Double Vowels Research Articles

Indonesian Sound Errors in Television Advertisements

Language sound errors at the phonological level. Phonemes or language sounds in Indonesian consist of vowels, consonants, diphthongs 'double vowels', and clusters 'consonant groups'. Differences in phonemes will change standard language varieties into non-standard ones. Phonological problems occur because vowel, consonant or diphthong phonemes change into other phonemes, thereby changing standard language into non-standard ones. This research aims to analyze language sound errors, namely deletions, additions and changes in vowel phonemes, consonant phonemes, combined vowel phonemes and combined consonant phonemes. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data collection technique for this research is by listening and using the language watched in Indonesian television advertisements. This data analysis technique consists of (1) data collection (2) data reduction, (3) data presentation (4) interesting conclusions. The results of data analysis of Indonesian language sound errors in Television Advertisements are language sound errors in Indonesian consisting of vowels, consonants, diphthongs 'double vowels', and 'consonant clusters' clusters due to errors in language use that do not match Indonesian Spelling (EBI) . Errors in Indonesian sounds or pronunciation that occur in television advertisements like this occur due to ignorance or on purpose so that the advertisement displayed will attract the attention of consumers or people who see, watch and listen to it.

Binaural fusion and vowel perception in cochlear implant users

Excess binaural fusion can be a problem, especially in noisy environments when speech from multiple talkers are fused together. Previously, we showed that hearing aid users experience abnormally broad binaural fusion that leads to fusion and averaging of dichotic vowels of fundamental frequency (F0) differing by up to 1 octave (Reiss and Molis 2021). This study investigated whether cochlear implant (CI) listeners also experience abnormal fusion and averaging of double vowels in the free field. Six adult CI users (4 females) and four NH adults (1 female) were tested. Stimuli were synthetic vowels/æ/, /a/, /u/ and /i/, at F0 = 106.9, 151.2, and 201.8 Hz. Two different vowels were presented simultaneously from two loudspeakers at ±60°, with same or different F0. Subjects were instructed to select which one or two vowels they perceived. When ΔF0 = 0, NH and CI users often fused and identified only one vowel. As ΔF0 increased, NH listeners increased identification of two vowels, while CI users continued to fuse vowels. The findings show that in realistic free field listening conditions, CI users can experience excess fusion of multiple vowels of differing F0s, presenting additional challenges in noisy listening environments. [Work supported by NIH R01DC013307 and ASA SUREIA program.]

Articulatory phonetic errors and patterns in Thai BIPA speakers: A study at SWM School Thailand

The tendency for Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (BIPA) or Indonesian as a Foreign Language (IFL) speakers' pronunciation errors makes specific patterns from an articulatory phonetic perspective. This approach is still limited, and the competence in pronouncing language is challenging. This study analyzes articulatory phonetic errors of vowels and consonants of BIPA Songserm Wittaya Mulniti (SWM) School Thailand speakers to find their reasons and patterns. This type of qualitative research used the listening-involved-conversation data collection technique as well as the equivalence and distributional analysis methods. The results showed 671 pronunciation errors; 184 vowels and 389 consonants. The majority of vowel errors are double vowels [uwa], open front [a], and near-close near-back [ʊ] based on the proximity of the tongue positions, movements of the tongue, lip position, and English interference. The majority of consonant errors are apico-alveolar trill [r] and lateral [l], lamino-palatal [ɲ], and dorso-velar [ŋ] based on the articulator and points of articulation, the similarity of the air passages, movement of the vocal cords, interference of air currents, and the interference of another language. The patterns formed were tendencies based on most errors, replacements, omissions, additions, omissions-replacements, replacements-additions, cutting of syllables, and phoneme errors that change the morpheme. Therefore, many errors formed a series of similarities and structured patterns, especially for consonants that had different pronunciation rules from the mother tongue. Practically, this research can help BIPA teachers develop appropriate learning materials and strategies according to the error patterns and characteristics of learners when pronouncing the language.

Profile of Short Vowel ‘A’ in Japanese Language that Determines the Meaning as Pronounced by University Students in Indonesia

The research discussed that certain sounds, like the short vowel ‘a’, which was entirely different from the long vowel ‘a’, were specific to Japanese and had distinct meanings from those of Indonesian. As a result, 60 students majoring in Japanese language instruction from six Indonesian universities were interviewed face-to-face and recorded. Native speakers of the Japanese language were requested to record their voices using the short vowel ‘a’ as the students’ sound reference. After that, the students were asked to identify and produce the short vowel ‘a’. PRAAT was then used to analyze the students’ recordings. Additionally, the students’ sounds were contrasted with those of Japanese native speakers. The spectrogram analysis clearly shows that students are still having trouble telling the difference between the long vowel ‘a’ (OBAASAN) and the short vowel ‘a’ (OBAASAN) because they produce significantly longer short vowels ‘a’ that are almost as long as double vowel ‘a’. This is highly likely to occur since Japanese language learners are not taught to deliberately recognize the distinct sounds, such as the long and short vowels ‘a’, that distinguish the language’s meanings. In addition, their low frequency and energy density of pronunciation of the short vowel ‘a’ suggest they are less confident in their pronunciation.

Language acquisition of children aged 2 years in "Kimono mom" YouTube channel

This research discusses the language acquisition of 2-year-old children in terms of phonology and syntax. The purpose of this study is to describe the language acquisition in terms of phonology and syntax of 2-year-old children in Kimono Mom YouTube channel episode 1 to 4. The data source of this research is "Kimono Mom" YouTube channel, episode 1 to episode 4 and the data in the study are utterances expressed by a Japanese child named Sutan who lives with his father and mother in Tokyo, Japan. In his daily life Sutan often communicates with his parents, especially with his mother named Moe. This research is descriptive qualitative research with the method of note taking method and library research. The theory used is the theory of language acquisition in terms of phonology and syntax. The results show that in terms of phonology Sutan can pronounce all vowel sounds except the vowel sound [ɯ]. Sutan can pronounce all consonant sounds perfectly except consonant sounds [ŋ], [ʦ] and [ʣ], as well as consonant sound [ʤ] located at the beginning of the word. In addition, Sutan can pronounce all the special phoneme sounds of Japanese except the double vowel sound (chou boin). In terms of syntax, Sutan can pronounce declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamative sentences according to the context even though they are in the form of short sentences and still rarely use particles and the sentence only reaches the verb.

Differences in a Musician's Advantage for Speech-in-Speech Perception Based on Age and Task

This study investigates the debate that musicians have an advantage in speech-in-noise perception from years of targeted auditory training. We also consider the effect of age on any such advantage, comparing musicians and nonmusicians (age range: 18-66 years), all of whom had normal hearing. We manipulate the degree of fundamental frequency (f o) separation between the competing talkers, as well as use different tasks, to probe attentional differences that might shape a musician's advantage across ages. Participants (ranging in age from 18 to 66 years) included 29 musicians and 26 nonmusicians. They completed two tasks varying in attentional demands: (a) a selective attention task where listeners identify the target sentence presented with a one-talker interferer (Experiment 1), and (b) a divided attention task where listeners hear two vowels played simultaneously and identify both competing vowels (Experiment 2). In both paradigms, f o separation was manipulated between the two voices (Δf o = 0, 0.156, 0.306, 1, 2, 3 semitones). Results show that increasing differences in f o separation lead to higher accuracy on both tasks. Additionally, we find evidence for a musician's advantage across the two studies. In the sentence identification task, younger adult musicians show higher accuracy overall, as well as a stronger reliance on f o separation. Yet, this advantage declines with musicians' age. In the double vowel identification task, musicians of all ages show an across-the-board advantage in detecting two vowels-and use f o separation more to aid in stream separation-but show no consistent difference in double vowel identification. Overall, we find support for a hybrid auditory encoding-attention account of music-to-speech transfer. The musician's advantage includes f o, but the benefit also depends on the attentional demands in the task and listeners' age. Taken together, this study suggests a complex relationship between age, musical experience, and speech-in-speech paradigm on a musician's advantage. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21956777.

Seeking for a Spelling in Arabic Letter Texts Written in Turkish: The Use of Double Vowel Point

Sesin yazıya aktarımı için kullanılan alfabeler uzun uğraşlar neticesinde kabul görmüş sistematik bir düzen barındıran yapılardır. Alfabeler gelişim süreçleri boyunca kısmen değişimlere uğramakla birlikte kullanım yaygınlığı ile paralel olarak donuk, değişime kapalı yapılar hâlini alırlar. Bu yapıların farklı milletler tarafından benimsenmesi durumunda çeşitli sorunlar ortaya çıkabilir. Bunlardan ilki farklı bir medeniyetin alfabesini benimseyen milletlerin kendi seslerini tam olarak yazıya aktarıp aktaramama meselesidir. Türkler arasında en uzun süre kullanılan Arap alfabesi sıklıkla Türkçenin seslerini tam olarak yansıtamadığı gerekçesiyle eleştirilir. Bununla birlikte Arap alfabesi kullanımıyla süreç içerisinde oluşturulan kalıplaşmış imla geleneği de dönemin telaffuzunu yansıt(a)maz. Bundan dolayı Arap harfli metinlerde zaman zaman müellif ve müstensihlerin kalıplaşmış imla gelenekleri dışına çıkma girişimlerine şahit oluruz. Aynı harfi çift hareke ile işaretleme bizce bu girişimlerden biridir. Bu makalede Türkçe yazılmış Arap harfli metinlerde çift hareke kullanımlarına dikkat çekmeye çalışılmıştır.

중국인 학습자의 한국어 모음 지각양상 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to provide basic data on Korean vowel listening education by identifying perceptual error patterns by gender, Korean proficiency, and initial consonant through listening experiments of Chinese Korean learners, and analyzing the association between simple and double vowels. Methods To this end, a total of 30 subjects, 15 Chinese men and women in their 20s and 30s who speak the Chinese standard language, were selected as subjects, and listening experiments by gender, Korean proficiency, and initial consonant were conducted. Results As a result of the study, first, it was found that the gender of Chinese learners did not affect the Korean vowel perception error. Second, /ㅗ/ and /ㅛ/ did not improve errors even in intermediate and advanced levels. And in the case of /ㅓ/ and /ㅕ/, the frequency of perceptual errors in intermediate and advanced levels was higher than that of beginners. Third, Chinese learners generally had the most simple vowel perception errors in initial consonants /ㅎ/, but in the case of simple and double vowels, there were no regularity of incorrectly perceiving certain vowels by replacing them with other vowels was found. Fourth, Chinese learners had many errors in perception of /ㅗ/, so there were many errors in perception of /ㅛ/ and since it is difficult to discriminate between the simple vowels /ㅗ/ and /ㅜ/, it is also difficult to discriminate between the double vowels /ㅛ/ and /ㅠ/. Conclusions Chinese learners should be guided to listen to Korean vowels by referring to the types of vowel perceptual errors in this study.

A contrastive study on the production of double vowels in Mandarin

Abstract The concept of ‘global village’ has linked all countries in the world as a whole. The exchanges and cooperation between different countries in politics, economy, culture, and education are becoming more and more frequent. To master a language, the study of its pronunciation is crucial. Based on the above considerations, this paper uses the Chinese pronunciation corpus of 30 learners and 10 Chinese native speakers as basic data to discuss the pronunciation patterns of learners’ mandarin diphthongs and their similarities to standard pronunciations. In this paper, by using the theory and methods of experimental phonetics, comparative analysis and error analysis, we exam and analyse the acoustic features of different levels of learners in the learning process, and the pronunciation and bias of learners’ mandarin diphthongs are obtained. From the experimental results, it can be seen that all three groups of learners have some difficulties in pronunciation of mandarin diphthongs. In particular, the learners have the greatest differences to standard pronunciations when pronouncing the diphthongs [ua] and [uo]. And some important rules and conclusions are summarised through experiments. This provides an important reference for learners to solve the problems of diphthongs pronunciation in Chinese speech synthesis and recognition.

A Study on the Place Name Notation of Jindo-gun in the Joseonjijijaryo(朝鮮地誌資料)

This study aimed to investigate place name notations where correspondence was found between Chinese characters and Korean recorded in Jindo-gun of The 『JoseonjijiJaryo』. For this study, original texts were classified according to kinds and errors in notations were corrected. Then, notations of multi-place names where correspondence was found between Chinese characters and Korean were investigated and phonological phenomena and dialects reflected in place names were interpreted. It was assumed that erroneous notation was caused by simple errors in recording in consideration of correspondence of Chinese characters to Korean. However, misspelling and phonological phenomena were differentiated from notations reflecting dialects. Notation of proper place names in Chinese characters was made by the borrowed notation. Place names were divided into front part and rear part to interpret the borrowed notation. Chinese reading, phonetic notation, Korean reading and meaning borrowing were used. In Korean and Chinese place names, addition or omission were investigated. In respect to the notation of monophthongized ‘ae’, ‘ʌy[]’ was actively used in notation of native words. In the notation of final consonants, ‘siot’ appeared as the realization type of [t] and inter siot rarely appeared. When ‘eo[ㅓ] and woo[ㅜ]’ were connected under siot[ㅅ], jieut[ㅈ], and chieut[ㅊ], they were notated 􋺷조선지지자료(朝鮮地志資料)􋺸 진도군의 지명 표기 고찰 37 as diphthongs while when double vowels were connected, they were not notated as diphthongs. Word-Initial Glottalization was found in ‘Ssak’ of Sark(meaning a wildcat) and ‘Ssa’ of Sai(meaning between). Notation of word-initial consonant clusters were used for ‘, ,  and ’, and ‘ and ’ were reflections of word-initial glottalization while ‘ and ’ were notations of fortis. In addition, diverse phonological phenomena appeared although it was only in part of the relevant records; k[ㄱ]-palatalization, liquidization, Umlaut, substitution of monphthong and monophthongization of diphthong. Jeonnam dialects appearing in place names were Bangae[碓], Daepori[竹葉], Galmi[鷗], Borigʌy[連枷/連耞], Bawu[巖], Speol[鹵], Dere[野], Gat[邊], Solki[鳶], Dolpak[石], Naet[川], Won[堰] and Yeoleol[十日].

Respecting te reo Māori in botanical nomenclature: the use of long vowels replacing tohutō (macrons) and the case of kūmarahou

ABSTRACT Tohutō (macrons) or long vowels when used in te reo Māori assist with the correct pronunciation and spelling of words and in providing their meaning. When te reo is used in the formation of botanical names, the International Code of Nomenclature rules state that diacritical signs are to be transcribed into Latin letters; therefore, the long vowel ‘ā’ would become the double vowel ‘aa’. Critique of 180 te reo botanical epithets used in the naming of the Aotearoa / New Zealand flora shows that 30 epithets are based on words with long vowels and in one case only has a double vowel replaced the tohutō. In 29 cases the tohutō has been replaced by a single vowel, with the potential to make the te reo epithet meaningless or with a different meaning from that intended. To ensure te reo words are treated appropriately in botanical nomenclature, it is recommended that tohutō are replaced with long vowels prior to being Latinised as nomenclatural epithets. A case study examines a proposal submitted to the International Botanical Congress to conserve ‘Pomaderris kumarahou’, based on the te reo vernacular name kūmarahou, as the correct name for P. kumeraho A.Cunn., whose possible meaning is considered vulgar. Tohutō are an important component of these names. The proposed name to be conserved ‘P. kumarahou’ has not used a long vowel to replace the tohutō, and the transcription of kūmarahou that reflects the Māori name would be ‘kuumarahou’. The epithet P. kumeraho combines kūmera with ho, and if correctly transcribed would be kuumeraho. The suggested vulgar word kumeraho combines kume and raho, lacks tohutō, and following recommendations of the Māori Language Commission, can be spelt as kume raho. It is concluded the evidence presented in support of conserving the species epithet ‘P. kumarahou’ is insufficient.

Pemerolehan Fonologi Bahasa Indonesia Anak Laki-Laki Usia 4 (Empat) Tahun

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pemerolehan fonologi berupa pemerolehan vokal, konsonan, dan diftong. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus yang diperoleh seorang laki-laki berusia 4 tahun. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa IHA (kepanjangannya) telah memperoleh fonem vokal lengkap di usia 4 (empat) tahun dan sebagian besar bunyi konsonan juga telah diperoleh. Bunyi vokal rangkap atau diftong juga telah ia kuasai. Sementara bunyi frikatif [f], bunyi getar [r] belum dikuasainya sampai usia 4 (empat) tahun. Uniknya, IHA memiliki pola tersendiri jika menemukan konsonan /l/ dan konsonan /r/ yang terletak pada akhir kata. IHA akan menggantinya dengan fonem //ŋ//. Ini terjadi karena speech motor yang IHA miliki belum lengkap atau belum berkembang dengan sempurna

노화에 따른 발화 시 입술움직임의 변화: 이중모음을 중심으로*

This study investigated the change in lip movement during speech according to aging. For the study, 15 elderly women with an average of 69 years and 15 young women with an average of 22 years were selected. To measure the movement of the lips, the ratio between the minimum point and the maximum point of movement when pronouncing a double vowel was analyzed in pixel units using image analysis software. For clinical utility, the software was produced by applying an automated algorithm and compared with the results of handwork. This study found that the range of the width and length of lips in double vowel tasks was smaller for the elderly than that of the young. A strong positive correlation was found between manual and automated methods, indicating that both methods are useful for extracting lip contours. Based on the above results, it was found that the range of the lips decreased when ignited as aging progressed. Therefore, monitoring the condition of lip performance by simply measuring the movement of lips before aging progresses, and performing exercises to maintain lip range, will prevent pronunciation problems caused by aging.

Implementation Of Contrastive Analysis To Overcome The Difficulties of Learning English Pronunciation Sub-Skill

This research was conducted to investigate and understand pronunciation problems, which is the sub-skill of speaking in the first semester students of the UPR FKIP English Education Study Program through contrastive analysis. The purpose of this study was to analyze pronunciation errors in English words and the causes of the errors made by students who were the research subjects. The design used in this study to present the data is descriptive qualitative. The results of data analysis were classified into consonant errors (consonants), vowels (vowels), and vowels (diphthongs) and the causes why these errors occured.
 Based on the results of data analysis, the English segmental sounds that were difficult to pronounce by students of the English Education Study Program semester I in the academic year 2020/2021 were (1) long vowels or tense vowels (i:, u:, ?:, ?:, ?:]; (2) short vowels soundor lax vowels low vowel sound [æ], and neutral vowel (schwa) [?]; (3) the sound of diphthongs (double vowels), namely rising diphthongs [??] and falling diphthongs [??], [e?], and [??]; and (4) fricative consonant sounds [f, v, z, ?, ð, ?, ?].
 The causes of difficulty in learning pronunciation of English segmental sounds are (1) differences in Indonesian and English sound systems and (2) lack of knowledge of the English sound system.

VARIATION OF CASE SUFFIXES IN THE MODERN UDMURT LANGUAGE

The paper deals with variable case suffixes having double vowel, differing by the presence/absence of a coaffix - ла and the presence/absence of an anlaut vowel. On the material of the Udmurt language Corpus the quantitative ratio of variable suffixes is revealed and the conditions of functioning of non-standard suffixes in the modern Udmurt language are analyzed. Suffixes that differ in vowels have instrumental, prolative and illative. Comparison of the degree of variation of suffixes showed that in the modern Udmurt language the process of unification of instrumental vocalization continues. The number of nouns accepting the instrumental exponent only with the vowel ы decreases; in parallel, the number of nouns admitting the suffix with double vowel and only with the vowel э increases. The variable suffixes of prolative and illative allow separate nouns with a variable root morpheme, which is represented by allomorphs differing by the presence/absence of a vowel ( кенос/кенс- ‘barn’, сэрег / сэрг- ‘corner’, etc.), and allomorphs differing by the presence/absence of a final consonant к ( кус/куск - ‘loin’, нюлэс/нюлэск - ‘forest’, etc.). Only related root allomorphs accept the suffix with vowel - ы . Variable suffixes, differing by the presence/absence of the coaffix -ла , allow open toponyms in illative ( -ла ~ -e ), inessive ( -лан ~ -ын ), elative ( -лась ~ -ысь ), egressive ( -ласен ~ -ысен ). In the modern Udmurt language, the correlation between variable suffixes is approximately equal, but there is a tendency to displace suffixes with coaffix -ла by standard suffixes. Individual nouns ending in a , ( корка ‘ouse, hut’, куа , куала ‘anctuary; summer kitchen’ кунокуа ‘otel’) in inessive ( -н ~ -ын ), elative ( -сь ~ -ысь ), egressive ( -сен ~ -ысен ) and prolative ( -тü ~ -етü ) allow variable suffixes, differing by the presence/absence of a vowel, illative has a suffix -е and zero morpheme. The degree of variation of suffixes depends on lexical and semantic conditions. Formants without anlaut vowel remain the preferred with the lexeme корка ‘house, hut’. It is established that in the modern Udmurt language the relation between variable forms changes, the sphere of functioning of all types of non-standard suffixes decreases. The variability of suffixes testifies to rather long preservation of proto-linguistic morphonological features and slow intra-linguistic unification of case suffixes.

Lupe Vélez and her spicy visual “accent” in English-language print media

This article analyzes the visual linguistic “accent” of Mexican film actor Lupe Velez in US English-language fan magazines from 1928 to 1941. The form in which Velez was quoted in fan magazines, with a Spanish-inflected English (SIE) “accent,” is telling of how language can racialize, exotify, and gender bodies by representing linguistic differences through text. Some visual techniques used to emphasize Velez’s foreignness were italicizing certain words, publishing words with missing consonants, and adding double vowels to represented speech. With a feminist critical discourse analysis (FCDA), Velez’s “accent” not only shows readers the gendered and racialized side effects of this form of representation but also reminds readers of the continual form in which media categorizes Mexican women in the United States.

ANALISIS KOMPARATIF ANTARA BAHASA JAMEE (ACEH) DAN BAHASA MINANGKABAU (BUKITTINGGI)

The problems in this study are the differences in phonology, lexical, morphology, and syntactic structure between Jamee (Aceh) and Minangkabau (Bukittinggi). The aim of this research is to know the difference of phonology, lexical, morphology, and syntactic structure between Jamee language and Minangkabau Bukittinggi language. The method used in this research was descriptive with qualitative approach. Data were collected by observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data sources in this research were 5 speakers of Jamee language and 5 speakers of Minangkabau Bukittingi language. the data analysis procedures were data selection, data classification, and data presentation. The results of research in this article phonological differences, there were / ɛ / and / ɔ / in vocal system of Jamee, / a / while vocal system of Minangkabau Bukittinggi language and Jamee / ɣ / or / R / language consonant system, while Minangkabau Bukittinggi language / r /, then there were pronunciation differences include single vowels, double vowels, and consonants. These differences consist of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. For affixation, the difference lies in the insertion (infix) -al-, -ar- in Jamee and -am-, -um- in Minangkabau Bukittinggi. The suffixes (suffixes) -en, -ken in Jamee, -in the Minangkabau language of Bukittinggi, and the ends (confix) there were me-ken, me-en, ma-kan, ma-an in Minangkabau language Bukittinggi, except prefixes. The prefixes of the two languages have similarity. The differences was also seen from word classification in verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerelia, and adverbs. In terms of the type of word repetition there was no difference only in the form of words or basic words only, while the sentence structure of the two languages have in similarities.

Brainstem correlates of concurrent speech identification in adverse listening conditions

When two voices compete, listeners can segregate and identify concurrent speech sounds using pitch (fundamental frequency, F0) and timbre (harmonic) cues. Speech perception is also hindered by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). How clear and degraded concurrent speech sounds are represented at early, pre-attentive stages of the auditory system is not well understood. To this end, we measured scalp-recorded frequency-following responses (FFR) from the EEG while human listeners heard two concurrently presented, steady-state (time-invariant) vowels whose F0 differed by zero or four semitones (ST) presented diotically in either clean (no noise) or noise-degraded (+5dB SNR) conditions. Listeners also performed a speeded double vowel identification task in which they were required to identify both vowels correctly. Behavioral results showed that speech identification accuracy increased with F0 differences between vowels, and this perceptual F0 benefit was larger for clean compared to noise degraded (+5dB SNR) stimuli. Neurophysiological data demonstrated more robust FFR F0 amplitudes for single compared to double vowels and considerably weaker responses in noise. F0 amplitudes showed speech-on-speech masking effects, along with a non-linear constructive interference at 0ST, and suppression effects at 4ST. Correlations showed that FFR F0 amplitudes failed to predict listeners’ identification accuracy. In contrast, FFR F1 amplitudes were associated with faster reaction times, although this correlation was limited to noise conditions. The limited number of brain-behavior associations suggests subcortical activity mainly reflects exogenous processing rather than perceptual correlates of concurrent speech perception. Collectively, our results demonstrate that FFRs reflect pre-attentive coding of concurrent auditory stimuli that only weakly predict the success of identifying concurrent speech.

Tahlil al-Akhtha’ al-Shautiyyah li al-Kalimat al-Thayyibat fi Hayat al-Muslimin (Dirasah Tahliliyyah Shautiyyah)

This research aims to explain the sound error al-kalimāh aṭ-ṭayyibah, vowels and consonants. The research conducted at UIN Yogyakarta. Sources of data obtained from Arabic Linguistic Studies of Post Graduate Students in UIN Yogyakarta. The method used is descriptive-qualitative with case study approach. Data collection of this research used interviewing, taking notes, and recordings. This research shows that the mistakes found in vowels; either short, long, and double vowel sound. Fatḥah(َ) sounds /a/ becomes /o./ Ḍammah(ُ) sounds /u/ becomes /o/, /ū/, dan sukūn/ْ./ Kasrah(ِ) sounds /i/ becomes /e./ Syaddah(ّ) which read double will be not double. Fatḥah(َ) which followed alif(ا), it sounds /ā/ and becomes /a./ Fatḥah(َ) which followed alif(ا) dan tilda(~) above it, it sounds /ā/ and becomes /a./ Fatḥah(َ) which followed wawu sukūn(وْ), sounds /au/ and becomes /ao./ Fatḥah(َ) which followed ya’ sukūn(يْ), sounds /ai/ and becomes /ei./ The error sound of the consonants, consonant phoneme sound ع/‘/ becomes ا/’/, ح/ḥ/ becomes ه/h/ and ك/k/, ظ/ẓ/ becomes ز/z/ and ج/j/, ش/sy/ becomes س/s/, ق/q/ becomes ك/k/, ذ/ż/ becomes ظ/ẓ/ and د/d/, ت/t/ becomes ط/ṭ./ The sound of the vowels and consonants errors occur due to there is link between language with speakers.

Liber constitutionum dominikanów krakowskich z lat 1273–1318. Edycja tekstu

The article discusses the history and presents the Latin edition of the manuscript of Liber constitutionum Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum in the collections of the Archive of the Polish Dominican Province in Cracow (call no. ADK XIII.21). Familiarity with this monument is essential for at least three reasons. First, it is the only known manuscript belonging to the thirteenth-century resources of the Dominican library in Cracow. Secondly, it is part of a group of six thirteenth-century Dominican Constitution Books in the world; finally, in the thirteenth century and the first quarter of the fourteenth century the manuscript was frequently corrected and supplemented by a number of Dominican scribes. The author demonstrated that the titular manuscript served the brethren from the Cracow community for at least 44 years – after it was recorded in the wake of the general chapter in Buda in 1273 to the introduction of the last regular records following the general chapter in Lyon in 1318. This particular edition of Liber constitutionum is considered a simple edition, meaning that it has been prepared on the basis of an only known manuscript and its main purpose is to familiarise the reader with the preserved document. In this edition, I have used medieval style of writing characterised by the following: instead of double vowels ae or oe, a single e is used; the division into the lower-case vowel u and the consonant v is reduced to a single vowel u, whereas the distinction between the above two is respected in capital letters. For the sake of clarity of the critical apparatus, we include only those cases which are important from the point of view of text criticism and a few interventions on the part of the publisher, such as corrections, complementary remarks, etc.