Douglas County Research Articles

Cherokee Mountain Rock Shelter

Cherokee Mountain Rock Shelter is south of Denver, in Douglas County, Colorado, and overlooks Plum Creek near the small town of Sedalia. The shelter was formed in a sandstone conglomerate in an area of high bluffs and gently rolling hills. Three intermixed levels were excavated, with artifacts from each dating from the Late Prehistoric Period. A few sherds, suggestive of a Shoshonean occupation, were in the top two levels.

Isospora petrochelidon sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota.

SYNOPSIS. Isospora petrochelidon sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) is described from the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, from Douglas County, Colorado. Oocysts were passed primarily between 4 and 9 p.m. Sporogony was completed by 24 hr in 3% aqueous potassium dichromate at 21–28 C. The ellipsoid to ovoid oocysts averaged 25.2 × 22.2 μm. The oocyst wall was smooth, colorless, and single‐layered. The 2 polar granules were disc‐shaped, each adjoining a sporocyst. The lemon‐shaped sporocysts averaged 18.4 × 10.8 μm. There was no membrane enclosing the sporocyst residuum and sporozoites. Two fledgling Isospora‐free swallows fed sporulated oocysts began passing them on day 4 and died with massive infections on day 5. Data from these birds indicate that schizogony occurred during nighttime hours, gametogony during the day. Endogeny was found throughout the intestine distal to the gizzard, with schizogony confined to the convoluted glands of the subvillar mucosa and gametogony to the villar epithelium. Sporocysts released from mechanically ruptured oocysts excysted in 2% pancreatin within 5 min. Sporulated oocysts fed to a pigeon squab, duckling and cockerel produced no infections.

Crop discrimination with color infrared photography: A study in Douglas County, Kansas

This study examines the feasibility of discriminating agricultural crop types with color infrared photography taken in late July in northeastern Kansas. Discrimination is based on the analysis of color measurements from the color infrared photography and automated classification employing a Bayesian decision approach. The color measurements were made with a standard spot-reading color densitometer using coarse resolutions to crudely simulate photography from spacecraft altitudes. Analysis of the three color emulsions of the infrared film, as measured by the densitometer, generally did not enable discrimination of the crop types studied in late July using the present classification technique. Comparison of the present data with other studies and data of both spacecraft and sequential aircraft photography suggest, however, that color may be used as a crop discriminant. Results are modulated by time, locale, and environment, each of which strongly influences percentage accuracy obtainable when discriminating crop types.

Refraction seismic investigations of the northern midcontinent gravity high

Eighty-seven seismic refraction profiles have been obtained to define the geologic structure in the upper crust associated with the midcontinent gravity high in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The seismic measurements were taken across a fixed spread of seven geophones from distances up to 13 km. A structural section was prepared for each profile by interpretation of the travel-time graph, and the individual sections were compiled onto regional cross sections. Measured seismic velocities in bedrock fall in the 2.5–7.1 km/sec range. Observed velocities can be assigned to seven categories corresponding to Paleozoic, upper, middle, and lower Upper Keweenawan strata, Middle Keweenawan volcanics, pre-Keweenawan felsic-to-intermediate intrusive rocks, and pre-Keweenawan mafic intrusive rocks. These groups display good continuity through the area and suggest the lithologic equivalence of rock bodies between geologic provinces. The St. Croix horst and its flanking basins underlie the midcontinent gravity high and its parallel gravity lows north of Minneapolis. Minimum throw along the western and eastern boundary fault zones reaches about 3.0 and 2.0 km. Sedimentary rocks in the eastern basin reach a thickness of at least 2.6 km. A complex horst-like structure also underlies the midcontinent gravity high in southern Minnesota; an uplifted basaltic body is bordered by sedimentary basins having strata about 3.0 km thick. Middle Keweenawan basalts are present locally in the eastern and western basins underlying the Upper Keweenawan strata. Rocks probably lithologically equivalent to the Oronto group are rare in the western basin, common in small basins on the St. Croix horst, and abundant in the eastern basin. Rocks probably lithologically equivalent to the Bayfield group are extensive in the western and eastern basins, but they have not been found on the St. Croix horst. The Bayfield group seems to be several kilometers thick across Douglas County north of the Douglas fault, and it does not appear to increase in thickness under the Bayfield peninsula.

Aerial application of ULV organic phosphate insecticides for controlling livestock insect pests.

Field populations of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), on range cattle were generally sharply reduced initially and remained supressed throughout the summer with aerial applications of ultra-low-volume organic phosphate insecticides. Applications were made at approximately biweekly intervals for a total of 4 applications in Charles Mix and Douglas Counties, South Dakota. The compounds tested were 95% malathion at 8 oz per acre, 94% RABON® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) at 12 oz per acre, 93% trichlorfon at 8 oz per acre, 93% fenthion at 1.6 oz per acre, and 85% naled at 1, 2, and 3 oz per acre. Control of face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, could not be evaluated because of naturally low populations. All compounds suppressed horn fly populations, but trichlorfon and fenthion were less effective in showing initial reductions.

A Limnological Study of Three Farm Ponds in Douglas County, Kansas

Reid 1961) states that a pond denotes a small body of standing water with rooted plants growing across it, or capable of supporting such plants all across its bottom. This definition delimits the characteristics of the three artifical ponds studied from October, 1968, through May, 1969. In comparison with lake studies, relatively few general limnological studies of ponds have been completed in the continental United States. Several pond studies have described fauna (Bamforth, 1958; Eddy, 1931; Kenk, 1949; Krecker, 1919; Peterson, 1926; Scott, 1910; Ward, 1940), surveyed physico-chemical characteristics (Forney, 1957), or recorded ecological and limnological features (Dineen, 1953; Schultz, 1952). In the plains area general limnological studies are fewer (Ratzlaff, 1952; Scott, 1951, Tiemeier and Elder, 1957; Tiemier and Moorman, 1957; Wallen, 1949, 1951, 1955). In Douglas County, Kansas, most studies have concerned crustaceans (Leonard and Ponder, 1949; Fleming, 1956; Armitage, 1961; Armitage and Smith, 1969), rotifers (Velez, 1951), or limited benthic samples (Hastings, 1962). The present study was completed on three permanent farm ponds of varying size and nature, located within the Yankee Tank drainage basin. The four square mile basin is located approximately two miles west of Lawrence, and is currently receiving attention from several university, state, and federal agencies under the guidance of the Environmental Geology Section, The University of Kansas, investigating the effects of urbanization on the physical and biological environment. Selected physico-chemical parameters, zooplankton, benthos and other general limnological features of the three ponds were studied, and were chosen on the basis of general limnological differences among 9 ponds sampled by the State Biological Survey from June through August, 1968. Data gathered during that time are compared with data collected in the present study. Pond 2, with no trees in close proximity, and constructed in 1958, is the most exposed of the three ponds to winds. Waters from rocky,

Anicteric Hepatitis Induced by Diphenylhydantoin

Diphenylhydantoin has been widely used as an anticonvulsant since its introduction by Merritt and Putnam¹in 1938. While the drug is well tolerated by the majority of patients, it can produce a great variety of toxic and allergic reactions.²During the first several weeks of therapy, a skin rash occurs in about 5% of patients.³Usually this eruption is erythematous or morbilliform, is not accompanied by systemic symptoms, and does not necessitate permanent discontinuation of therapy. Occasionally, however, a more severe reaction occurs, with a pleomorphic, often exfoliative rash and high fever; hepatitis may be an associated finding. To our knowledge, the patient described here is the tenth patient reported to have had acute hepatitis accompanying the diphenylhydantoin reaction of fever and skin rash. <h3>Patient Summary</h3> A 19-year-old Negro male was admitted to Douglas County Hospital on Dec 11, 1966, after his second grand mal seizure, the

The First Record of Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. in Oregon

On October 26, 1968 I discovered a population of about 70 plants of Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. at Copeland Creek on the North Umpqua River in Douglas County, while on a trip to collect the endemic monotypic Kalmiopsis leachiana (Hend.) Rehder, an interesting member of the heath family native only to southwestern Oregon. About sixty plants of A. septentrionale were growing in rock crevices around the south side of a badly weathered vescicular quartz boulder just above a number of Kalmiopsis plants. About 75 feet down the hill another rock of similar composition was discovered with another eleven plants on it. The site is at 2,320 feet elevation with a southerly exposure although the boulders are shaded by Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and Sugar Pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl. In Colorado A. septentrionale is found at higher elevations, 5,000 to 8,000 feet (Harrington, 1964). This distinctive amphi-atlantic species of Asplenium is found in Europe, Central Asia, and Western North America. In the Western Hemisphere it is known from the east slope of the Rocky iMountains from South Dakota and Wyoming south to western Oklahoma New Mexico, Arizona, and Baja California. Kearney and Peebles (1960) report it from California, and Hulten (1958) shows it on his distribution map as occurring in central California near the Nevada border, although no specimens are cited by either source. The California locality is probably the collection by J. T. Howell (17803) reported by Ewan (1943). Howell collected A. septentrionale in crevices of granite rocks above Columbine Lake below Sawtooth Pass, east of Mineral King in Tulare County south

Notes on Reproduction of Three Rodents of Douglas County, Kansas

Notes on Reproduction of Three Rodents of Douglas County, Kansas

Withrow — a New Iron Meteorite from the State of Washington

Abstract. About 1950 an iron meteorite weighing 19 1/4 pounds was found a mile west of Withrow in Douglas County, Washington. The discovery site happens to be a little less than 5 miles SSE from that of the Waterville meteorite. However, the two irons are definitely not from a single fall. Withrow is a medium octahedrite showing secondary recrystallization of the type ascribed to cosmic heating. It was apparently picked up not more than a few years after it fell. Weathering is minimal, and effects of passage through the atmosphere are well preserved.

Tagging Devices for Roosevelt Elk and Mule Deer

Collars, earmarkers, and ear tags were attached to Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in Oregon. Collar flaps made of 18-oz were the most satisfactory for both elk and deer. Eighty-nine percent of the elk collar flaps were intact after 6 months and 82 percent of the deer collar flaps after 8 to 9 months. Reinforced Herculite 80 earmarkers resisted folding but showed a fairly low rate of retention in elk; only 46 percent remained after 6 months. Dayglo Saflag earmarkers were retained best on both elk (79 percent) and deer (87 percent). Ear tags with round post attachments were most suitable for securing fabric earmarkers because they were less apt to be torn through the ear cartilage. The aluminum Perfect ear tags were the most satisfactory for use without fabric earmarkers. For a study of the ecology of elk and mule deer in Oregon it was necessary to tag large numbers of animals in a manner that would permit continual field identification. Marking devices had to be visible at distances up to a mile and be resistant to loss or mutilation. The elk study area was the Millicoma Forest in Coos and Douglas counties of southwestern Oregon. The mule deer project was conducted on the Silver Lake deer winter range in northern Lake County of south central Oregon. The elk were drugged with succinylcholine chloride by means of the Cap-Chur gun and syringes (Harper 1965). The mule deer were trapped on their winter range by corral, Clover, and panel traps as reported by Lightfoot and Maw (1963). METHODS AND MATERIALS Several types of collars and earmarkers were used on both elk and mule deer. Herculite vinyl-coated nylon fabrics, in weights of 10 and 18 oz per square yard, were the principal materials used. The heavier material (Herculite 80) was used in several colors for elk collars, deer and elk collar flaps, and for elk earmarkers. The lighter fabric (Herculite 20), in a bright red fluorescent called color guard, was tested for collars and used for some elk earmarkers. These materials are manufactured by Herculite Protective Fabrics, 661 Fourth Street, Newark, New Jersey. Dayglo Saflag, a fluorescent colored fabric purchased from the Safety Flag Company of America, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was used for both elk and deer earmarkers and streamers. Some elk collars were made of S. Fiberthin (18 oz per square yard), a product of the U. S. Rubber Company. Numbers, letters, and symbols were painted on the tagging devices with vinyl upholstery paint obtained from Ram Cote Products, 1139 West 69th Street, Chicago. Braided, 1/4-inch polyethylene rope was used to secure the ends of some elk collars and for collars to which flaps were sewn for both deer and elk. Collars and Collar Flaps In constructing the collars, primary considerations were resistance to folding and wear and whether the and numbers could be identified for at least a year. It 1 The elk and deer studies were contributions from Pittman-Robertson Projects W-59-R and W-53-R, respectively, and the Division of Wildlife Research, Oregon State Game Commission, Corvallis.

Poorly Drained Soils and Geomorphology of Glacial Lake Douglas in Illinois

Soil characteristics and geomorphology were investigated in an area designated Glacial Lake Douglas, in Douglas County in east-central Illinois. The study area was once covered by a glacial lake, with a surface elevation of approximately 650 feet, which occupied a broad, shallow depression in the Wisconsinan till plain. Beneath the solum there were clayey, silty, and sandy sediments which had been deposited in a lacustrine environment, and glacial till. X-ray analyses indicated that the solum was mainly of loessial origin, while the lacustrine sediments were outwash materials from the glaciers which deposited the nearby Wisconsinan till. The lakebed sediments were thickest southwest of the Embarras River and became thinner northeast toward Newman. Laminated, clayey sediment was absent in a wide area west-southwest of Camargo, probably because this was a delta when glacial meltwaters filled the lake. Elevation of the top of the clayey sediment was lowest close to the main drainage outlet, and it became higher in an outward-radiating pattern until it reached an average maximum elevation of feet at its outer margin. Total drift thickness over bedrock ranged from approximately 15 to 20 feet over some bedrock uplands near Newman to about 200 feet over parts of the Pesotum bedrock valley. Drainage of Glacial Lake Douglas marked the first time that Embarras River extended this far north. There is a close relationship between the occurrence of the clayey, lacustrine sediment and the principal, poorly drained, dark soil in Glacial Lake Douglas. This lakebed soil has higher clay and sand content, lower silt content, higher bulk density, lower organic carbon levels, and lighter colored Ap and horizons than Drummer silty clay loam, a poorly drained, dark soil that occurs extensively in areas around Glacial Lake Douglas.

Helminths of Poultry in Kansas ,

INFORMATION is limited on helminth parasites infecting chickens and turkeys in Kansas Ackert (1927) reported a 66% incidence of Heterakis gallinarum in mature chickens. Ferry (1934) reported the tapeworms Raillietina cesticillus, Hymenolepis carioca, R. tetragona, R. echinobothrida Amoebotaenia sphenoides, and Choanotaenia infundibulum from a survey of 50 chickens in Douglas county. Morehouse (1944) reported Capillaria caudinflata from chickens in Brown and Miami counties. Ackert (1956) reported that in an earlier survey of 1000 chickens from the vicinity of Manhattan 49% were infected with Ascaridia galli. Kerr (1958) reported Ascaridia dissimilis from turkeys.Surveys of poultry parasites have been made in the United States by Guberlet (1916, Nebraska), Adams et al. (1933, Texas), Wehr (1937, Washington, D. C.), Koutz (1949, Ohio), Todd (1948, Tennessee), Edgar (1953, Alabama), and Reid (1958, Georgia). Data from these different areas and poultry enterprises are not necessarily applicable to the poultry industry in Kansas. Accordingly, this…

A Contribution to the Diatom Flora of Kansas

Diatoms not previously reported to occur in Kansas are listed, including 27 species of 5 genera, one of the species with 2 varieties. Very few papers have dealt with Kansas diatoms. Curtis (1899) was the first to give an account of some freshwater diatoms of Kansas; his paper is the most extensive listing of Kansas diatoms. Later, Elmore (1921) gave an account of 13 species having been found in Lyon County at Emporia. Boyer (1901) also makes mention of a biddulphoid fossil form, Biddulphia leavis Ehr. found in the salt marshes of northeastern Stafford County. Hanna (1932) mentions only fossil diatoms of Pliocene deposits. Apart from these papers, no accounts of Kansas diatoms are available. I studied the diatom flora of two different regions, and present some of my findings here. METHODS AND MATERIALS. The survey was limited to a portion of an area in Woodson County of sandstone outcroppings west of Yates Center and ponds in the Lawrence area in Douglas County. Algal collections were made irregularly from February through July, 1964, to include both winter and summer flora. Fig. 1 summarizes the sites from which collections were made. .. I i .. .T ]. [.-'-IF -J i I---q t _L j F S..-v -'., i--;i.....-i -.-.4-... r';, i i r-'--I-' --;-IIi .... ii ! . t 1 '? ? ??i i _~?-is: r-. ., h ;--_. .-t --, .. i ', I _ _: : i?,. --I ? .-7 .... F~-i.--~ -S i --'.-.--i.-.i. -.... ..l i f i ..... _L....._. .i..._..L .....l .._ ... _. Fig. 1. Map of Kansas showing points of collection. Disks indicate collecting stations of this survey; open circles show collecting stations previously surveyed by other investigators. Diatoms used in this study were collected by scraping rocks and aquatic angiosperms, squeezing mats of filamentous algae or other

Parasites Recovered from Geomys bursarius in Douglas County, Kansas

Twelve specimens of Geomys bursarius were examined for endoand ectoparasites. Hosts were collected in the field and placed in separate plastic sacks for transportation to the laboratory where they were either examined or frozen. Both the plastic sacks and the body of the gophers were examined for ectoparasites. Six gophers were washed to obtain ectoparasites not easily obtained from the pelage. The hair of the frozen hosts was combed, which proved as satisfactory as washing for obtaining ectoparasites. All ectoparasites were cleared with lactophenol and mounted in Moyer's mounting medium. Blood, withdrawn from four hosts, was placed on a slide, smeared, dried and stained with Wrights stain. All blood examined was negative for parasites.

Composition of Baldwin Woods: An Oak-Hickory Forest in Eastern Kansas

Baldwin Woods, an extensive stand of broad-leaf deciduous forest, mantles the dissected scarp along the south side of the Wakarusa Valley, centering on the Coal Creek watershed in southern Douglas County, Kansas. This was formerly one of the more beautiful forests in the state, and even after being divested of many large walnuts and oaks, much of the original character survives in 1963. The tract is bounded on the west by the paved county road connecting Baldwin City and Vinland; on the north and east by gravel roads; and on the south by a large clearing situated on the northerly slope just west of where the paved road descends the scarp, about 2 miles north of Baldwin City. McGregor and Ireland (unpublished data) sampled the forest composition on this rectangular 80-acre tract in Baldwin Woods by means of 10 one-acre quadrats. In order that these data might serve for comparision, the same area was chosen in the present study, using a rapid, distance method of sampling. The area is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Douglas group (O'Connor, 1960), chiefly sandstone and shale, with some limestone. However, very little bedrock outcrops at the surface on the moderate slopes of the 80-acre tract. Judging from stream cuts, the lower-lying land is mantled to varying depths by a blanket of unconsolidated sediments. This is topped by a veneer of soil, possibly of loessal character, augmented by an organic increment from the leaf litter. On a few higher-lying areas of the tract, the soil is sandy and residual on the Ireland sandstone member of the Douglas group.

Public Health and Medical Aspects of the Roseburg, Oreg., Disaster

A DISASTROUS explosion shook downtown Roseburg, Oreg., early on August 7, 1959. A truckload of high explosives, parked adjacent to a building supply firm, was detonated by a fire in the company building. It was a disaster which could occur in any community but which most people tend to think only happens somewhere else. Because it was completely unexpected and so sudden in onset, the responses to the effects of the explosion were those which would normally operate to meet any emergency. This report deals with the consequences of the event to public health and the medical emergency. Since many of these problems are common to those which may be expected in a civil or wartime disaster in any town, a recounting of the experiences immediately following the explosion may be valuable for civil defense and public health disaster planning in other communities. Roseburg, a town of 13,000, is the county seat of Douglas County, located in the southwestern part of Oregon. The economy of the area is primarily dependent on the lumber industry, with agriculture and related enterprises providing the balance. Extensive forests within the county provide an abundant supply of raw material for the industry. The Douglas County Health Department, which coordinated the public health activities subsequent to the explosion, is located in the courthouse buiilding at Roseburg. It is staffed by a full-time health officer, two full-time sanitarians, five full-time public health nurses, and a clerical and secretarial staff of three. There lhad been no formal review or planning for disaster preparedness within the health department staff since the health officer had assumed his duties in the department about 5 weeks previously. At 8:30 p.m. on August 6, a truck loaded with 21/2 tons of 40 percent dynamite and 4 tons of nitrocarbonitrate entered the city. The driver allegedly had received permission to park the truck on a parking strip adjacent to a building supply business three blocks from city center. At 1:00 a.m., a young man and his wife passed by and noticed a fire within the building supply firm. The man stayed to observe the fire while his wife summoned the fire department. The contents of the explosive-laden truck were not realized by those present until 1 minute before the explosion at 1:15 a.m. About 20 people, mostly police, firemen, and nearby residents, were within a block of the fire prior to the explosion. It has been estimated that the explosion was equivalent to 26 kilotons of TNT bombs. A crater 50 feet wide and 12 to 14 feet deep remained. The immediate blast area and the firedamaged area included about eight square blocks. Structural damage to buildings extended over a 25-block area (1,800 feet from ground zero). Lesser damage, such as broken windows, occurred over a much larger area, 50 to 75 square blocks (see chart). Estimates of property damage amounted to more than $12 million excluding losses in wages, business income, reparative services, medical fees, and such items. Thirteen deaths occurred Dr. Donnelly is health officer of the Douglas County Health Department, Roseburg, Oreg. Mr. Braden is health education consultant, and Mr. Taylor is director, health education and information section, Oregon State Board of Health, Portland.

Distributional Records of Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas

This paper deals with certain noteworthy specimens of amphibians and reptiles that were acquired by the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History (KU) in 1955 to 1959, when the author had curatorial responsibility for the herpetological collections at that institution. Specimens were obtained by various persons, some of whom are mentioned at appropriate places in the text. Special thanks are extended to Wendell L. Minckley and Dale Hoyt who contributed a large collection of specimens from the Blue River drainage in northeastern Kansas. Scaphiopus bombifrons Cope.-In the northern half of the state there are definite records of this species for Phillips and Ellis Counties and for Douglas County but no specimens have been reported in the intervening area (although populations surely occur there, at least near tributaries of the Kansas River). A collection of 48 adult and 101 larval specimens from northeastern Kansas extends the known range of this species northeastward and provides records of occurrence for four counties as follows: Washington Co.-KU 49145-7, 2.8 mi. S. and 1/2 mi. E., 5.7 mi. S. and 1/2 mi. E., and 8.5 mi. W. Hanover, respectively; Marshall Co.--KU 49154-8 (larvae), 4.7 mi. S. and 5 mi. E. Irving; Riley Co.KU 49153, 2.5 mi. S. Randolph, KU 49160 (56 larvae), 10.2 mi. N. Stockdale, KU 49107-36, 1/4 mi. N. Kansas State College, Manhattan; Pottawatomie Co.-KU 49137-44, 49148-52, 8.5 mi. S. Olsburg, KU 49106, 13 mi. S. and 2.5 mi. E. Olsburg, KU 49180 (40 larvae), 2 mi. N.W. Garrison. All of these specimens were obtained along tributaries of the Big Blue and Little Blue Rivers. Similar distribution of this species along tributaries of the Kansas River in northeastern Kansas is to be expected. Bufo cognatus Say.-The following specimens from Cowley County provide records at the southeastern extremity of the range of the species in Kansas: KU 50964-51006, 5 mi. S. and 4 mi. E. Dexter, and KU 51007-19, 1/2 mi. S. and 1.5 mi. W. Hooser. Hyla v. versicolor LeConte.-Five specimens from Marshall County (KU 49181-5, 4.7 mi. S. and 5 mi. E. Irving) were obtained farther north and west than any other known specimens from Kansas and are the first to be obtained in that county. Macroclemys temminckii (Troost).-A single specimen (KU

Growth Data on Sport Fishes in Twelve Lakes in Kansas

This paper presents data on the growth-rates of nine kinds of game fish collected from 1952 to 1956 inclusive from twelve of the more important lakes in Kansas: Crawford County State Lake number 2 (= Farlington); Gardner Lake, Johnson County; Lone Star Lake, Douglas County; Prairie Lake, Jackson County; Leavenworth County State Lake (=~Tonganoxie); Lake Wabaunsee, Wabaunsee County; Wyandotte Coun'y Lake; Herington Lake, Dickinson County; Nemaha County State Lake; Ottawa County State Lake; Cedar Bluff Reservoir, Trego County; and Kanopolis Reservoir, Ellsworth County.

Distribution, Habitat, and Abundance of the Topeka Shiner Notropis topeka (Gilbert) in Kansas

Notropis topeka (Gilbert) occurs from Minnesota and South Dakota south through Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and (Moore, 1957:134). Compared with distributions of other plains fishes, this range is small. No other fish has a similar area of distribution. In Kansas, N. topeka has been reported from scattered localities that indicate its presence throughout the northern part of the state (Kansas River Basin) and in part of the Arkansas River Basin in south-central (Fig. 1). Approximately 37 localities are represented, 10 of which are west of 970 longitude. Nine of the 10 western records were obtained between 1882 and 1887 when the first general surveys of fishes were made in (Gilbert, 1885:98, 1886:210, 1889:39; Cragin, 1885:108; Evermann and Fordice, 1886: 185; Hay, 1888:245, 248, 251, 252 [as Notropis aeneolus Hay], 246). The tenth record is a single specimen (KU 3108) obtained by A. B. Leonard and A. B. Williams from Cherry Creek, Cheyenne County, in April, 1947. Other recent collections west of 970 longitude have not included Topeka shiners. Breukelman (1940a) failed to find them in extensive surveys of streams in northwestern Kansas, and in 1958, Cross and B. C. Nelson did not find N. topeka at any of 30 western localities, including all those cited by Gilbert, Cragin, and Hay. In the River Basin east of 970 longitude, N. topeka was reported from three localities between 1882 and 1887 (Gilbert, 1884 [types from Shunganunga Creek, Shawnee County, described as Cliola (Hybopsis) topeka], 1886:210; Graham, 1885:73). Graham's record may be erroneous, because it evidently was based on the same collection from the Missouri River that was reported by Jordan and Meek (1886:12-14), who did not list the Topeka shiner from that locality. Breukelman (1940b: 380), reporting on fish in the University of Museum of Natural History, tabulated 27 specimens from the Kansas [river], and tributaries not otherwise named. Presumably, this record refers to specimens collected by the State Biological Survey in 1912, from Rock Creek, Douglas County. Jennings (1942: 365) listed N. topeka from two localities, one of which is the only record from the Marais des Cygnes System (Missouri River Drainage). Minckley (1956:353-354) reported one additional locality in the Basin. The species is now known from many other streams in the eastern part of the basin, mostly in the Flint Hills Region. All of the older records from the Arkansas River System are west of 970 longitude, except for two specimens (formerly Indiana Uni-