Double Measurements Research Articles

Recent advances in the application of scanning probe microscopy in interfacial electroanalytical chemistry

The electrochemical reaction mainly occurs at the electrode/electrolyte interface in the electrochemical system. For a fundamental insight into the interfacial reaction mechanism, in situ/operando analysis of the interfacial evolution at the microscale is essential. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), noted for its high spatial resolution, real-time imaging, and multifunctional detection, is considered as one of the most important in situ analytical tools for the electrochemical interfaces from the atomic/molecular scale to the nanoscale. This review first introduces the brief principles of typical SPM, such as scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. The applications of in situ SPM in surface and interface analysis for electrochemical energy systems, including electrocatalysts and energy storage batteries, are then presented. In addition, in situ detection of the electric double layer and space charge layer is further discussed. Challenges and future developments in the field are proposed in the outlook.

Cultural Capital: Reflections from a Latin Americanist

<i>Cultural Capital</i>: Reflections from a Latin Americanist

Approximation Schemes for Capacitated Vehicle Routing on Graphs of Bounded Treewidth, Bounded Doubling, or Highway Dimension

In this article, we present Approximation Schemes for Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) on several classes of graphs. In CVRP, introduced by Dantzig and Ramser in 1959 [ 14 ], we are given a graph G=(V,E) with metric edges costs, a depot r ∈ V , and a vehicle of bounded capacity Q . The goal is to find a minimum cost collection of tours for the vehicle that returns to the depot, each visiting at most Q nodes, such that they cover all the nodes. This generalizes classic TSP and has been studied extensively. In the more general setting, each node v has a demand d v and the total demand of each tour must be no more than Q . Either the demand of each node must be served by one tour (unsplittable) or can be served by multiple tours (splittable). The best-known approximation algorithm for general graphs has ratio α +2(1-ε) (for the unsplittable) and α +1-ε (for the splittable) for some fixed \(&amp;#x03B5; \gt \frac{1}{3000}\) , where α is the best approximation for TSP. Even for the case of trees, the best approximation ratio is 4/3 [ 5 ] and it has been an open question if there is an approximation scheme for this simple class of graphs. Das and Mathieu [ 15 ] presented an approximation scheme with time n log O(1/ε) n for Euclidean plane ℝ 2 . No other approximation scheme is known for any other class of metrics (without further restrictions on Q ). In this article, we make significant progress on this classic problem by presenting Quasi-Polynomial Time Approximation Schemes (QPTAS) for graphs of bounded treewidth, graphs of bounded highway dimensions, and graphs of bounded doubling dimensions. For comparison, our result implies an approximation scheme for the Euclidean plane with run time n O(log 6 n/ε 5 ) .

Quantifying Corneal Topographic Astigmatism (CorT Total) in Keratoconic Eyes.

To determine optimal corneal regions from which to derive corneal topographic astigmatism (CorT) in kerato-conic eyes. In this retrospective study, potential measures of corneal astigmatism are calculated from raw total corneal power data (179 eyes from 124 patients) from a corneal tomographer. The measures are derived from annular corneal regions varying in both extent and center position, and evaluated according to the variability of the ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) in the cohort. This variability is quantified by the ORArms, which is the root-mean-squared distance of the ORAs from their summated vector mean in double angle space. The lower the ORArms, the better the corneal astigmatism measure corresponds to manifest refractive cylinder. Corneal astigmatism measures derived from regions centered on corneal vertex had ORArms values (mild: 1.07 diopters [D], moderate: 1.61 D, severe: 2.65 D) as low or lower than other measures derived from regions centered on thinnest point, corneal apex (front or back), or pupil center. Corneal astigmatism measures derived from a region centered 30% of the way toward thinnest point from corneal vertex appeared to have even lower ORArms values (mild: 1.05 D, moderate: 1.45 D, severe: 2.56 D). None of the corneal astigmatism measures corresponded closely with manifest refractive cylinder for severe keratoconus (ORArms > 2.50 D). For keratoconic eyes, the CorT should be derived from an annular region centered 30% of the way toward thinnest point from corneal vertex, although when the keratoconus is mild, a standard corneal-vertex-centered CorT performs just as well. [J Refract Surg. 2023;39(3):206-213.].

Existence of [formula omitted]-dimension and entropy dimension of self-conformal measures on Riemannian manifolds

Peres and Solomyak proved that on Rn, the limits defining the Lq-dimension for any q∈(0,∞)∖{1}, and the entropy dimension of a self-conformal measure exist, without assuming any separation condition. By introducing the notions of heavy maximal packings and partitions, we prove that on a doubling metric space the Lq-dimension, q∈(0,∞)∖{1}, is equivalent to the generalized dimension. We also generalize the result on the existence of the Lq-dimension to self-conformal measures on complete Riemannian manifolds with the doubling property. In particular, these results hold for complete Riemannian manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature. Moreover, by assuming that the measure is doubling, we extend the result on the existence of the entropy dimension to self-conformal measures on complete Riemannian manifolds.

Comparison of single- and double-spaced feeders with regard to damaging behavior in pigs.

This work compared the behavior and performance of 24 groups of 12 pigs kept in pens with either a DOUBLE [one feed space aligned with the front wall of the pen (WALL), and one immediately adjacent (IN)] or SINGLE (WALL only) spaced feeder, from weaning until slaughter. Pens were equipped with a rack of fresh grass and a rubber toy (weaning phase) or a wooden board (finishing phase). Every 2 weeks, interaction with the enrichment, aggressive, harmful, and play behaviors were recorded for 5 min, four times a day. In addition, the pigs were individually assessed every 2 weeks for ear, tail, and flank injuries using a 4-point scale. The duration of feeder occupancy, feed space occupancy, number of and duration of feeding bouts, and aggressive behavior at the feeder were recorded continuously from video recordings (two times while in the weaner stage and two times while in the finisher stage, one camera/pen; 1 h per occasion). Individual body weight was recorded at weaning, transfer, and slaughter, and feed delivery was recorded daily at the pen level; from these measurements, average daily gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were calculated. Data were analyzed using SAS v9.4. There was no effect of treatment on damaging behaviors. Pigs in DOUBLE had worse tail lesion scores on 6 of the 9 recording days (P < 0.001), but values rarely exceeded 1. Total feeder occupancy tended to be longer in DOUBLE than in SINGLE (P = 0.06). DOUBLE selected the IN feed space more often than WALL regarding the number of feeding bouts (P < 0.001). During feeding, pigs in DOUBLE received fewer aggressive behaviors than SINGLE (P < 0.001) and experienced fewer displacements than SINGLE (P < 0.001). Although both experimental groups had a similar weight at slaughter (P > 0.05), the FCR was lower in DOUBLE than in SINGLE (P < 0.05). These data suggest that doubling space at the feeder to two spaces/12 pigs reduced aggression and displacement behaviors at the feeder, indicating less competition for food. However, increasing feeder space was not a management strategy that could ensure reduced tail biting on commercial pig farms.

Constitutional justification of the burden of proof.

The doctrine of the burden of proof must face, as the pole of its argument, its connection with the Constitution and that it must assume that the doctrine of onus probandi projects a formulation that goes beyond its strict procedural conceptualization of the "ordinary" to access the sphere of constitutional guarantee, because a jurisdictional declaration of right cannot be refused when a party's burden of proof is aided by both the preemption of defenselessness and the right to use appropriate means of proof to substantiate - prove - its claim. It must be declared essential that recognition of the constitutional right to the burden of proof is correlated with the constitutional right to effective judicial protection. The Constitution, in addition, places this recognition in the procedural part without the possibility to recognize the relative recognition of the constitutional right as the burden of proof in the judge and which can justify the ex officio evidence of the part of the judge (in part). In the European model, the constitutional right to the burden of proof is correlated with the constitutional right to effective judicial protection, which is not characterized by its uncertainty or casuism - that is, when the burden of proof should apply in a civil process - but, on the contrary, by the constitutional recognition of a specific and specific constitutional right and the guarantee provided by the Constitution. Without constitutional recognition of the right to the burden of proof, it would be impossible to achieve effective judicial protection, since the use of "evidence for their protection" is essential for the party to have access to it - to effective judicial protection. Burden of proof rules have a double dimension. On the one hand, they affect the parties because they indicate the need to prove their claims and the scope of the right to prove what they have in the process. On the other hand, they are the only way out of the crossroads in which the court may find itself when it doubts the authenticity of the facts proved, either because they have not been proved, or because the evidence was insufficient or unsatisfactory. This decision consists in ruling against the party who has failed to prove the facts in question, constituting a factual presumption of the supremacy of the law sought to be enforced.

The (anti-)holomorphic sector in [formula omitted]-equivariant cohomology, and the Witten class

Atiyah's classical work on circular symmetry and stationary phase shows how the Aˆ-genus is obtained by formally applying the equivariant cohomology localization formula to the loop space of a simply connected spin manifold. The same technique, applied to a suitable “antiholomorphic sector” in the C/Λ-equivariant cohomology of the conformal double loop space Maps(C/Λ,X) of a rationally string manifold X produces the Witten genus of X. This can be seen as an equivariant localization counterpart to Berwick-Evans supersymmetric localization derivation of the Witten genus.

Absolutely continuous mappings on doubling metric measure spaces

We consider Q-absolutely continuous mappings \(f:X\rightarrow V\) between a doubling metric measure space X and a Banach space V. The relation between these mappings and Sobolev mappings \(f\in N^{1,p}(X;V)\) for \(p\ge Q\ge 1\) is investigated. In particular, a locally Q-absolutely continuous mapping on an Ahlfors Q-regular space is a continuous mapping in \(N^{1,Q}_\textrm{loc}\,(X;V)\), as well as differentiable almost everywhere in terms of Cheeger derivatives provided V satisfies the Radon-Nikodym property. Conversely, though a continuous Sobolev mapping \(f\in N^{1,Q}_\textrm{loc}\,(X;V)\) is generally not locally Q-absolutely continuous, this implication holds if f is further assumed to be pseudomonotone. It follows that pseudomonotone mappings satisfying a relaxed quasiconformality condition are also Q-absolutely continuous.

The Balkans as “Double Transit Space”: Boundary Demarcations and Boundary Transgressions Between Local Inhabitants and “Transit Migrants” in the Shadow of the EU Border Regime

ABSTRACT To introduce the special issue, this article presents an analysis of the dynamics of border closures and openings in the countries of the “Western Balkans.” It examines the interconnections between the situation of so-called “transit migrants” on their way through these countries to the EU and the particular position of these countries in the protracted EU accession process, which also affects the situation of the local population. Highlighting the dual nature of – often simultaneous – border closures and border openings, the article first describes the changing mobility options for residents of various Balkan countries in the context of uneven EU accession processes, before outlining the relationship between EU migration management in the “Western Balkans” and the movements of “transit migrants” through and within the Balkans. The aim of the article is to raise awareness of the interconnectedness of the two perspectives on mobility and the different border and demarcation processes unfolding within the EU border and migration regime, which have spatial as well as temporal and social dimensions. These processes lead to various distinctions, but also to connections between migrants from the Global South and the local population in the various Balkan countries, which are further elaborated in the contributions to this special issue.

Complex-valued double controlled metric like spaces with applications to fixed point theorems and Fredholm type integral equations

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this paper we introduce the concept of complex-valued double controlled metric like spaces. These new results generalize and extend the corresponding results about complex-valued double controlled metric type spaces. We prove some complex-valued fixed point theorems in this new complex-valued metric like spaces and, as application, we give an existence and uniqueness of the solution of a Fredholm type integral equation result. Moreover, some examples are also presented in favor of our given results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Minimal Doubly Resolving Sets of Certain Families of Toeplitz Graph

The doubly resolving sets are a natural tool to identify where diffusion occurs in a complicated network. Many real-world phenomena, such as rumour spreading on social networks, the spread of infectious diseases, and the spread of the virus on the internet, may be modelled using information diffusion in networks. It is obviously impractical to monitor every node due to cost and overhead limits because there are too many nodes in the network, some of which may be unable or unwilling to send information about their state. As a result, the source localization problem is to find the number of nodes in the network that best explains the observed diffusion. This problem can be successfully solved by using its relationship with the well-studied related minimal doubly resolving set problem, which minimizes the number of observers required for accurate detection. This paper aims to investigate the minimal doubly resolving set for certain families of Toeplitz graph Tn(1, t), for t ≥ 2 and n ≥ t + 2. We come to the conclusion that for Tn(1, 2), the metric and double metric dimensions are equal and for Tn(1, 4), the double metric dimension is exactly one more than the metric dimension. Also, the double metric dimension for Tn(1, 3) is equal to the metric dimension for n = 5, 6, 7 and one greater than the metric dimension for n ≥ 8.

Strong and weak associativity of weighted Sobolev spaces of the first order

A brief overview of the recent results on the problem of characterization of associative and double associative spaces of function classes, including both ideal and non-ideal structures, is presented. The latter include two-weighted Sobolev spaces of the first order on the positive semi- axis. It is shown that, in contrast to the notion of duality, associativity can be ‘strong’ or ‘weak’. In addition, double associative spaces are further divided into three types. In this context it is established that a weighted Sobolev space of functions with compact support possesses weak associative reflexivity, while the strong associative space of a weak associative space is trivial. Weighted classes of Cesàro and Copson type have similar properties; for these classes the problem us fully investigated, and their connections with Sobolev spaces with power weights are established. As an application, the problem of boundedness of the Hilbert transform from a weighted Sobolev space to a weighted Lebesgue space is considered. Bibliography: 49 titles.

On The Topolpgical Properties of Pairwise Compactness in Intuitionistic Double Topological Spaces

The concept of intuitionistic topological space was introduced by Coker. The aim of this paper is to discuss the relation between bi-topological spaces and double-topological spaces and give a notion of pairwise compact for double topological spaces.

Hardy-Rogers type contraction in double controlled metric-like spaces

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we establish a new fixed point result for Hardy-Rogers type contractions in double controlled metric-like spaces. Our result generalizes many important theorems in the literature. We will provide an example to illustrate our results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

New fixed point results in double controlled metric type spaces with applications

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;The concept of an $ { \mathcal F} $-contraction was introduced by Wardowski, while Samet et al. introduced the class of $ \alpha $-admissible mappings and the concept of ($ \alpha $-$ \psi $)-contractive mapping on complete metric spaces. In this paper, we study and extend two types of contraction mappings: ($ \alpha $-$ \psi $)-contraction mapping and ($ \alpha $-$ { \mathcal F} $)-contraction mapping, and establish new fixed point results on double controlled metric type spaces. Moreover, we demonstrate some examples and present an application of our result on the existence and uniqueness of the solution for an integral equation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Study on Smoke Propagation Characteristics for a Train Carriage Fire in a Subway Tunnel

The most serious fire scene in a subway system is that a train catching on fire has to stop in the tunnel. The objective of this paper is to discuss safety evacuation of this scenario. A subway tunnel in Beijing was selecting as research object, and adopting numerical simulation methods to analyze smoke propagation in the tunnel and train carriage. In addition, the influence of train carriage door opening on the smoke spread was studied in the double narrow space formed by the carriage and tunnel. Results show that the opening method of door would affect the smoke spreading path, and the range of high temperature area. For a fire occurred in train carriage, opening of the end door of train can effectively enhance diffusion of smoke into the tunnel. This research is not only helpful to guide the cabin crew to evacuate efficiently and orderly, but also provide guidance for the planning of subway tunnels.

Double coset Markov chains

AbstractLetGbe a finite group. Let$H, K$be subgroups ofGand$H \backslash G / K$the double coset space. IfQis a probability onGwhich is constant on conjugacy classes ($Q(s^{-1} t s) = Q(t)$), then the random walk driven byQonGprojects to a Markov chain on$H \backslash G /K$. This allows analysis of the lumped chain using the representation theory ofG. Examples include coagulation-fragmentation processes and natural Markov chains on contingency tables. Our main example projects the random transvections walk on$GL_n(q)$onto a Markov chain on$S_n$via the Bruhat decomposition. The chain on$S_n$has a Mallows stationary distribution and interesting mixing time behavior. The projection illuminates the combinatorics of Gaussian elimination. Along the way, we give a representation of the sum of transvections in the Hecke algebra of double cosets, which describes the Markov chain as a mixture of Metropolis chains. Some extensions and examples of double coset Markov chains withGa compact group are discussed.

A fixed point result on a DCMLS and applications to matrix equations and random integral equations

In this work, we present a fixed point result in the context of a double controlled metric-like space involving its control functions. A matrix equation has been solved via a fixed point technique. We also give some concrete and numerical examples. Finally, we ensure the existence of a solution of a random integral equation of Fredholm type.

Robust inference of conditional average treatment effects using dimension reduction.

Personalized treatment aims at tailoring treatments to individual characteristics. An important step is to understand how a treatment effect varies across individual characteristics, known as the conditional average treatment effect (CATE). In this study, we make robust inferences of the CATE from observational data, which becomes challenging with a multivariate confounder. To reduce the curse of dimensionality, while keeping the nonparametric advantages, we propose double dimension reductions that achieve different goal. First, we identify the central mean subspace of the CATE directly using dimension reduction in order to detect the most accurate and parsimonious structure of the CATE. Second, we use a nonparametric regression with a prior dimension reduction to impute counterfactual outcomes, which helps to improve the stability of the imputation. We establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator, taking into account the two-step double dimension reduction, and propose an effective bootstrapping procedure without bootstrapping the estimated central mean subspace to make valid inferences. A simulation and applications show that the proposed estimator outperforms existing competitors.