Double Consonants Research Articles

Identification and Transformation of Terminal Morphemes in Medical English

The system for the identification and subsequent transformation of terminal morphemes in medical English is a part of the information system for processing pathology data which was developed at the National Institutes of Health.The recognition and transformation of terminal morphemes is restricted to classes of adjectivals including the -ING and -ED forms, nominals and homographic adjective/noun forms.The adjective-to-noun and noun-to-noun transforms consist basically of a set of substitutions of adjectival and certain nominal suffixes by a set of suffixes which indicate the corresponding nominal form(s).The adjectival/nominal suffix has a polymorphosyntactic transformational function if it has the property of being transformed into more than one nominalizing suffix (e.g., the adjectival suffix -IC can be substituted by a set of nominalizing suffixes -Ø, -A, -E, -Y, -IS, -IA, -ICS): the adjectival suffix has a monomorphosyntactic transformational property if there is only one admissible transform (e.g., -CIC → -X).The morphological segmentation and the subsequent transformations are based on the following principles:a. The word form is segmented according to the principle of »double consonant cut,« i.e., terminal characters following the last set of double consonants are analyzed and treated as a potential suffix. For practical purposes only such terminal suffixes of a maximum length of four have been analyzed.b. The principle that the largest segment of a word form common to both adjective and noun or to both noun stems is retained as a word base for transformational operations, and the non-identical segment is considered to be a »suffix.«The backward right-to-left character search is initiated by the identification of the terminal grapheme of the given word form and is extended to certain admissible sequences of immediately preceding graphemes.The nodes which represent fixed sequences of graphemes are labeled according to their recognition and/or transformation properties.The tree nodes are divided into two groups:a. productive or activatedb. non-productive or non-activatedThe productive (activated) nodes are sequences of sets of graphemes which possess certain properties, such as the indication about part-of-speech class membership, the transformation properties, or both. The non-productive (non-activated) nodes have the function of connectors, i.e., they specify the admissible path to the productive nodes.The computer program for the identification and transformation of the terminal morphemes is open-ended and is already operational. It will be extended to other sub-fields of medicine in the near future.

Identification and Transformation of Terminal Morphemes in Medical Englishi)

The system for the identification and subsequent transformation of terminal morphemes in medical English is a part of the information system for processing pathology data which was developed at the National Institutes of Health.The recognition and transformation of terminal morphemes is restricted to classes of adjectivals including the -ING and -ED forms, nominals and homographic adjective/noun forms.The adjective-to-noun and noun-to-noun transforms consist basically of a set of substitutions of adjectival and certain nominal suffixes by a set of suffixes which indicate the corresponding nominal form(s).The adjectival/nominal suffix has a polymorphosyntactic transformational function if it has the property of being transformed into more than one nominalizing suffix (e.g., the adjectival suffix -IC can be substituted by a set of nominalizing suffixes -0, -A, -E, -Y, -IS, -IA, -ICS): the adjectival suffix has a monomorphosyntactic transformational property if there is only one admissible transform (e.g., -CIC-X).The morphological segmentation and the subsequent transformations are based on the following principles:a. The word form is segmented according to the principle of »double consonant cut,« i.e., terminal characters following the last set of double consonants are analyzed and treated as a potential suffix. For practical purposes only such terminal suffixes of a maximum length of four have been analyzed.b. The principle that the largest segment of a word form common to both, adjective and noun or to both noun stems is retained as a word base for transformational operations, and the non-iden, tical segment is considered to be a »suffix.«The backward right-to-left character search is initiated by the identification of the terminal grapheme of the given word form and is extended to certain admissible sequences of immediately preceding graphemes.The nodes which represent fixed sequences of graphemes are labeled according to their recognition and/or transformation properties.The tree nodes are divided into two groups:a. productive or activatedb. non-productive or non-activatedThe productive (activated) nodes are sequences of sets of graphemes which possess certain properties, such as the indication about part-of-speech class membership, the transformation properties, or both. The non-productive (non-activated) nodes have the function of connectors, i.e., they specify the admissible path to the productive nodes.The computer program for the identification and transformation of the terminal morphemes is openended and is already operational. It will be extended to other sub-fields of medicine in the near future.

The Effectiveness of Machine Instruction in The Teaching of Second and Third Grade Spelling

The investigation tested the effectiveness of machine instruction in the teaching of spelling to a sample of fifty-four secondand third-grade students. All subjects were located in the same school, and groups were formed on the basis of spelling achievement matching. The analy sis of variance statistical technique was employed in the treatment of the data. Although no differences were found in main effects (i.e., machine versus teacher), a differ ential (Interaction) effect was found at the .002 level of confidence. Further analysis revealed that: (1) on the third-grade level, the machine had proved more effective (.01 level of confidence) than the traditional method, and (2) on the second-grade level the traditional method had produced significantly more achievement (above the .01 level) than the machine method. The strength of the reversal is strongly suggestive of an age level below which this type of machine instruction loses its effectiveness. EDUCATORS, learning theorists, and laymen have greeted the appearance of the teaching ma chine in the nation's schools with varying degrees of enthusiasm. In some quarters the machines receive almost unqualified support; in others, they are as cordially condemned. One of the more commonly heard objections to the use of machine instruction is that the ma chine forces learning to proceed only in small steps and requires highly uniform performance. As spelling is a school content subject that re quires procession in small steps through memori zation and repetition, it appears that this subject may be uniquely suited for machine instruction. In addition to the fact that teaching machines incorporate attributes believed to be necessary in the teaching of spelling, research findings re lated to spelling in recent years indicate a definite need for improved methodology in this sub ject area. Experimental research involving machine instruction with spelling content would seem to represent a logical and promising line of investigation. The presently reported project was begun with the investigator's development of a detailed se quence of spelling lessons for machine use in grades two through six. The experiment was con ducted as a test of the effectiveness of segments of the machine program appropriate for use by second and third graders. The Spelling Program The spelling program developed for use in the present study was designed to teach the student to spell words on paper after hearing them pro nounced. The 1,998 words included in the pro gram were taken from those listed for grades two through six in Improving Your Spelling Pro gram.1 The words were re-organized into groups that were similar in spelling or pronunciation and were ordered within groups according to complexity. Only noun plurals were omitted in the construction of the program. Part I of the program (1,002 words) includes one-syllable words only; and Part II (996 words) includes two, three, and four syllable words. Each part is divided into four units. Unit I in each part con tains words that are spelled as they sound. Unit II of both parts contains words with double conso nants. Unit III of both parts contains words with double vowels, and Unit IV contains words that are not spelled as they sound. In all of the units the words are in groups of five. Isofar as possible, words of similar sound and spelling are grouped together. In preparing the program, the investigator ob served the fundamentals of programmed instruc tion but made no attempt to adhere to any par ticular programming doctrine. The resulting pro gram is classified as linear in that only one pre determined series of responses is required of the student. Reinforcement is provided with each written response, and the possibilities of error have been minimized insofar as is consistent with the fading of prompts. The program was prepared for use with a mag This content downloaded from 157.55.39.46 on Sat, 11 Jun 2016 07:07:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Beliefs and Practices of the Jalaris in the Matter of the Life Beyond the Grave

The people I am going to speak about live on the eastern shores of the Republic of India, in a chain of villages stretching for several hundred miles along the Bay of Bengal. I myself was only concerned with a small section of this chain, comprising one fairly large and three smaller villages. The inhabitants are uniformly fisher-folk, and although there is reason for believing that basically some of them are so-called aboriginals or tribals, their stock is not pure, as earlier anthropologists believed; but contains, besides a minority of manifestly australoid types, many individuals showing evidence of intermarriage with Dravidians. The language spoken is a dialect of Telugu, containing a good many non-Telugu words, especially in regard to the names of fish, and a number of names for common objects (such as wurratah for squirrel), which, with their double consonants and accents thrown back, resemble superficially words in the vocabulary of Australian aboriginals. The Jalaris are almost o00 % illiterate. They live in circular palm-leaf huts of various sizes, almost invariably build their own boats mostly small dug-outs; grind their cereals with primitive saddle-querns; and use cups and buckets made out of palm-leaves. They are of course scheduled as backward, and efforts are being made at modernising their habits, though they are extremely resistant to such influences. Yet there seems little doubt that sooner or later they will be swept into the mainstream of Indian life. I was able to observe these people over 2 periods, for 7 months in I958 and 3 months in I960. During the second period of fieldwork I had the help of a team of 13 students in the University of Andhra, and of 3 junior dons, who acted as interpreters. With the material culture of the Jalaris, with their social habits, and with the organisation of their fishing industry I am not here concerned.

Time Factors in Perception of A Double Consonant

A listening experiment was carried out to examine the perceptual distinction between a single stop consonant, /p/, and its double counterpart, /p-p/. The joint effects of two time factors are studied: (1) the duration of /p/-closure (silence) and (2) the rate of utterance of the surrounding test sentence. The test sentence, He was the topic of the year, was recorded on tape and then, in a number of recorded copies, the duration of the /p/-closure was altered by inserting or removing tape. A group of listeners judged each of the altered sentences to be either He was the topic of the year or He was the top pick of the year. Effects of ten closure durations (60, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, and 585 msec.) are studied in various combinations with five rates of utterance (2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 syllables per second). A threshold closure duration is defined to be the duration at which 60% of the judgments were topic. As the rate increased from 2 to 8 syllables per second, the threshold closure duration decreased from 320 to 140 msec, and at a progressively declining rate. This function of threshold closure duration vs. rate of utterance is found to be approximately parallel to the relation, for the unaltered sentences, between actual closure duration and rate of utterance.

Chaucer's Double Consonants and Final E

Chaucer's Double Consonants and Final E

Analogical Consonant Lengthening in Numerals

Among the features of Greek evvla '9' and Latin quattuor '4' that have long puzzled students of Classical linguistics, not least are their double consonants, or rather their long consonants, of which full account must be taken in any satisfactory explanation. Widely varying attempts have been made to explain the history of these numbers. The theories proposed have been particularly numerous and ingenious in the case of ivvia, yet Boisacq (Dict. ttym. 254) still felt it necessary to comment soberly, apropos of this word, 'diversement expliqu6, sans qu'une solution d6finitive intervienne.' While I hesitate to add another attempt to those already proposed, I think it is worth while to explore a different approach. After analyzing briefly the positions hitherto taken by scholars with regard to these numerals, I should like to suggest the possibility of considering the long consonants as the result of the operation of a certain type of analogy exerted by other numerals in series with fx44a or quattuor.

Phonology of the Sinhalese Inscriptions up to the End of the Tenth Century

In the Mid. Ind. stage, represented by the Prakrits, though not in the North–west, Sk. ā, ī ū before two consonants (homorganic or heterorganic) coincided with Sk. a, i, u before two consonants, for in both cases Mid. Ind. showed ā ī ū before double consonants, e.g. Sk. kāstha– > Pa. Pk. hattha–; Sk. tīrtha– > Pa. Pk. tittha–; Sk. pūrna– > Pa. Pk. punna–; just as Sk. lajjā– > Pa – Pk. lajjā–; Sk. mitra– > Pa. Pk. mitta–; Sk. śuddha– > Pa. Pk. suddha–.

The Hulaya River Land and Dadassas: A Crucial Problem in Hittite Geography

OF THE many unsolved problems of geography, this of the Hulaya River Land stands out as probably the most important and at the same time the most tantalizing: important, because that territory formed the hub, so to speak, of five other contiguous states or districts by which it was encircled; and tantalizing, because the text describing its boundaries, though almost flawless and replete with detail, defies obvious explanation.2 It certainly bristles with difficulties, many of which, however, are of an elementary kind and probably arise from the fact that it was based on an older document into which its new clauses were imperfectly welded. It begins, for example, by preparing the reader for a gift of territory to the king of Dadassas, but it ends by describing the boundaries of the Hulaya River Land without indicating any clear relation or contact between these two districts. That they were neighbors is known from clauses of an earlier treaty quoted in this one; but we are left wondering whether the boundary so carefully described comprised that of the original kingdom or defined only the added territory. On the historical side, doubts also arise from an apparent confusion between two royal personages connected with Dadassas itself.3 Since there 1 This geographical study is based primarily on some unpublished and a translation of the Hulaya Boundary Text (KBo IV 10) which Dr. O. Gurney generously prepared for me in 1938; but it was not until I had worked over his more complete manuscripts on the interrelations of the states (of which my article on Hittite Military Roads [and map], AJA, Vol. XLVII, No. 1 (1943), represents the first-fruits) that I have been able to find a possible solution to the highly complex problem which lies before us. It is all the more regrettable that, owing to Dr. Gurney's continued military service in Africa, I have been unable to consult him about the conclusions herein outlined. His basic materials are cited in this article as Gur. notes and Gur. MSS. In these footnotes current periodicals and text transcriptions are represented for the most part by the now familiar initial-letter abbreviations of their titles: the student will find a useful bibliography in Goetze's Kizzuwatna and the Problem of Geography (New Haven, 1940), pp. ix-xi. I use, however, KAF instead of KIF to represent Kleinasiatische Forschungen, and other occasional clarifications of the kind. I have also abandoned, as an obstacle to progress, the cumbersome method of referring to passages in the texts by the number of the tablet, obverse or reverse, column and line, etc., in cases where reliable translations are available. This applies in particular to Dr. Goetze's translations of Mursil's Annals, Hattusilis, and Madduwattas, which are cited in the abbreviated forms M. Ans., Hatt., and Madd., respectively, under the page number of that scholar's publications. Other occasional abbreviations include G.HE for Garstang, Empire; Kizz., for Goetze, Kizzuwatna and the Problem of Geography; and R. HG for Ramsay, Historical Georgraphy of Asia Minor. As there is no standard transliteration of placenames, some inconsistency may arise when quoting from other writers, and for this I ask the reader and the editor for their indulgence. The spelling of names has been simplified by the omission of unnecessary doubled consonants and diacritical marks. In all such names, s, usually written ?, = sh, and h, usually 6, = kh. Turkish place-names are rendered, so far as possible, by English consonants. Thus, chai for gay (a stream). 2 Its problems are discussed from different standpoints by Forrer, Forsch., Die Arzaova Ldnder (1926), pp. 29 f.; Goetze, Zur Geographie d. Hethiter Reichs, in KAF, 1927, pp. 108 ff., and OLZ, 1927, col. 527; again by Forrer, Kilikien z. Zeit d. HattiReichs in Klio, 1937, pp. 146 f.; and Goetze in his Kizzuwatna and the Problem of Geography, p. 52, n. 198. My own results will be found to approach those of Dr. Goetze closely; and this observation may be applied more widely, though the differences on our maps are still too apparent.

國語象徴音の表現性について 表現の心理學 (V)

Purpose: In this experiment we try to explain the construction and function of phonetic symbolism in Japanese.Materials: The words used in this exp. are 418 which are formed of 2 syllables and used repeatedly as adverb, for example paka-paka, peki-peki, bara-bara, basabasa, poko-poko, haki-haki, hara-hara etc.Method: Subjects are orderd to make a short sentence using a stimulus word adverbially with noun and verb as the completion test. Ss are 4 Japanese students and 3 Chinese girl students. Results:1. Easiness and hardness of expression The time which needs to complete a sentence is different from words and persons. But considering the frequency curve (Fig. 1), these words be recognized as current words for Japanese except few words. And the expression of the words which need short reaction time have generally a common meaning for all Ss.2. Limitation of meaning The representation of the meaning by the voice is limited by following factors.A) Relation of clear and turbid in consonants -k-g, s-z, t-d, h-p-b-The clear sound is bright and strong, the turbid is dark and weak.B) Character of double consonants Some consonants which connected with y, as kya, gya, sya, zya, tya-, represent childish, feeble, tumble and rashness.C) Character of vowel i express small and sharp feeling, a and o express large feeling,. a expresses clearer, warmer and larger than o, but o smaller but sharper than a, u is between a and o, e is smaller than o.Therefore the vowels may be arranged from small to large in the order of -I→E→O→U→A.D) Character of other consonants It is difficult to definit strictly the symbolic character of consonant expect above mentioned, but s and k seems to show slender, m fragility.3. Commutability of meaningInterpretation of the same words by each S. is not always same. The sameinterpretation by all Japanese is not agreeable with the interpretation by Chinese. Japanese students are mostly agreeable with each other in interpreting words as things, but Chinese students express the same words as onomatopoeia.Generally the voice symbolize the matters by mean of the quality of vocal sound and the melody and rythm of pronunciation that is so called Gestaltqualitat, but when the matters are expressed by the latter, the special contents of perception can be changed transpositionaly, therefore the commutability of meaning in the phonetic symbolism is extended.But the commutability is limited in a definite meaning by the habit of using the words, and by the habit he phonetic symbolism becomes communicable and a special speech community is formed.In short the word is not only a meaning clanging to ear, but a voice clinging to habit.

On the Doubling of Consonants in the Seam of Certain Pāli Compounds

On the Doubling of Consonants in the Seam of Certain Pāli Compounds