Properties Of Wheat Flour Dough Research Articles

Reducing the Immunogenic Potential of Wheat Flour: Silencing of Alpha Gliadin Genes in a U.S. Wheat Cultivar.

The alpha gliadins are a group of more than 20 proteins with very similar sequences that comprise about 15%–20% of the total flour protein and contribute to the functional properties of wheat flour dough. Some alpha gliadins also contain immunodominant epitopes that trigger celiac disease, a chronic autoimmune disease that affects approximately 1% of the worldwide population. In an attempt to reduce the immunogenic potential of wheat flour from the U.S. spring wheat cultivar Butte 86, RNA interference was used to silence a subset of alpha gliadin genes encoding proteins containing celiac disease epitopes. Two of the resulting transgenic lines were analyzed in detail by quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Although the RNA interference construct was designed to target only some alpha gliadin genes, all alpha gliadins were effectively silenced in the transgenic plants. In addition, some off-target silencing of high molecular weight glutenin subunits was detected in both transgenic lines. Compensatory effects were not observed within other gluten protein classes. Reactivities of IgG and IgA antibodies from a cohort of patients with celiac disease toward proteins from the transgenic lines were reduced significantly relative to the nontransgenic line. Both mixing properties and SDS sedimentation volumes suggested a decrease in dough strength in the transgenic lines when compared to the control. The data suggest that it will be difficult to selectively silence specific genes within families as complex as the wheat alpha gliadins. Nonetheless, it may be possible to reduce the immunogenic potential of the flour and still retain many of the functional properties essential for the utilization of wheat.

Utilization of butter and oleogel blends in sweet pan bread for saturated fat reduction: Dough rheology and baking performance

Rice bran oil oleogel was prepared with candelilla wax and then blended with solid fat (butter) to reduce the content of saturated fat in yeast-leavened baked goods. The solid fat content of butter and oleogel blends became less sensitive to temperature change with increasing levels of oleogel. While higher proportions of oleogel in the blends decreased the thermo-mechanical properties of wheat flour dough, they did not negatively affect the dough stabililty. Dynamic oscillatory and extensional measurements demonstrated that the viscous nature of the dough became more dominant as the level of oleogel in the blends increased. When breads with butter and oleogel blends were baked, no significant differences in the specific volume of the bread were noted from the control prepared with butter until 75% replacement with oleogel. The smaller bread volume generally gave rise to greater bread hardness. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the baked breads containing oleogel were distinctly reduced to 0.34, compared to the control butter bread (2.44).

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts β-glucan influence on wheat dough rheological properties

Yeast β-glucan is a promising biologically active polysaccharide for developing mass consumption functional food. This research uses the method to obtain β-glucan-containing preparations from cell walls of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and studies the effect of the resulting concentrate on the rheological properties of wheat flour dough and the quality of finished products. During the analysis, both traditional and modern methods were applied to determine the rheological indicators of the flour and dough quality. The introduction of a concentrate obtained from the residual brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae into the dough causes no significant effects on the characteristics of both semi-finished products and finished products. This opens new prospects for using yeast β-glucans as a functional additive in the development of bakery products.

Using near-isogenic lines of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to determine the relationship between GlutoPeak parameters and quality characteristics

The GlutoPeak is a new instrument used to measure the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. To determine the role of GlutoPeak parameters in assessing wheat quality, near-isogenic lines (NILs) of three wheat varieties with different gluten strengths were used in this study. The availability of GlutoPeak parameters was determined by comparing the consistency of differences in GlutoPeak parameters with the differences in the genetic effects of NILs and the differences in the conventional quality parameters caused by the genetic effects of those NILs. The results showed that only the difference in peak maximum time was identical to the genetic differences and conventional quality parameters within each of these NIL sets. The conventional quality parameters examined were gluten index, Zeleny sedimentation, development time, stability, breakdown time, maximum resistance, extensibility and energy area. Higher gluten strength corresponded to larger peak maximum time. These results provide valuable information concerning the application of the GlutoPeak to the improvement of wheat quality.

Impact of Punicalagin on the Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Wheat Flour Dough.

The study explored punicalagin (PGN) as a wheat flour enhancer. The impact of PGN on the physicochemical and structural properties of wheat flour have been investigated. It turned out that PGN increased the formation time, stability, tensile resistance, extension, and viscoelasticity of the dough at the concentrations of 0.13 and 0.26 mg/g. Scan electron microscope images of the cross section of the dough displayed a more compact and ordered network structure with the addition of 0.13 and 0.26 mg/g PGN. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra indicated an increase of α-helix and β-sheet content. However, nonlinear enhancing effects of PGN on the stretching properties, rheology, and structural properties of the dough were observed at concentrations of 0.39 and 0.52 mg/g. Correspondingly, cleavages were observed on the cross section of the dough and the content of β-sheet showed a trend of reduction in the dough with addition of PGN at high concentrations. Taken together, these results indicated the potential usage of PGN as a wheat flour enhancer of natural origin at the concentration below 0.39 mg/g in the flour.

Optimization of calcium–magnesium–inulin formulation on wheat flour dough rheological properties

AbstractThe aim of our study was to optimize the inulin (In), calcium lactate (Ca), and magnesium gluconate (Mg) content in order to obtain the best wheat flour dough rheological properties by using response surface methodology. The Farinograph, Falling Number, Amylograph, and Rheofermentometer properties were evaluated. The results of the study revealed that from the three independent variables used, In has the most significant effect on response variables. The increase in In, Ca, and Mg content produced a decrease of water absorption and of all Rhefermentometer parameters studied. Mg presented a significant (p < .1) positive effect on Amylograph properties. An interaction effect of the combined In and Mg (p < .01), Mg and Ca (p < .05) was observed on maximum height of gaseous production. The optimum formulation obtained in order to achieve the desirable dough rheological properties contained 1.46 g/kg Ca, 1.34 g/kg Mg, and 5.74 g/100 g In.Practical applicationsIncorporation of inulin, a prebiotic with calcium and magnesium salts in wheat flour facilitates obtaining of bakery products with health effect on the human body. Also, the use of inulin in combination with calcium and magnesium salts improves calcium and magnesium bioavailability, a fact that help us combat calcium and magnesium deficiency. Knowledge of dough rheological properties of wheat flour dough with inulin in combination with calcium and magnesium salts will provide a better understanding of bread making process during mixing, pasting, and fermentation in order to obtain bakery products of a good quality. The information presented in this work will be useful for the bakery industry in order to predict bread making process engineering and bread quality.

Influence of water addition methods on water mobility characterization and rheological properties of wheat flour dough

Dough development is the most critical step in the conversion of flour into products. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), Texture Analyzer and Rheometer were used to analyze water distribution, uniaxial and biaxial tension, dynamic oscillation characteristics, as well as stress relaxation and creep-recovery characteristics of a series of wheat flour and water prepared in different water adding methods. A certain quantity of water was added to wheat flour for several times, water content and water-holding capacity of dough were improved compared with the dough adding all water to flour once. Meanwhile, tensile resistance and tensile area of dough enhanced. When rheological properties of dough were measured, it was found that tanδ were significantly changed and the degree of polymerization increased. The dough obtained by adding water three times had the largest consistency coefficient, relaxation modulus and smallest flow behavior index, creep compliance, exhibiting well elasticity and poor viscosity. In addition, there was no significant change in doughs with two times water adding in stress relaxation and creep recovery experiments.

Effects of flour mean particle size, size distribution and water content on rheological properties of wheat flour doughs

This investigation is focused on the granulometric and rheological analysis of two kinds of wheat flour, i.e. type 0 and type 00. The granulometric analysis was carried out using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. The particle size distribution of the type 0 and 00 flours, expressed as the mass median diameter (D(v,0.5)), was 80.922 µm and 71.686 µm, respectively. The rheological characterization of physical mixtures of wheat flour and water was carried out by means of small deformation dynamic oscillatory measurements. The rheological measurements evidenced a different behavior of the two samples of flour when they were mixed with water. Namely, the progressive addition of water to the type 0 wheat flour favored a decrease of G′ and G″ values, emphasizing that the dough becomes less full-bodied, while its structure remains unmodified; in fact, the phase-angle was not influenced by the water content. On the contrary, the type 00 wheat flour mixed with increased water content provided a dough characterized by lower elastic and viscous moduli, even though the behavior of the phase angle progressively varied. The different results may be due to the different particle size distribution of the flour and the different percentage of gluten present in each. Thanks to this parallel study of the particle size distribution of flours and the rheological behavior of the derived doughs, new food preparation procedures and new research on adulteration in the bread production can be designed.

Investigation of the impact of Lupinus angustifolius L. flour on the rheological properties of wheat flour dough

Purpose. To investigate the patterns of changing the rheological properties of the dough and laboratory baking, depending on the amount of flour from different varieties of lupine added to wheat flour. Methods. The baking quality was analyzed using an alveograph and farinograph. Results. Based on the evaluation of alveograph, farinograph and laboratory bread baking, the patterns of changing the rheological properties of the dough when adding lupine flour to wheat flour were determined. The share of lupine variety’s influenced on flour strength, elasticity and stretchability of the dough, elasticity index ranged from 1 to 4%, with flour concentration – 82–98%. On the basis of the obtained data of the regression equation for the dependencies between the alveographer parameters and the amount of lupine flour added to wheat one were determined. A linear relationship was established between the physical characteristics of dough and the concentration of lupine flour. The proportion of the lupine variety impact on the time of dough formation, rate of dough fluidizing, valorimetric estimation of the flour mixture was 4–18%, the concentration of lupine flour was 57–76%. The bread loaf volume was for 86% determined by the concentration of lupine flour and for 6% by lupine variety. Based on the regression equations between the physical properties of the dough and the concentration of lupine flour, an exponential, linear, and polynomial dependence were found. The linear dependence was revealed between the bread loaf volume and the concentration of lupine flour in a lupine-wheat mixture. Conclusions. The rheological properties of the dough, as well as the bread loaf volume, were most influenced by the concentration of lupine flour in lupine-wheat flour mixture (57–98%). The share of influence on these indicators of lupine varieties used in the study did not exceed 18%. The revealed regression equations between the concentration of lupine flour and the physical characteristics of the dough allow predic­ting their changes depending on the amount of lupine flour added to wheat flour.

Effect of pigskin-originated gelatin on properties of wheat flour dough and bread

Effect of pigskin-originated gelatin on dough properties and bread characteristics, especially on bread staling was investigated in terms of starch retrogradation and water migration in the present study. Results showed that gelatin significantly improved bread qualities during storage. Compared with the control, 7-day staling rate of bread containing 0.5% and 1.0% gelatin decreased by 6.56% and 20.83% respectively, indicating gelatin retarded the staling process of bread. This retardation effect was related to starch retrogradation and water migration. The relative crystallinity decreased from 15.12%, 11.60% to 10.75%, which demonstrated the alleviation effect of amylopectin crystallization. Bread samples containing 1.0% gelatin had the lowest retrogradation enthalpy of 2.93 ± 0.24 J/g followed by 0.5% gelatin bread and the control group, further indicating that gelatin may induce less water available to form crystal lattice and restrict the migration of starch molecules. The 5-day moisture loss rate for the control group was highest with the values of 12.39%, which was 1.43% and 1.83% higher than that of bread with 0.5% gelatin and 1.0% gelatin, respectively. Water activity and T2 relaxation results provided the information that gelatin inhibited water migration upon storage and gelatin interacted with bread components. However, the effect of gelatin on improving bread quality and retarding staling could not be reflected by the dough properties measured through farinograph, extensograph and rheometer. This study suggested gelatin from pigskin had great potential to be served as an effective bread improver.

Evaluation of specific volume, texture, thermal features, water mobility, and inhibitory effect of staling in wheat bread affected by maltitol

The influence of maltitol on the physicochemical properties of wheat flour dough and bread were evaluated in terms of texture, thermal features, water mobility, and retrogradation kinetics. The presence of maltitol could slow down the fermentation rate of dough. Breads with 6% of maltitol exhibited lower hardness and chewiness, with a significant decrease of 42% and 31%, respectively (p < 0.05). The use of maltitol could remarkably enhance the gelatinization temperature (p < 0.05) that was confirmed by DSC tool. Through the approach of LF-NMR, the addition of maltitol could increase the mobility of immobilized water, further retarded bread staling. The k values from chewiness and total signal amplitude in breads with 2% and 4% levels of maltitol were smaller than the control, which was proven through kinetics of retrogradation analysis, revealing an overall retarding effect of maltitol in prevention of bread staling.

Proteomic Profiling and Epitope Analysis of the Complex α-, γ-, and ω-Gliadin Families in a Commercial Bread Wheat.

Wheat gliadins are a complex group of proteins that contribute to the functional properties of wheat flour doughs and contain epitopes that are relevant for celiac disease (CD) and wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). In this study, we extracted ethanol-soluble gliadin fractions from flour of the Korean bread wheat cultivar Keumkang. Proteins were separated by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) using a pI range of 6–11 in the first dimension and subjected to tandem mass spectrometry. α-, γ-, and ω-gliadins were identified as the predominant proteins in 31, 28, and one 2-DE spot, respectively. An additional six ω-gliadins were identified in a separate experiment in which a pI range of 3–11 was used for protein separation. We analyzed the composition of CD- and WDEIA-relevant epitopes in the gliadin sequences from Keumkang flour, demonstrating the immunogenic potential of this cultivar. Detailed knowledge about the complement of gliadins accumulated in Keumkang flour provides the background necessary to devise either breeding or biotechnology strategies to improve the functional properties and reduce the adverse health effects of the flour.

Effect of wheat bran modification by steam explosion on structural characteristics and rheological properties of wheat flour dough

Steam explosion (SE) was applied to modify the chemical-physical properties of wheat bran and the effects of SE bran on structural and rheological properties of wheat flour dough were investigated. Results showed that SE modified wheat bran by facilitating the dissolution of soluble dietary fibers (SDF) and promoting its hydration properties. Substitution of SE bran in wheat flour dough mainly caused the competitive water sequestering effect. The effect promoted the partial dehydration of gluten and caused protein conformational changes of the collapse of β-turns into β-sheet structures. These phenomena demonstrated a more polymerized and stable gluten network formed, which inevitably affected dough rheological properties. The addition of SE bran caused some changes of dough farinograph property depending on the gluten content. It improved the dough stability by increasing the development time (DT) and decreasing the softening degree (Ds) at low-gluten content, while took the adverse effects at higher gluten content owing to the excessive water sequestering and dilution action of bran. Viscoelastic profiles confirmed that SE bran strengthened the dough elasticity by increasing the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) and decreasing the loss tangent (tanδ) of dough at all gluten content. The results contribute to interpret the action mechanism of SE modification on cereals’ brans and further guide the application of SE modification on cereals' bran processing and its flour products development.

Effects of microencapsulated glucose oxidase on wheat flour dough properties and Chinese steamed bread quality

SummaryThis study was to investigate the effects of microencapsulated glucose oxidase (MGO), in comparison with free glucose oxidase (GO), on wheat flour dough properties and Chinese steamed bread (CSB) quality. Effects on wet gluten (WG) content, farinograms and extensograms properties, dynamic rheological properties, microscopic structure, texture profile and sensory evaluation scores were studied. The results demonstrated that MGO catalysed the oxidation of dough at a much slower speed and exerted relatively great advantages in many aspects such as WG content, extensibility, G′ (Elastic modulus), G″ (viscous modulus), tan δ (equal to G′/G″), microstructure and texture properties and sensory evaluation scores of CSB, compared with free GO. The results suggested that slow oxidation of MGO was superior to free GO based on the improvements of wheat flour dough properties and subsequent CSB quality.

Influence of calcium ions addition from gluconate and lactate salts on refined wheat flour dough rheological properties

ABSTRACTThis study analysed the effect of calcium ions from gluconate and lactate salts on the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The empirical rheological properties of wheat flour dough were evaluated on Farinograph, Amylograph, Falling Number and Rheofermentometer devices. In the Farinograph test, both forms of calcium ions increased water absorption and dough stability, whereas the dough development time increased when calcium gluconate was added and decreased when calcium lactate was incorporated. The addition of calcium ions to wheat flour dough increased Amylograph gelatinization temperature and decreased peak viscosity. The Falling Number values decreased and the Rheofermentometer parameter retention coefficient increased with the increased level of calcium ions addition. Dynamic oscillatory rheology in the linear viscoelastic range (frequency sweep and oscillatory temperature sweep test) was studied. Each of the calcium ion forms influenced the rheological behaviour of wheat flour dough; thus, the results obtained are similar to those reported by the Farinograph and Amylograph devices.

High amylose wheat starch increases the resistance to deformation of wheat flour dough

High amylose wheat (HAW) starch has been the focus of a number of nutritional studies, but there is limited information around its effect on the mechanical properties of wheat flour dough. This study investigated the size, shape and packing volume of HAW starch and their effect on the microstructure and rheology of dough. Four flour blends were formulated by adding vital wheat gluten and either HAW or commercial wheat starch to HAW flour to achieve a constant 14% protein content, but varied amounts of HAW starch. A large number of small and irregularly shaped HAW starch granules resulted in a high packing volume per gram of starch. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of optimally mixed doughs correlated the degree of starch granule aggregation with the level of HAW starch in the bi-continuous dough network. Small deformation rheology demonstrated that increased quantities of HAW starch in the dough increased the elastic modulus G′ values. Uniaxial extension measurements highlighted a synergy between HAW starch and sources of gluten proteins resulting in increased strain hardening. The impact of HAW starch on dough rheology was attributed to its irregular shape and large number of small granules leading to greater granule-granule interactions.

Viscoelastic properties of tablets from Osborne fractions, pentosans, flour and bread evaluated by creep tests

AbstractLittle attention has been given to the influence of non-gluten components on the viscoelastic properties of wheat flour dough, bread making process and their products. The aim of this study was to evaluate by creep tests the viscoelastic properties of tablets manufactured from Osborne solubility fractions (globulins, gliadins, glutenins, albumins and residue), pentosans, flour and bread. Hard and soft wheat cultivars were used to prepare the reconstituted tablets. Sintered tablets (except flour and bread) showed similar values to those obtained from the sum of the regression coefficients of the fractions. Gliadins and albumins accounted for about 54% of the total elasticity. Gliadins contributed with almost half of the total viscosity (45.7%), and showed the highest value for the viscosity coefficient of the viscous element. When the effect of dilution was evaluated, the residue showed the highest instantaneous elastic modulus (788.2 MPa). Retardation times of the first element (λ1~ 3.5 s) were about 10 times lower than the second element (λ2~ 39.3 s). The analysis of compliance of data corrected by protein content in flour showed that the residue fraction presented the highest values. An important contribution of non-gluten components (starch, albumins and globulins) on the viscoelastic performance of sintered tablets from Osborne fractions, flour and bread was found.

The influence of stabilized rice bran on rheological properties of wheat flour dough

The impact of adding 5 per cent to 20 per cent stabilized rice bran to wheat flour on the rheological behaviour of the dough was investigated using Farinograph, Extensograph and Amylograph. The parameters determined were water absorption or percentage of water required to yield dough consistency of 500 BU (Brabender Units), dough development time (DDT, time to reach maximum consistency in minutes), stability time (dough consistency remains at 500 BU), mixing tolerance index (MTI, consistency difference between height at peak and that 5 min later, BU). Results from the farinograph analysis showed that addition of rice bran to wheat flour had a marginal effect on the water absorption of flour, water absorption increased with increased addition of rice bran. The dough development time and dough stability increased with increased addition rice bran flour. The development time in dough containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent rice bran increased to 5.7, 7, 6.5 and 6.2 min, respectively in comparison with the control wheat flour dough 6 min. As the proving time of wheat flour dough increased, the energy required for the extension gets decreased. Also, energy required for the extension gets decreased with increased addition of rice bran flour. As the proving time of wheat flour dough increased, the resistance to extension (BU) gets decreased. Also, resistance to extension (BU) gets decreased with increased addition of rice bran flour. As the proving time of wheat flour dough increased, the extensibility (mm) gets decreased. Also, extensibility gets decreased with increased addition of rice bran flour. The amylogram parameters give information about the viscosity generated by the gelatinization of starch. In the case of the control wheat flour used in this study, the maximum gelatinization value was very high (1622 AU). The addition of rice bran reduced it slightly, although not significantly from functional point of view.

Characterization of textural, rheological, thermal, microstructural, and water mobility in wheat flour dough and bread affected by trehalose

The study aims to elucidate the effects of trehalose on the mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of wheat flour dough and water distribution in bread. Texture profile analysis, DSC, farinograph, extensograph, and frequency sweep were applied in dough. The results from SEM revealed that the gluten film became less notable with the presence of trehalose. The kinetics of staling process, low-field 1H NMR, and water-binding capacity were employed to characterize physicochemical properties of bread. Trehalose decreased the staling rate constant k, indicating an inhibitory effect on firming process in bread. Trehalose had the ability to retain water by hindering the interaction among water molecules, gluten and starch, thus relatively increasing the immobility of the part of water represented by T22 in low-field 1H NMR tests. Trehalose restricted water mobilization during storage, resulting in a better water-holding capacity. Our findings reveal that trehalose could be an improver in dough and bread-making performance, as well as an antistaling agent in bread.

Wheat flour enriched with oat β-glucan: A study of hydration, rheological and fermentation properties of dough

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the incorporation of oat β-glucan (OβG) on the hydration, rheological and fermentation properties of wheat flour dough. Wheat flour was substituted with OβG at levels varying from 1 g/100 g–5 g/100 g. The addition of OβG significantly increased water absorption and dough development time. The dilution effect of OβG, competing for water and interaction between OβG and gluten proteins, deteriorated the gluten network structure and reduced the stability of dough. Rheological evaluation revealed an increasing tendency to solid-like behavior with increasing addition of OβG. Regarding dough fermentation properties, OβG had no effect on yeast activity but reduced the gas retention capacity of dough. Our findings indicate that OβG is a key component that determines the properties of dough, and excess OβG exhibited poorer processing characteristics compared with control.