Douglas Lake Research Articles

Cercaria laramiensis sp. n., a Freshwater Zygocercous Cercaria from Physa gyrina Say, with a Discussion of Cercarial Aggregation

Cercaria laramiensis sp. n., the first strigeoid aggregating (= zygocercous) cercaria, is reported from Physa gyrina Say obtained from a runoff pond of the Big Laramie River in Laramie, Wyoming. Consideration of other known species of zygocercous cercariae lends support to the hypothesis that aggregation is a secondary specialization which has evolved independently at least 5 times in the Digenea. Little is known concerning that artificial group of cercariae called in the literature Rattenkonig cercariae, Zygocercariae, or Aggregacercariae. They aggregate to form clusters or rosettes soon after emerging from the molluscan host. Claus (1880) first observed this type of behavior in marine cercariae collected near Naples, Italy. Monticelli (1888) later observed the same species and named it Cercaria clausii. Pintner (1892) extended its description and found the host to be the cowrie, Trivia europaea, in the Adriatic Sea. Cable and McLean (1943) reported C. clausii from the marine prosobranch gastropod Lamellaria leucosphaera collected off Red Fish Pass, Captive Island, Florida. Miller (1929) reported aggregating behavior in marine cercariae designated as Cercaria W collected from the snail Cerithium litteratum from Tortugas. Martin and Gregory (1951) described an aggregating species, Cercaria buchanani, from Cerithidea califormica collected at Playa del Rey, California. Cable (1956) described aggregating behavior in Cercaria caribbea XVI from the marine snail Cerithium algicola collected off Punta Arenas near Joyuda, Puerto Rico. In 1963 he described a second aggregating species from the Caribbean region, Cercaria caribbea LXX, from Cerithium litteratum collected near Awa di Oostpunt, Curacao. The only previously described freshwater zygocercous cercaria is Cercaria gorgonocephala Ward, 1916. Ward described this species from a single colony Received for publication 1 April 1974. * Published with the approval of the Director, Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, as JA 635. This study was supported in part by Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Project, Wyoming FW-3-R. taken in a plankton net from Lake Erie near Put-in-Bay, Ohio. Williams (1931) extended the description of C. gorgonocephala and found the molluscan host to be a species of Goniobasis in Lake Erie. Dronen (1973) reported C. gorgonocephala from Goniobasis livescens at Douglas Lake, Michigan. He demonstrated that cyprinid fishes of the genera Fundulus, Notropis, and Notemigonus could serve as second intermediate hosts by ingesting cercarial

Seasonal Migratory Cycle and Related Movements of the Fresh-water Pulmonate Snail, Physa integra

Year-round quantitative field sampling during 1970-72 revealed a clear seasonal migratory cycle in Physa integra Haldeman in Douglas Lake, Michigan. In late April and early May, after the winter ice broke up, populations of this snail moved from water 2 m or more deep toward a cobble shore; there the adult snails spawned and later died. The new generation grew rapidly and, in September, began moving again into deeper water where the snails overwintered; they completed their migratory cycle the following spring. Field dispersal experiments conducted on adult snails in June revealed that some individuals of this species can move 7 m or more in 24 hr, that uphill movements predominate on an underwater slope, and that the direction of movement is also influenced locally by subsurface water currents, with the snails tending to move upstream. Laboratory experiments with adult snails confirm the upstream orientation and movement. Additional laboratory experiments on adults reveal a strong positive response to light, a negative response to gravity, and a tendency for the snails to move when on a sandy substratum and to remain more sedentary on a stony substratum where food is present. The adaptive significance of this behavior is discussed.

The Protozoan Colonization of Polyurethane Foam Units Anchored in the Benthic Area of Douglas Lake, Michigan

The Protozoan Colonization of Polyurethane Foam Units Anchored in the Benthic Area of Douglas Lake, Michigan

Response of protozoans to detergent-enzymes

These studies were divided into two parts: (1) “time until death” curves in which Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg was exposed to selected concentrations of the detergent-enzyme Axion, and (2) exposure of fresh-water protozoan communities to selected concentrations of Axion. The former were carried out in test tubes, the latter in plastic troughs with a constantly flowing fluid. Both types of bioassays were carried out with filtered water from Douglas Lake, Michigan, U.S.A. at a temperature of about 25° C. One hundred percent of an exposed population of Paramecium caudatum was killed in 20 to 30 minutes at a concentration of 100 ppm of Axion. No appreciable change in the controls was noted during these tests. The bioassays with fresh-water protozoan communities were carried out in plastic troughs with a constant flow of Douglas Lake water. During the exposure period the lake water flow was stopped and a flow of Axion solution was substituted for approximately three hours. After this exposure period lake water flow were restored. The number of species was determined before and at intervals following exposure. Appropriate controls were maintained. A three hour exposure to 56 ppm (introduced concentration) of Axion caused a 35 percent reduction in the number of species in less than five hours with recovery to the original number in approximately 145 hours; a three hour exposure to 75 ppm caused a 54% reduction in number of species in less than five hours with recovery to the original number in approximately 240 hours; 100 ppm produced a 55 percent reduction with recovery in approximately 200 hours; 125 ppm produced a 48% reduction with recovery in approximately 148 hours; 200 ppm caused a 78% reduction with recovery in about 140 hours. Response patterns vary as do those of bioassays with single species. However, it is important to note that each test community had different types of species present, and it is quite likely that some communities had a higher percentage of sensitive species than others. Since this variation also occurs in nature the tests are probably representative of the differences that exist when natural communities are exposed to wastes. Variation in control troughs was less than ± 10 percent in the number of species.

SURFACE SEICHES AND CURRENTS IN DOUGLAS LAKE, MICHIGAN1

Surface seiches and currents were studied in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Over 93% of 150 drift bottles used to determine the surface currents were recovered. Eastward flow, highly correlated with prevailing west winds, dominated the current pattern during the study. The periodic responses of the lake were measured by a float gauge in a stilling well and computed theoretically by the Defant method of seiche analysis. The binodal seiche (T = 14.2 min measured, 13.6 min computed) was the dominant mode. The pronounced convexity of the basin probably accounts for the absence of the uninodal period in the records. Bays of even considerable extent have little effect on seiche parameters.

Awl Nematodes, Dolichodorus spp. Cobb, 1914 (Nematoda: Secernentea: Tylenchida: Tylenchina: Dolichodoridae: Dolichodorinae)

Awl nematodes were first described in 1914 from specimens collected at Silver Springs, Florida, and Douglas Lake, Michigan. Species of Dolichodorus are found worldwide, but two species, D. heterocephalus and D. miradvulvus, are the most common in Florida. Usually, awl nematodes are found in moist to wet soil, low areas of fields, and near irrigation ditches and other bodies of fresh water. Because these nematodes prefer moist to wet soils they rarely occur in agricultural fields and are not as well studied as many other plant-parasitic nematodes. This document is EENY-241, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: September 2001.
 EENY241/IN397: Awl Nematodes, Dolichodorus spp. Cobb, 1914 (Nematoda: Secernentea: Tylenchida: Tylenchina: Dolichodoridae: Dolichodorinae) (ufl.edu)

The Relationship of Fresh-Water Protozoan Communities to the MacArthur-Wilson Equilibrium Model

Two series of 10 artificial substrates each were placed in Douglas Lake, Michigan, and their colonization by species of fresh-water protozoans studied. Identifications were made to species whenever possible at intervals of approximately one week, and rough estimates of density were made as well. Although the aggregations of species colonizing each of the substrates were not identical, the colonization process itself was remarkably similar for the entire series. When the number of species was plotted against time in days, a simple exponential curve adequately described the relationship. Colonization rates and extinction rates were compared with the equilibrium model for island faunas proposed by MacArthur and Wilson. These results suggest that the formation and composition of protozoan communities on artificial substrates are the result of interactions comparable to those proposed by MacArthur and Wilson.

The Life Cycle of Cephalogonimus americanus Stafford, 1902 (Trematoda: Cephalogonimidae)

Mother and daughter sporocysts and xiphidiocercariae of Cephalogonimus americanus develop in the snails Helisoma antrosa and H. trivolvis. Following emergence, cercariae penetrate tadpoles in which they encyst. Cephalogonimus americanus develops in the anterior small intestine of Rana clamitans which acquires the parasite by eating infected tadpoles. It is suggested that young frogs may also become infected during metamorphosis. Stafford (1902) described adult Cephalogonimus americanus from the intestine of Rana clamitans Latreille. It has also been reported from R. pipiens Schreber by Brandt (1936) and Najarian (1955). Rai (1961) listed 20 species for the genus. To date no complete life history has been reported for any member of the genus. Cephalogonimus americanus is a common intestinal parasite of R. clamitans found in certain areas near Douglas Lake,

The Establishment of Aquatic Vegetation in and around Artificial Fish Shelters in Douglas Lake, Michigan

The Establishment of Aquatic Vegetation in and around Artificial Fish Shelters in Douglas Lake, Michigan

Durability and Efficiency of Brush Shelters Installed in 1937 in Douglas Lake, Michigan

Durability and Efficiency of Brush Shelters Installed in 1937 in Douglas Lake, Michigan

The Life Cycle and Larval Development of Octospinifer macilentis (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae)

The Life Cycle and Larval Development of Octospinifer macilentis (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae)

OCCURRENCE AND POPULATION DENSITIES OF YEAST SPECIES IN A FRESH-WATER LAKE.

Quantitative studies of yeasts present in surface and deep water samples from a fresh water body (Douglas Lake, Michigan) revealed 12 species (Candida parapsilosis, C. pulcherrima, Cryptococcus albidus, Cr. diffluens, Cr. gastricus, Cr. laurentii, Rhodotorula glutinis, R. pilimanae, R. rubra, Trichosporon cutaneum, Debaryomyces sp., “black yeasts”). In two regions of surface sampling the population densities averaged 39.6 and 5.5 cells per 100 ml respectively, whereas the average deep water count was 40.3 cells per 100 ml. Yeasts of the genusRhodotorula predominated.

The unusual life-history of Daubaylia potomaca (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) in Australorbis glabratus and in certain other fresh-water snails

Natural infection with the cephalobid nematode, Daubaylia potomaca, is reported in Helisoma antrosum pericarinatum ( = H. anceps pericarinatum) collected in the vicinity of the University of Michigan Biological Station on Douglas Lake, Cheboygan, Michigan.The life-cycle of D. potomaca, which appears to be unique, has been determined and reproduced experimentally utilizing Australorbis glabratus and other snails as hosts. The cycle involves escape from the host by gravid females, invasion by the females of new hosts and the reproduction therein of generation after generation of parasites, and the eventual emergence of female worms from dying hosts to the external aquatic environment. The parasite does not lead a saprozoic existence, and no dauer larvae were seen. Except for the newly emerged female, no stage of D. potomaca is ‘free-living’, and there is no evidence that transmission can occur except through the agency of these females. However, parasitic females removed at any time from their hosts by dissection are fully capable of infecting new hosts under experimental conditions.Dissection of A. glabratus infected with known numbers of female D. potomaca disclosed that the gravid nematodes deposit about two eggs per day in the tissues, that larvae may be found after 5 days of infection, and that the first ‘new’ generation of adult males and females appears within the host 11 or more days after infection. Continued reproduction in the host may give rise to very large nematode populations. A. glabratus exposed to five female D. potomaca usually became infected and all infected snails were killed within 44 days. Death of infected snails was preceded, in nearly every case, by the emergence of female D. potomaca from their hosts. It is suggested that this phenomenon reflects an adaptive response of the worms to changes in the internal milieu of the snail.Attempts to infect certain physid and lymnaeid snails with D. potomaca failed, and varying degrees of success were achieved in attempts to infect several planorbids. Of the latter, the most suitable hosts appeared to be A. glabratus (Puerto Rico) and Helisoma sp. (Michigan); the least suitable host was Helisoma caribaeum (Puerto Rico and St Croix), in which an intense tissue reaction killed all nematode eggs before they could hatch. Other susceptible planorbids (in declining order of apparent suitability as hosts) were Helisoma trivolvis ? macrostomum (Canada), Bulinus truncatus (Egypt) and Planorbarius corneus (Massachusetts).Some of the problems associated with the possible use of D. potomaca as a means of biological control for A. glabratus are discussed.It is a pleasure to thank the persons whose names appear in the text for aid or counsel graciously extended. I am also grateful to Dr George L. Graham (University of Pennsylvania) for certain citations in the literature, to Dr M. R. Tripp (now at the University of Delaware) for receiving the shipments of snails in Boston, and to Dr A. H. Stockard, Director of the University of Michigan Biological Station, for facilitating the field work.

Developmental Patterns of the Clear-Winged Grasshopper at Different Altitudes and in Different Years on a Sheep Range in British Columbia, Canada

It has long been known that life events occur earlier at lower than at higher altitudes (Hopkins, 1918; Chapman, 1931; Uvarov, 1931). Treherne and Buckell (1924) refer specifically to the earlier appearance of the clear-winged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudder), near Nicola Lake, B.C., (2020 ft.), as compared with its appearance at nearby but higher places such as Douglas Lake (2600 ft.) and in the areas between Minnie Lake and Aspen Grove “where the elevation at many points exceeds 3500 feet.” These references, and the possibility of using the knowledge to help determine dates when control operations may be necessary on various ranges in any one season, suggested the need for more precise measurements of the development of this major rangeland pest at different altitudes in different years.

A Nesting of the Least Flycatcher

IN 1954 we found a nest of Empidonax minimuts at Delta, Manitoba, conveniently situated for observation. Although both of us were primarily engaged in studies on precocial birds, this discovery seemed to us an excellent opportunity to become better acquainted with the habits of these engaging little birds. At that time little had been published on the nesting behavior of this species. Saunders (1938) had reported on 13' 2 hours of watching by his students at a nest in Allegany State Park, New York. De Kiriline (1948) had given a general picture of the nesting behavior of eight pairs, only one of which raised its brood, at Pimisi Bay, Ontario. MacQueen (1950) had studied a colony of these birds for three summers at Douglas Lake, Michigan; she found 44 nests, but her paper deals almost entirely with territory and song, with a brief summary of the events of the nesting cycle. In 1959, however, Davis published an important paper on a colony of Least Flycatchers studied by him and his students at Mountain Lake, Virginia from 13 June to 18 July 1956. Besides treating territorial behavior and voice, he summarizes the results of 36 hours' observation of rhythm of incubation in a number of nests and 103 hours' observation of the care of the young in seven nests; these hoours were well distributed throughout the day from 0430 to 2000. He also kindly gave me further details on those nests watched while holding young. Our nest was discovered on 23 June 1954, 1.5 meters up in an alder next to the library of the Delta Waterfowl Research Station. This pair had no near neighbors of the same species, so there was no opportunity to observe territorial behavior. Four eggs were laid from 27 to 30 June; steady incubation was in progress by the 29th. One nestling hatched between 0900 and 1100 on 13 July; at 2000 the nest still held one chick and three eggs. At 0800 the next mornin; there were two nestlings and one egg; this egg never hatched. As the eggs were not marked, the length of incubation in this nest is uncertain. De Kiriline reports it as 15 days; MacQueen as 15 to 16. The young left on 27 July at 13 and 14 days of age. A burlap blind was constructed by Collias so that the nest could be watched from a distance of about 1 meter. He observed the nest for two hours on 28 June, and he and Elsie C. Collias watched it for four hours from 14 to 18 July. My daughter Constance and I watched the nest every day for one to three hours from 14 to 27 July, a total of

Two New Species of Eimeria from the Common Newt, Notopthalmus viridescens*

SYNOPSIS.Two new species of Eimeria, E. megaresidua and E. longaspora, are described from the common American newt, Notopthalmus viridescens. The hosts were from the vicinity of Douglas Lake in Northern Michigan. Observations of timeof sporulation of the oocyst relative to host defecation and possible significance of the seasonal distribution of the parasites are discussed.

Studies on Schistosomiasis. XIII. Schistosome Dermatitis in Colorado

Schistosome dermatitis, variously designated swimmer's itch, Cercarien-dermatitis, sawah itch and koganbyo, is widespread throughout the world (Chu, 1958). Cort (1928a, b) at Douglas Lake, Michigan, demonstrated that the cercariae of certain species of bird and mammal schistosomes could penetrate human skin and produce a characteristic dermatitis. Schistosome dermatitis has since been reported from many fresh-water areas in the United States and Canada (Cort, 1950; Miller and Munroe, 1951; Chu, 1958). More recently, dermatitis-producing cercariae have been found in brackish and salt water (Penner, 1942, 1950, 1953; Chu, 1952; Leigh, 1953, 1955; Grodhaus and Keh, 1958). Persons bathing in Grant Lake (at an elevation of approximately 9000 feet) in the summer of 1956 experienced dermatitis. The circumstances surrounding this outbreak suggested that it may have been caused by schistosomes. Therefore, during the summer of 1957 an investigation was made and the history of the 1956 cases of dermatitis reviewed. As a result, it was decided that schistosome dermatitisproducing cercariae were the probable cause, although it was not possible to prove this experimentally.

A New Large-Tailed Echinostome Cercaria from Amnicola limosa (Say) in the Douglas Lake Region of Michigan

A New Large-Tailed Echinostome Cercaria from Amnicola limosa (Say) in the Douglas Lake Region of Michigan

The Relation of Phytoplankton Periodicity to the Nature of the Physico-Chemical Environment with Special Reference to Phosphorus. II. Seasonal and Vertical Distribution of the Phytoplankton in Relation to the Environment

This investigation was undertaken in an attempt to discover relationships which may exist between the abundance and periodicity of phytoptankton, and the physico-chemical envirolnment. Plankton samples and physico-chemical daha were collected from Douglas Lake in northern Michigan during the summner of 1948 and during 16 consecutive months from July 3, 19,50 to October 6, 1951. In addition, similar data were collected during the summers of 1948, 1950 and 1951 from Munro, Vincent and Lancaster lakes in northern Michigan and during the fall of 1950 from Lake Lansing in southern Michigan. Part I deals with the morphometrical, physical and chemical conditions of the lakes investigated (Tucker, 1957). This paper, Part II, consists of a qualitative atnd quantitative analysis of the seasonal and vertical distribut#on of phytoplankton of these lakes and a discussion of the relation of phytoplankton periodicity to the environment.

An Analysis of the Trematode Genus Allocreadium Looss with the Description of Allocreadium neotenicum sp. nov. from Water Beetles

A major problem in the systematics of the Digenea concerns relationships among genera that have at one time or another been placed in the family Allocreadiidae. Cable (1956), reviewing this problem in detail, pointed out that if these genera constitute a natural group, the cercariae have undergone considerable divergence, whereas if the complex is polyphyletic, the adult stages have experienced convergence, in either case to a degree not approached in other groups as well known as the allocreadioids. Even within the genus Allocreadium 2 cercarial types have been reported, an ophthalmoxiphidiocercaria from sphaeriid clams by Looss (1894) and Dollfus (1949) for A. isoporumn, and a cercaria of the lepocreadiid type from prosobranch snails by Seitner (1951) for A. ictaluri. Because Allocreadium is the type genus of its family, a critical analysis of its features is an essential step toward the solution of the allocreadioid problem. Such a review was prompted by studies on a species of Allocreadiumn which attains full sexual maturity in water beetles. Moreover, this form has a well developed stylet and intact eyespots, apparently retained from the cercarial stage (Peters, 1955). The name Allocreadium neotenicum sp. nov. is proposed for it. Crawford (1940) reported Allocreadium sp. from water beetles in Colorado but did not describe his specimens sufficiently to name them. Material was obtained near Douglas Lake, Michigan, and was studied alive or was fixed with no pressure in 60-65? C Gilson's fluid. Semichon's carmine was used to stain whole mounts and Harris's haematoxylin for both whole mounts and sectioned material. All measurements are in millimeters, based on whole mounts of 24 egg-bearing specimens.