Download Speed Research Articles

A comparative Study of the Evolution Different Mobile Generations for Wireless Communication

The mobile communication system has revolutionized human life and made the world a small village through communications and data transmission in the form of voice calls, messages or videos with very high download speeds. This paper discusses the different communication technologies for mobile phone generations, starting from the first generation of primitive to the second and third generation, in terms of mobile voice technologies, then the fourth generation as signs of rapid data download speed started, as the speed of connection to the fourth generation networks is ten times higher than the generation connection The third, which led to the improvement of data traffic in the communications network, the high mobility recipe for people who make calls, in addition to improving global system management and improving voice quality, then the great revolution in the fifth generation that is characterized by covering all geographical areas with an increase in the high-frequency spectrum, which is characterized at high frequencies starting from 6 GHz to 100 GHz, in addition to comparing all these generations through illustrative tables.

HealthFetch: An Influence-Based, Context-Aware Prefetch Scheme in Citizen-Centered Health Storage Clouds

Over the past few years, increasing attention has been given to the health sector and the integration of new technologies into it. Cloud computing and storage clouds have become essentially state of the art solutions for other major areas and have started to rapidly make their presence powerful in the health sector as well. More and more companies are working toward a future that will allow healthcare professionals to engage more with such infrastructures, enabling them a vast number of possibilities. While this is a very important step, less attention has been given to the citizens. For this reason, in this paper, a citizen-centered storage cloud solution is proposed that will allow citizens to hold their health data in their own hands while also enabling the exchange of these data with healthcare professionals during emergency situations. Not only that, in order to reduce the health data transmission delay, a novel context-aware prefetch engine enriched with deep learning capabilities is proposed. The proposed prefetch scheme, along with the proposed storage cloud, is put under a two-fold evaluation in several deployment and usage scenarios in order to examine its performance with respect to the data transmission times, while also evaluating its outcomes compared to other state of the art solutions. The results show that the proposed solution shows significant improvement of the download speed when compared with the storage cloud, especially when large data are exchanged. In addition, the results of the proposed scheme evaluation depict that the proposed scheme improves the overall predictions, considering the coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.94) and the mean of errors (RMSE < 1), while also reducing the training data by 12%.

A Strategy to Strengthen and Enhance the Telecommunication Network in Sri Lanka by Using Concepts of Graph Theory and Linear Programming Models

The telecommunication sector in Sri Lanka is one of the most dynamic sectors, contributing significantly, both directly and indirectly, to investment, employment, productivity, and overall economic growth. According to the transformation of the telecommunication network of Sri Lanka, this study proposes a structure to increase the average upload and download speeds by using some concepts in pure Mathematics. The research design has aligned into two categories as interpretation and optimization. They established by using the concept of Graph Theory and linear programming models respective. We forecast the public switched telephone network (PSTN) model for the local network. Then we ranked carrier systems of Sri Lanka according to their services without violating privacy. Next, we created the minimum traffic flow, local model, based on the traffic flows. Then we proposed cable systems around Sri Lanka. After that, we calculated the required signal towers for the uniform coverage by considering the population density. Linear programming models had generated to optimize the traffic flows. We could obtain six hundred twenty-five linear programming models due to different coefficients in each case. So, we have separated those models into three sectors: low, moderate, and high. Three examples had discussed by considering them. The solutions had evaluated by using the PHP Simplex calculator.

Toll-based access vs pirate access: a webometric study of academic publishers

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw a comparison of the Web traffic ranking, usage and popularity of websites of databases of reputed publishers, namely, ScienceDirect and Emerald Insight, that provide access on subscription basis with Sci-Hub, on the basis of data obtained from Alexa databank (www.alexa.com). Sci-Hub is a website that provides pirated open-access to the research literature, where piracy, according to The Economic Times (2020), refers to the unauthorized duplication of copyrighted content.Design/methodology/approachUnder present study, the quantitative study of the collected data was carried out with help of descriptive research methodology. The Alexa databank was singled out as the source of data. This study crawled through Alexa databank on 01.12.2019 and collected relevant data regarding Sci-Hub, ScienceDirect and Emerald Insight using the search terms Sci-hub.tw, Sciencedirect.com and Emeraldinsight.com sequentially. Different criteria were taken into consideration, which include global traffic rank, the average number of page views per user, time taken for uploading, bounce rate, percentage of users, the number of in-links and daily time spent on the site.FindingsThe results of this study showed that ScienceDirect has the highest traffic rank and in-linking sites among the surveyed databases. But highest number of page visits were recorded for Sci-Hub with fastest downloading speed. It has also been observed that the users spent less time on ScienceDirect and Emerald Insight as compared to Sci-Hub. This study further observed that Sci-Hub has the lowest bounce rate. Users from both the developing and developed economies use the Sci-Hub, though the highest number of visitors belongs to the developing nations.Originality/valueThis study provides an overview of the performance of toll-based publishing databases with pirated database based on different criteria through World Wide Web. Though, this study in no way supports or endorses the unauthorized and illegal access to knowledge, but such data helps in depicting and analyzing how much a particular database is accessed by its users all over the globe and also determines and illustrates the time spent by users while accessing a specific database, thus, providing the user preferences in information seeking activities. This study provides an overall view of adoption of open resources.

Design Radio Network Links to Provide Internet for Pupulation of San Andres de Llamellin-Ancash

In recent years being able to have access to the internet has become a tool not only to be able to communicate in the distance but it is a great tool to be able to feed knowledge, it is because of them that children have a great educational utility and after this pandemic in Peru it was necessary to close schools, to be able to give remote classes or virtual classes. To solve the problem, we propose to be able to design a network of radio links whereby means of a base station of emission and reception, with an antenna of sectorial type and directional antennas to be able to realize a Point – Multipoint link which will be able to manage the quality of signal by means of a routing with functions of control of speeds for each connection of each home. It was the result that the connections of the radio link at an average distance from the coverage that the network had the signal was better and that the connections that were very far or close to the coverage area had complications, but despite this the connections were sufficient to be able to maintain the virtual classes that is what was planned. It is recommended that for a better connection and complete coverage it would be to reinforce the broadcast base with more sectoral antennas in the network. Keywords- Radio link, Point - Multipoint, Router, Download speed, Upload speed.

Security Concerns for 5G/6G Mobile Network Technology and Quantum Communication

5G is the new generation of mobile communication that is taking over the 3G and 4G generations. As our generation has expanded and continues to work faster and more adapt to the electronics of today, we are faced with the ever-improving technologies to keep us moving forward. 5G has the possibility of faster upload and download speeds. The possibility of more and improved smart products to advance our lives, from autonomous cars, smart traffic lights, improved city Wi-Fi availability, and gaming improvements with no lag time, just to name a few. It is expected that 5G/6G will make it wide open for new frequency ranges which will result in many connections and huge data transfer maintaining high network efficiency. With 6G on the horizon, Quantum Computing and networking are playing a key role. We anticipate that Quantum Information Technologies will enable and support future 6G systems in both communication and computing. Quantum computing networks boast a few potential security and performance advantages compared to incumbent network technology. The security and energy efficiency of quantum networks is superior to present solutions because quantum networks can theoretically work with single photons whose quantum states remain undisclosed in transmission from origin to destination. Quantum computing networks and associated technology may begin to be implemented in 5G networks and could become fully implemented with the advent of 6G networking technology. In this work, we are focusing on the security risks that can be involved with the new 5G and their proposed solutions. We will study the role of Quantum Key Distribution as leverage to improve 6G security.

Multi-User MIMO & Beam Forming with Carrier Aggregation for LTE- Advanced System

Recently, Long Term Evolution Networks is a very popular cellular communication network that provides a very high speed of download and upload data in various environments. Resource allocation using different techniques is the emerging research area in the field of LTE and LTE-Advanced networks. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the LTE advanced carrier aggregation scheduling with multi-users MIMO and Beamforming techniques. Further, carrier aggregation scheduling with multi-users MIMO and Beamforming schedule compared with the round-robin (RR), FFR, and BCQI scheduling techniques. The performance of carrier aggregation with the multi-user MIMO and Beamforming techniques significantly increased overall system throughputs and show gain in terms of spectral efficiency, user throughput, user cell edge throughput, and fairness index.

Measuring 5G Electric Fields Strength With Software Defined Radios

The effect of electromagnetic radiation on public health is a recurring topic in the societal and political discourse, peaking with the introduction of every new generation of cellular technology. With the introduction of 5G, promising high peak download speeds as well as high-power beams, there is a need to revisit traditional measurement approaches. ICNIRP, a.k.a the International Committee on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection, offers a useful guideline to evaluate the electromagnetic field exposure of living tissues and provides some limits to keep exposure well below the threshold where it is considered harmful. However, modern packet radio technologies such as 5G or Wi-Fi are different from old broadcasting technologies. They deliver high power in very short bursts, spread over a wide band, thus increasing the difficulty of measuring electric fields with traditional instruments, such as spectrum analyzers. In addition, 5G promises a high spatial focusing performance, which means that the field can vary significantly even in a small area. Hence, measurements with a higher spatial density than we can achieve with expensive and bulky spectrum analyzers are urgently needed. Software-defined radios (SDRs), as a size-and cost-efficient alternative, can be used to capture signals in the time domain and thus increase measurement accuracy. However, software-defined radios are not designed to be used as RF power meters. They require accurate calibration and data analysis to ensure the measured power is correct. The aim of this work is to provide a general framework to calibrate SDRs, enabling them to measure RF power and extract the corresponding electric field value. Subsequently, the influence of the SDR parameters on the accuracy of the electric field measurement is investigated. To assess the performance of the proposed calibration framework in a real-life scenario, we rely on our private 5G network with a calibrated SDR to measure the RF power from a 5G network. Our measurements show that the average electric field exposure of 5G networks is well below 1 V/m.

FileWallet: A File Management System Based on IPFS and Hyperledger Fabric

Online file management systems enable cooperatively editing and sharing. However, due to the cost of communication and storage infrastructures, traditional online file management services, e.g., Google Drive and OneDrive, usually provide limited storage space and relatively low download speed for free users. To achieve better performance, ordinary users have to purchase their expensive services. Moreover, these file management systems are based on centralized architecture and bear the privacy leakage risk, because users’ personal files are stored and controlled by their servers. To address the above problems, we propose a peer-to-peer (P2P) file management system based on IPFS and Hyperledger Fabric, named as FileWallet, which can serve as a personal wallet for individual users or organizations to store and share their files in a secure manner. In FileWallet, the users form a P2P network and a Fabric network, where P2P network builds the connections and distributed storage network and the Fabric network sustains consistent blockchain ledgers to record file operation related transactions. In our FileWallet, the storage and communication costs are mitigated in the decentralized design, and the file owner can fully control the access permission of the file to preserve the file privacy. The design of the system architecture, main functionalities, and system implementations are presented in this paper. The performance of the system is evaluated through experiments, and the experimental results show its wide applicability and scalability.

NETWORK STRENGTH COMPARISON BY REGION

This paper gives an overview of Network Comparison and its Security. Security measures taken on different protocols, standards, techniques and systems are discussed in this paper. A brief introduction about the security and the protocols are also given. For visualisation, we have used Power BI for the comparison of datasets. We have compared the network speeds of airtel, Jio, Vodafone and idea. Airtel is the fastest network in India, and the number 1 network in India is Reliance Jio. Reliance Jio topped the 4G speed chart with data download rate of 20.8 megabit per second (Mbps), while Vodafone was ahead of others in upload speed at 6.5 Mbps in November, according to the latest data update of telecom regulator Trai. Jio recorded more than double the download speed of its closest competitor Vodafone. Vodafone recorded download speed of 9.8 Mbps in November, according to Trai's data updated on December 10. It was followed by Idea and Bharti Airtel with download speed of 8.8 Mbps and 8 Mbps, respectively. Although airtel is the fastest 4G network in India, majority of the people subscribe to Reliance Jio network because of its affordable and cheap data plans with long day plan validity.

An Analysis of US Academic Medical Center Websites: Usability Study

BackgroundHealth care organizations are tasked with providing web-based health resources and information. Usability refers to the ease of user experience on a website. In this study, we conducted a usability analysis of academic medical centers in the United States, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously carried out.ObjectiveThe primary aims of the study were to the following: (1) adapt a preexisting usability scoring methodology to academic medical centers; (2) apply and test this methodology on a sample set of academic medical center websites; and (3) make recommendations from these results on potential areas of improvements for our sample of academic medical center websites.MethodsAll website usability testing took place from June 1, 2020, to December 15, 2020. We replicated a methodology developed in previous literature and applied it to academic medical centers. Our sample included 73 US academic medical centers. Usability was split into four broad categories: accessibility (the ability of those with low levels of computer literacy to access and navigate the hospital’s website); marketing (the ability of websites to be found through search engines and the relevance of descriptions to the links provided); content quality (grammar, frequency of information updates, material relevancy, and readability); and technology (download speed, quality of the programming code, and website infrastructure). Using these tools, we scored each website in each category. The composite of key factors in each category contributed to an overall “general usability” score for each website. An overall score was then calculated by applying a weighted percentage across all factors and was used for the final “overall usability” ranking.ResultsThe category with the highest average score was technology, with a 0.82 (SD 0.068, SE 0.008). The lowest-performing category was content quality, with an average of 0.22 (SD 0.069, SE 0.008). As these numbers reflect weighted percentages as an integer, the higher the score, the greater the overall usability in that category.ConclusionsOur data suggest that technology, on average, was the highest-scored variable among academic medical center websites. Because website functionality is essential to a user’s experience, it is justified that academic medical centers invest in optimal website performance. The overall lowest-scored variable was content quality. A potential reason for this may be that academic medical center websites are usually larger in size, making it difficult to monitor the increased quantity of content. An easy way to improve this variable is to conduct more frequent website audits to assess readability, grammar, and relevance. Marketing is another area in which these organizations have potential for improvement. Our recommendation is that organizations utilize search engine optimization techniques to improve their online visibility and discoverability.

Broadband Speeds in Fibered us Markets: An Empirical Analysis

ABSTRACT Broadband deployment policies have directly subsidized fiber providers because fiber broadband delivers fast download speeds. This article examines whether recent fiber buildout has increased competition for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (aDSL) and cable incumbents and whether entry by a fiber competitor predicts faster incumbent download speeds. Despite significant growth in fiber broadband service in the United States between 2014 and 2019, the number of fiber competitors in census blocks with aDSL or cable incumbents remains low. Further, our econometric results, while not interpretable as causal relationships, suggest that the entry of a rival fiber operator does not explain recent increases in cable and aDSL speeds.

MLEFlow: Learning from History to Improve Load Balancing in Tor

Abstract Tor has millions of daily users seeking privacy while browsing the Internet. It has thousands of relays to route users’ packets while anonymizing their sources and destinations. Users choose relays to forward their traffic according to probability distributions published by the Tor authorities. The authorities generate these probability distributions based on estimates of the capacities of the relays. They compute these estimates based on the bandwidths of probes sent to the relays. These estimates are necessary for better load balancing. Unfortunately, current methods fall short of providing accurate estimates leaving the network underutilized and its capacities unfairly distributed between the users’ paths. We present MLEFlow, a maximum likelihood approach for estimating relay capacities for optimal load balancing in Tor. We show that MLEFlow generalizes a version of Tor capacity estimation, TorFlow-P, by making better use of measurement history. We prove that the mean of our estimate converges to a small interval around the actual capacities, while the variance converges to zero. We present two versions of MLEFlow: MLEFlow-CF, a closed-form approximation of the MLE and MLEFlow-Q, a discretization and iterative approximation of the MLE which can account for noisy observations. We demonstrate the practical benefits of MLEFlow by simulating it using a flow-based Python simulator of a full Tor network and packet-based Shadow simulation of a scaled down version. In our simulations MLEFlow provides significantly more accurate estimates, which result in improved user performance, with median download speeds increasing by 30%.

Impact of broadband quality on median income and unemployment: Evidence from Sweden

Based on a unique and exhaustive database, including micro-level pooled cross-sectional data on 23 million observations over nine years, from 2009 to 2017, we assess whether broadband quality is correlated with income and unemployment reduction. Overall, the results do not tend to show any significant effect of download speed on either income or the unemployment rate. However, after distinguishing between educational attainment and city size, we obtained heterogeneous results. While we the results suggest a substitution effect between high-skilled workers and broadband in small and medium cities, we also show that broadband quality is positively correlated with unemployment reduction for low-skilled workers in small cities with broadband over 100 Mbit/s. However, the economic significance of the effect is rather low.

Can we use the internet to study speech production? Yes we can! Evidence contrasting online versus laboratory naming latencies and errors.

The closure of cognitive psychology labs around the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic has prevented in-person testing. This has caused a particular challenge for speech production researchers, as before the pandemic there were no studies demonstrating that reliable overt speech production data could be collected via the internet. Here, we present evidence that both accurate and reliable overt articulation data can be collected from internet-based speech production experiments. We tested 100 participants in a picture naming paradigm, where we manipulated the word and phonotactic frequency of the picture names. We compared our results to a lab-based study conducted on different participants which used the same materials and design. We found a significant word frequency effect but no phonotactic frequency effect, fully replicating the lab-based results. Effect sizes were similar between experiments, but with significantly longer latencies in the internet-collected data. We found no evidence that internet upload or download speed affected either naming latencies or errors. In addition, we carried out a permutation-style analysis which recommends a minimum sample size of 40 participants for online production paradigms. In sum, our study demonstrates that internet-based testing of speech production is a feasible and promising endeavour, with less challenges than many researchers (anecdotally) assumed.

An Augmented Reality Device for Remote Supervision of Ultrasound Examinations in International Exercise Science Projects: Usability Study

BackgroundSupport for long-distance research and clinical collaborations is in high demand and has increased owing to COVID-19–related restrictions on travel and social contact. New digital approaches are required for remote scientific exchange.ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze the options of using an augmented reality device for remote supervision of exercise science examinations.MethodsA mobile ultrasound examination of the diameter and intima-media thickness of the femoral and carotid arteries was remotely supervised using a head-mounted augmented reality device. All participants were provided with a link to a YouTube video of the technique in advance. In part 1, 8 international experts from the fields of engineering and sports science were remotely connected to the study setting. Internet connection speed was noted, and a structured interview was conducted. In part 2, 2 remote supervisors evaluated 8 physicians performing an examination on a healthy human subject. The results were recorded, and an evaluation was conducted using a 25-item questionnaire.ResultsIn part 1, the remote experts were connected over a mean distance of 1587 km to the examination site. Overall transmission quality was good (mean upload speed: 28.7 Mbps, mean download speed: 97.3 Mbps, mean ping: 21.6 milliseconds). In the interview, participants indicated that the main potential benefits would be to the fields of education, movement analysis, and supervision. Challenges regarding internet connection stability and previous training with the devices used were reported. In part 2, physicians’ examinations showed good interrater correlation (interclass correlation coefficient: 0.84). Participants valued the experienced setting as highly positive.ConclusionsThe study showed the good feasibility of the chosen design and a highly positive attitude of all participants toward this digital approach. Head-mounted augmented reality devices are generally recommended for collaborative research projects with physical examination–based research questions.

3D OBJECTS CREATION APPROACH FOR AR PROJECTS

In this paper are discussed the application of 3D technologies, which are reflected in various areas of life, such as education, science, engineering and entertainment industry. The use of 3D technology in the educational process can significantly increase its efficiency by bringing the virtual computer environment closer to the real three-dimensional world. But for now the use of augmented reality in teaching is only gaining momentum. Many applications are still quite primitive, but developers are actively working on their refinement, increasing the amount of educational content, improving quality. The task of fast and high-quality algorithm for creating 3D content for further import in AR training projects has been urgent. The aim of this work is to increase the level of use of 3D technologies in the educational process for an effective and external interactive way of providing information. In the course of the work the methods of creating 3D content for different areas of application such as game industry, 3D visualization, 3D printing, AR projects, holographic fans, preliminary assessment of technical properties of the product and etc were considered. Data analysis has been shown that for each area of ​​application 3d content has its own requirements and features. This information was identified and presented in the form of a comparative table. Based on the analysis of modern methods of developing 3D content for various applications, a general method of creating 3D objects for further import into AR projects was proposed. Based on the proposed approach, a 3D model of the character for the children audio-encyclopedic stories educational application was designed. The obtained models were also integrated in the augmented reality environment. The use of this approach has increased the download speed of the model in an augmented reality application.

PENERAPAN METODE HIERARCHICAL TOKEN BUCKET PADA JARINGAN INTERNET WARUNG JAWA

Bandwidth management is very important in a computer network concept. Bandwidth management functions to regulate network bandwidth so that each network user gets an evenly distributed bandwidth as a whole, even though there are many network users. In this Java shop, the distribution of bandwidth to each client has not been implemented. , there is no bandwidth management on the Java cafe internet network. The results of the internet speed test at the Java cafe use speedtest.net. The result is the distribution of bandwidth between client 1 and client 2 is not evenly distributed. On client 1 get download and upload speeds up to 0.65 and 1.14 Mbps. While on client 2 only get 2.9 and 1.14 Mbps, due to the absence of a bandwidth management system. Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) is a method of bandwidth management, HTB can provide more bandwidth to the client in a few seconds the client will get more bandwidth, the research methodology used is (Network Development Life Cycle) with a system development method for the network which includes the stages of Analysis, Design, Simulation, Implementation, Monitoring, and Management. The results show that bandwidth distribution in each client can be done with each client getting a maximum bandwidth of 768Kbps and getting a bandwidth limit-at of 268Kbps so that customers can still get an internet network even though internet traffic is heavy. . and the use of burst limit as a research method can make each client get additional bandwidth when the internet network is empty and can be accepted by clients or visitors to Java stalls.. and the use of burst limit as a research method can make each client get additional bandwidth when the internet network is empty and can accepted by clients or visitors to shop jawa..

Arkansas producers value upload speed more than download speed for precision agriculture applications

While access to broadband services has increased in recent years, many agricultural producers remain without access or are served by an inadequate connection. As many precision agriculture applications rely on data transfer through broadband networks, the expansion of broadband into rural areas has become critical for farm modernization. This study recruited Arkansas agriculture producers to complete a choice experiment on their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a broadband connection. We examine factors influencing producers’ WTP for broadband upload and download speed using a conditional logit model. In the evaluation of WTP for broadband, producers were willing to pay on average $1.07 to $1.34 per Mbps (megabits per second) of upload speed, compared to $0.02 to $0.03 per Mbps of download speed. Producers also placed a premium on the reliability of the connection. These results suggest that producers value a symmetrical data flow for production operations to support precision agriculture applications.

Rural broadband speeds and business startup rates

AbstractUsing 2014 U.S. nonmetropolitan county‐level data, we explore the relationship between broadband speeds and business startup rates. Rural development policy discussions have presumed that access to broadband has become a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for economic growth and development. The relationship between broadband access on business startups, which are vital to local economic vibrancy, may be key to understanding the link between broadband and growth. In this study, we explore how qualitative features of broadband influence startup rates across different types of industries. To refine our insights into these relationships, we look at broadband by speed (both download and upload coverage across four speed categories). We also consider the importance of mobile broadband availability, which is often ignored in empirical studies. Because of the presence of spatial dependency within the data and the fact that data on business startup rates is limited to the minority of establishments that have employees, we use a Bayesian spatial Tobit estimator. After controlling for a host of variables likely to influence economic growth, we find that broadband coverage does matter and that download speeds tend to be more important than upload speeds. This pattern holds for mobile coverage as well. Perhaps the most important finding is that the results vary across business type: what matters for new businesses in one industry may not matter for other industry classifications. In the end, our results reaffirm the policy notion that access to broadband is increasingly relevant to rural entrepreneurship.