian Economic Growth

The era of globalization and accelerated economic growth, as well as various kinds of industrial and technological transformations, are currently causing or triggering very concrete environmental problems, one of which is in terms of the growth in consumption of non-renewable energy, namely oil and natural gas. Oil and gas reserves are part of the socio-economic problems in Indonesia. It is known that oil and gas reserves are spread throughout almost all aspects of Indonesia. However, the utilization of the potential reserves of oil and natural gas resources in Indonesia is still not fully optimized. So that the potential for oil and gas reserves in Indonesia still does not fully have a more significant impact on Indonesia's economic growth. This study examines the influence of oil and gas exploration and exploitation in Indonesia on economic growth in Indonesia. This study used data on Indonesia's GDP and Exploitation and Exploitation of Indonesian Oil and Gas in a time series (1996-2021). In analyzing the data, this study used multiple linear regression. The results showed that the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia. It is hoped that this study can serve as an impetus for the government in making regulations and regulations directly related to exploration and exploitation activities both upstream and downstream of oil and gas and as encouragement and motivation for governments directly involved with upstream and downstream oil and gas activities. In addition, to issue policies in the form of continuing to prioritize technological development innovations, especially in the oil and gas sector. It is also hoped that the production results obtained from oil and natural gas exploration and exploitation activities can be more optimal and impact national energy security, state revenues, and Indonesia's economic growth.

The Role of Institutions in the Downstream Agribusiness Palm oil (Elaeis Sp) Subsystem

Palm oil is one of the leading commodities of Nunukan Regency. However, problems related to institutions that play a role in the downstream agribusiness subsystem are not running optimally. This is due to limited information, weak coordination between institutions, weak capacity and optimization of farmer institutions. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the institutions that play a role in the downstream agribusiness subsystem. The research was conducted in Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan Province. Data collection was carried out using a descriptive method through an expert system approach with a survey method. Data analysis with Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). The results showed that 11 institutions that have an important role in the Downstream Oil Palm Agribusiness Subsystem in Nunukan Regency are (1). Department of Agriculture and Plantation, (2). Agricultural Extension, (3). Bank Rakyat Indonesia Nunukan Regency, (4).GAPOKTAN/Women’s Farmer’s Group/Farmers’ Group, (5) Middlemen, (6) Cooperative Service, (7).Community Empowerment Agency and Village Government, (8). Cooperative Business Unit, (9). Palm Oil Company, (10). Central Bureau of Statistics (11). Agricultural Quarantine Center. Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Pemerintah Desa (BPMD), (8). Unit Usaha Koperasi, (9). Perusahaan Sawit, (10). Badan Pusat Statistik (11). Balai Karantina Pertanian.

Meso-level carbon dioxide emission model based on voyage for inland ships in the Yangtze River

To simplify the micro-level CO2 (carbon dioxide) emission calculation model, reduce the dataset quality requirement of the model, and cut down the volume of calculation, a meso-level voyage-based emission model (MeVEM) for inland ships is proposed with their navigation characteristics considered. The navigation characteristics and the main influencing factors of inland ship emissions are analyzed. The main engine power and average speed of the ships are selected as the model inputs. Accurate CO2 emissions are calculated by the use of the micro-level emission model. With that, first-order and second-order polynomial regression models are employed to establish the fitting formula to estimate the emissions per kilometer. To validate the proposed model, the Junshan segment in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is selected as the study area, and the model parameters are determined to estimate the CO2 emissions. It is found that the model of emission per kilometer (ej, k) established by second-order polynomial regression is more accurate. The results show that the percentage error in the total amount (PETA) of the results estimated by the four proposed models (CO2 emission estimation model for the upstream cargo ships, the downstream cargo ships, the upstream oil tankers, and the downstream oil tankers) are all within ±5%, which verifies the feasibility and applicability of the model. The proposed meso-level model allows us to use a smaller input dataset which is easier to obtain, and estimate CO2 emissions from ships simply and accurately.

A field study on human factor and safety performances in a downstream oil industry

Safety culture and awareness by workers are pivotal tools for the implementation of systematic procedures aiming to risk mitigation in the process industry. The evaluation of human factors on safety performance can reveal unsafe attitudes and failures in training, supervision and management, whose correction greatly contribute to the enhancement of safety program. In this work, the role of human factors in an oil industry was studied by the collection of field data through a structured questionnaire filled by shift, daily and outsourced workers. A deep investigation on the variables involved in the process was carried out, firstly quantifying three conceptual key dimensions (individual, human resource management, equipment and technology) and then analyzing data by means of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), to identify the statistical significant factors and the overall level of safety awareness, behaviour and risk perception of the respondents.

Resilience assessment of the downstream oil supply chain considering the inventory strategy in extreme weather events

As climate change intensifies and extreme weather events occur more frequently, the uncertainties of demand, production and inventory will affect the operation and management of supply chains. In this paper, a systematic method for evaluating the resilience of the supply chain is proposed, which is applied to the demand side management of an actual downstream oil supply chain. According to the practical operation of the downstream oil supply chain, several scenarios such as disruption of refineries, shutdown of pipelines and increasing demand are defined. Then, two indices are introduced to make a quantitative resilience assessment for the studied downstream oil supply chain. The inventory strategy is also proposed and applied to different scenarios. Finally, Monte Carlo simulation is used to make a comprehensive analysis with multiple scenarios. The results show that increasing the inventory of storage depots can improve the resilience of the supply chain by 2.67% to 14.83%. According to the sensitivity analysis for the failure rate and repair rate of each link, it is indicated that the resilience can be improved by 5.95% when the repair rate is doubled and be reduced to 16.04% when the repair rate is reduced by half.

High Safety Risk Assessment in the Time of Uncertainties (COVID-19): An Industrial Context.

BackgroundThe complexities of the workplace environment in the downstream oil and gas industry contain several safety-risk factors. In particular, instituting stringent safety standards and management procedures are considered insufficient to address workplace safety risks. Most accident cases attribute to unsafe actions and human behaviors on the job, which raises serious concerns for safety professionals from physical to psychological particularly when the world is facing a life-threatening Pandemic situation, i.e., COVID-19. It is imperative to re-examine the safety management of facilities and employees’ well-being in the downstream oil and gas production sector to establish a sustainable governance system. Understanding the inherent factors better that contribute to safety behavior management could significantly improve workplace safety features.ObjectiveThis study investigates employees’ safety behavior management model for the downstream oil and gas industry to consolidate the safety, health and wellbeing of employees in times of COVID-19.MethodsNominal Group Technique (NGT) was first employed to screen primary behavioral factors from 10 workplace health and safety experts from Malaysia’s downstream oil and gas industry. Consequently, 18 significant factors were identified for further inquiry. Next, the interpretive structural modeling technique was used to ascertain the complex interrelationships between these factors and proposed a Safety Behavioral Management Model for cleaner production.ResultsThis model shows that management commitment, employee knowledge and training, leadership, and regulations contribute significantly to several latent factors. Our findings support the Social Cognitive Theory, where employees, their environment, and their behaviors are related reciprocally.ConclusionIt is postulated that identifying safety factors and utilizing the proposed model guides various stakeholder groups in this industry, including practitioners and policymakers, for achieving long-term sustainability.

A hybrid modeling approach to estimate liquid entrainment fraction and its uncertainty

Liquid entrainment fraction is a key parameter for designing and optimizing downstream oil and gas production equipment and needs to be reliably estimated. In this study, a hybrid modeling approach, which combines semi-mechanistic and data-driven models, is introduced to estimate entrainment fraction and its uncertainty. The hybrid model incorporates three data-driven models developed using Gaussian Process Modeling trained with 1,662 experimental data. The performance of three different Gaussian Process Models (GPMs), GPM with known noise, GPM with estimated noise, and bagging GPM, is studied in the hybrid model to obtain a more robust and accurate result. The performance metrics used are the root mean square error (RMSE), area metric (AM), and calibration score (CS). The results reveal that the RMSE of the hybrid model is about 70% lower than the RMSE of the semi-mechanistic models. Bagging GPM gives the best result considering RMSE, AM, and CS.