Double Template Research Articles

A hierarchical porous Fe3O4-COOH@H-ZIF-67 composite as magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for benzimidazole pesticides

A hierarchical porous structural magnetic zeolite imidazolate framework-67 composite (Fe3O4-COOH@H-ZIF-67) was prepared through directly mixing the H-ZIF-67 and glutaric anhydride functionalized Fe3O4 nanospheres, of which the H-ZIF-67 was synthesized through a double template pore size regulation method. The successful preparation of Fe3O4-COOH@H-ZIF-67 composite was confirmed based on the material characterization using different techniques. The prepared composite was applied in the efficient removal of four benzimidazole pesticides (BZDs) in water using magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) process. The results of static and dynamic adsorption experiments indicate that the adsorption of BZDs on Fe3O4-COOH@H-ZIF-67 follow pseudo-second-order kinetics, the Langmuir model fitted well with the adsorption data (R2 are all higher than 0.9969), and the maximum adsorption capacity for BZDs are 7.44–31.11 mg/g. Meanwhile, the adsorption mechanism study indicate that both hydrogen bonding and coordination play important roles during the adsorption process of BZDs. Finally, the developed MSPE method was combined with HPLC analysis and applied in the removal of BZDs from simulated pesticides wastewater. The removal rate was 82.76–96.18 %, and the treated samples met the requirements of the maximum residue limits of CBZ in the national standard GB 21523–2008. In addition, the adsorbent can be used at least three times and the extraction efficiency changed within 3 % after being stored in dry atmosphere at room temperature for 90 days. The results of this work manifested that Fe3O4-COOH@H-ZIF-67 composite can be used for removal and analysis of BZDs in complex samples.

Hollow-structured and nano-flower shaped high entropy layer double hydroxide for superiority specific capacitance and rate capability of supercapacitor

High entropy hydroxide as electrode materials has been widely studied in the field of supercapacitors, but due to the limited active site and poor conductivity, it usually shows poor specific capacity and magnification performance, which seriously limit its development in the field of supercapacitors. In this work, a hollow-structured and nano-flower shaped high entropy layer double hydroxide was synthesized by the double template method combined with nano-etching to achieve superiority specific capacitance and rate capability of supercapacitor. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that the specific capacitance of this novel electrode material is as high as 1820.1 F·g−1. In particular, after the current density was increased by 40 times, the specific capacitance can reach 1140.2 F·g−1, and its electrochemical performance is higher than most of high entropy electrode materials reported so far. More importantly, the S-HE-LDH//AC HSC was constructed with the material as the electrode. It has an energy density of 74.2 Wh·kg−1 at 475 W·kg−1 power density. After 5000 cycles, the specific capacitance of the HSC device can still maintain 90.8 % of its initial value. These results indicate that the electrochemical properties of LDHs can be effectively improved by the combination of microstructure adjustment and electronic structure optimization.

Encapsulation of Hydrophobic-but-Not-Lipophilic Perfluoro Liquids Based on a Self-Assembled Double Emulsion Template via Solvent Evaporation Method.

The facile encapsulation of perfluoro liquids that are hydrophobic but not lipophilic into liposomes or microcapsules presents a significant challenge in the fields of biomedicine, dynamic optics, functional chemical applications, etc. This is due to their chemical inertness and physical immiscibility, particularly those with low boiling points. In this study, a novel strategy based on a double emulsion template via solvent evaporation is proposed after investigating the mechanism of three-phase emulsion systems. The perfluoro liquid droplets can be easily emulsified into a polymer solution as the second emulsion layer, where the polymer shell is formed during solvent evaporation in the continuum medium under proper processing controls. The morphology of particles is predictable and fits well with the linear model derived from Neumann's triangle in three-phase systems. Furthermore, a comprehensive study on the encapsulation of perfluoro ketone, which is widely used as a green fire extinguisher agent, is conducted as an example. The encapsulated perfluoro ketone showed instant thermal response upon heating while maintaining a good shelf life at room temperature. The remarkable fire suppression performance exhibited great potential for practical applications. This work offers more insight into the encapsulation of "naughty" perfluorinated chemicals and provides more possibilities for extended applications.

Double template synthesis of N/S co-doped shrimp shell derived biochar for efficient sulfadiazine degradation: The role of non-radical pathway

In this work, waste shrimp shells were used to synthesize N/S-co-doped biochar nanomaterials (BC-NS) by simple hard template and soft template. Through the cooperative effect of adsorption and degradation, the BC-NS/PMS system could remove 100 % of SDZ within 30 min. The combination of soft and hard templates produces hierarchical porous structure and provides more reactive sites. The radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements (EPR) illustrated that the non-radical 1O2 was the dominant reactive oxidative species (ROS) in the BC-NS/PMS system. By density functional theory (DFT) computation, it demonstrated that graphitic N and pyridinic N were the main reactive sites of BC-NS. Finally, intermediate products of SDZ have been identified and four possible pathways for the degradation of SDZ were proposed. Consequently, a novel synthesis strategy of metal-free biochar materials was proposed in this study, which broadened a new prospect for the application of metal-free biochar materials in SR-AOPs.

Degradable biporous polymeric networks based on 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane: Towards hierarchically structured materials meant for biomedical applications

For the first time, the preparation of doubly porous “poly(ε-caprolactone)-like” networks through free-radical ring-opening copolymerization of 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane with divinyl adipate was achieved via a double porogen templating approach. This versatile strategy allowed for the formation of macropores of around 150 μm generated by removal of sieved and sintered NaCl particles in water, while smaller pores in the 1–10 μm range were created by phase separation during the copolymerization process through a syneresis mechanism in the presence of a porogenic solvent. The chemical nature of the as-obtained scaffolds was evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. The two distinct porosity levels could be examined by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The nature of the porogenic solvent as well as its volume proportion and the amount of crosslinking agent in the polymerization feed allowed for finely tuning the porous features of the micropores. The crucial role of the double porosity of such biporous scaffolds on their water uptake and mechanical properties under compression was assessed by comparing them with their monoporous analogues, while their degradability was investigated in different alkaline aqueous media. The double porosity enabled a synergistic effect regarding the water uptake of the resulting scaffolds when compared to their monoporous counterparts. Doubly porous polymeric materials with appropriate mechanical properties were obtained, possessing high compressibility and shape memory behavior upon consecutive compression cycles. Finally, these materials display degradation rates that could be controlled depending on medium pH.

Construction of silicon-rich hollow nanotubes embedded in hierarchical SSZ-13 and enhanced SCR high-temperature activity

The meso-channel structure of the SSZ-13 molecular sieve can both slightly speed up the diffusion of reactants or products and lower the chance of pore blockage. Micro-mesoporous SSZ-13 was constructed using hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the hard template. CNTs not only introduced silica-rich and aluminum-poor hollow nanotubes to SSZ-13, but also shortened the crystallization period of SSZ-13 by no less than 24 h. SSZ-13–0.04 underwent a “crystallization-dissolution-re-crystallization” process during the 24th and 96th hours of crystallization. Compared with the conventional SSZ-13, the SSZ-13 constructed with adamantane-carbon nanotubes as the double template showed better adsorption capacity for NO, stronger acidity, and higher SCR high-temperature activity.

Sensitive sensing of GLA and ISL based on highly conductivity nitrogen-doped carbon synergistic dual-template molecularly imprinted ratiometric electrochemical sensor

A novel ratiometric Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical sensor for the specific marker of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. was developed in this work. To achieve simultaneous detection of two analytes on one sensor, we constructed a double template molecular imprinted electrochemical sensor with glabridin (GLA) and isoliquiritin (ISL) as templates. Further, Ferrocene/ZIF-8 (Fc/ZIF-8) composites were prepared via a one-pot solvothermal reaction and coated on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the oxidation of Fc was presented as the internal reference signal. Nitrogen-doped carbon (NOC) with high conductivity was further loaded on the modified GCE. Based on theoretical exploration and computer directional simulation of density functional theory (DFT), the optimal functional monomer and the best ratio of double template molecules to functional monomer were screened. Under optimal conditions, the sensor produced electrochemical curves when exposed to a solution containing GLA and ISL. As the concentration of GLA and ISL increased, the peak current intensity of GLA and ISL (IGLA and IISL) also increased, while the peak current intensity of Fc (as a reference signal) remained relatively constant. The values of IGLA/IFc and IISL/IFc showed excellent linear relationships with GLA and ISL concentrations in the range of 0.1–160 μM and 0.5–150 μM, respectively. The detection limits were 0.052 μM and 0.27 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. Due to the imprinting effect of MIP and the existence of a reference signal, the sensor exhibited excellent selectivity and anti-interference ability and was successfully applied to the quality evaluation of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Adsorptive removal of uranium from aqueous solution using magnetic hydroxyapatite

High efficiency and easy separation adsorbents are important for the treatment of uranium-containing wastewater, but still face challenges. In this paper, a new effective adsorbent for uranium removal from wastewater, i.e., PEG-β-CD-nHA@Fe3O4 composite, was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction using iron doping and in-situ co-precipitation method, in which polyethylene glycol (PEG) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were used as double templates to mediate the synthesis process. The results showed that the morphology and magnetic property of the composite were significantly improved. The adsorption capacity reached 928.46 mg/g, and the composite could be quickly magnetically separated after U(Ⅵ) adsorption. U(Ⅵ) adsorption performance was obviously affected by adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and U(VI) concentration. Pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Sips models could accurately fit adsorption experimental data, indicating that it was chemisorption, in which –OH and PO43- played an important role. U(VI) ions were adsorbed and fixed through complexation, precipitation and ion exchange. The results indicated that PEG-β-CD-nHA@Fe3O4 composite was a green, efficient and easily separated adsorbent for U(VI) removal.

Supercapacitance Performance of Mesoporous Mono- and Bi-Metallic Cobalt and Nickel Hydroxides Nanoflakes Chemically Deposited from Foam-Surfactant Liquid Crystal Dual Templates

Mesoporous 2D nanoflakes architectures of mono- and bi-metallic cobalt and nickel hydroxide (meso-Co-Ni(OH)2) hybrids were synthesized using novel chemical precipitation of foam-surfactant liquid crystal dual template (FSDT). The dissolved cobalt and nickel ions within the aqueous region of the Brij®78 surfactant template was reduced by the excess of sodium borohydride reducing agent that simultaneously generates excessive hydrogen foam as a double template. The physicochemical characterizations of the mono- and bi-metallic nanostructured Co-Ni(OH)2 hybrids performed using X-ray diffraction, surface area analyzer, scanning and transmission electrons microscopic techniques showed the formation of highly mesoporous hydroxides 2D nanoflakes architectures having an amorphous structure and surface area up to 253.50 m2/g. The electrochemical and supercapacitance evaluation of the mono-, and bi-metallic mesoporous hydroxides showed excellent Faradaic supercapacitance performance within a wider potential window and a higher charge and discharge rate. In particular the mesoporous monometallic of Co(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, bimetallic Co-Ni(OH)2 with Co/Ni ratios of (1:1), and (1:3), hydroxides showed total capacitances of 204, 869, 943, and 1384, F/g at charging current density of 5.0 A g−1 respectively and capacity retention rate of approximately 99.4% after 300 cycles. This suggests that these materials hold promise as electrode materials for energy storage applications.

(Invited) Mesoporous Metallic Materials Electrodeposited from Polymeric Micelle Assemblies for Energy Applications

The surfactant-assisted electrodeposition is an effective means to obtain high-quality mesoporous materials in a rather simple synthesis approach. Commercial or home-made block copolymers can be dissolved in aqueous media above their critical micelle concentration to serve as a soft template in the so-called electrodeposition from polymeric micelle assemblies or micelle-assisted electrodeposition in short [1]. The nanoscale porosity of the resulting films, which extends throughout the whole surface and entire film thickness, endow them with large surface-to-volume (S/V) ratios. Such large S/V ratios are particularly amenable for (electro)catalytic applications and, whenever the alloy presents ferromagnetic properties, for magnetoelectric purposes. In our group, mesoporous Cu-Ni, Co-Pt, Ni-Pt and Fe-Pt alloys with pore size around 10 nm have been electrodeposited from Pluronic P-123 containing solutions [2-4]. Similarly, mesoporous Ni films with larger pore diameters (25 - 600 nm) have been deposited using custom-made PS-b-P4VP block copolymer micelles [5]. Even, the double template approach can be utilized to obtain, for example, matrices of mesoporous Co-Pt microdisks when the micelle-assisted electrodeposition is performed on optically lithographed substrates [6], or nanoporous Fe-Pd nanowires using anodized alumina and P-123 as hard and soft templates, respectively [7]. The introduction of an equilibration time between electrolyte preparation and deposition has been determined key in some cases to consistently reproduce the films mesoporosity [8].The electrodeposited mesoporous metallic materials exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in either acid or alkaline media compared to their dense counterparts [3]. In addition, their durability is not severely compromised in spite of the much larger surface exposed to the media. On the other hand, modulation of their magnetic properties with voltage is also possible when these films are electrolyte-gated in aprotic polar solvents like propylene carbonate. The intense electric field strength created at the film / electrolyte interface thanks to the built-in electric double layer allows for tuning of the coercivity (HC) or the saturation magnetization upon voltage application by virtue of different, but often concomitant, mechanisms taking place, like charge carrier accumulation and oxygen migration [6,9]. Variations greater than 30% in HC have been achieved.In this talk I will summarize the main synthesis-wise milestones achieved during the research in the field and the benefits brought by mesoporous alloys to electrocatalysis and magnetoelectricity.[1] C. Li et al. Acc. Chem. Res. 51 (2018) 1764[2] J. Zhang et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 14877[3] K. Eiler et al. Appl. Cat. B 265 (2020) 118597[4] E. Isarain‐Chávez et al. ChemSusChem 11 (2018) 367[5] R. Fagotto Clavijo et al. Cat. Today, in press.[6] C. Navarro-Senent et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 44897[7] D. Raj et al. Nanomaterials 13 (2023) 403[8] C. Navarro-Senent et al. Electrochim. Acta 358 (2020) 136940[9] C. Navarro-Senent et al. APL Materials 7 (2019) 030701

Electrochemical sensing of monoterpene phenols in plant essential oils using a molecularly imprinted polymer dual-template sensor

Monoterpene phenols are naturally occurring aromatic compounds found in plant essential oils, contributing to their distinct flavors, fragrances, and medicinal properties. Thymol and carvacrol, major constituents of thyme and oregano essential oils, have garnered significant attention due to their diverse biological activities. Here, we propose the development of a novel double template molecular imprinted electrochemical sensor (DT-MIP sensor) for the selective and simultaneous detection of thymol and carvacrol. The sensor's performance was optimized by varying the quantity of functional monomer, cross-linker, and template molecules during MIP synthesis. The DT-MIP sensor demonstrated superior recognition properties and high sensitivity, with detection limits of 0.11 μM for carvacrol and 0.24 μM for thymol. Selectivity tests confirmed minimal interference from potential interfering agents. GC-MS analysis validated the sensor's accuracy in detecting thymol and carvacrol concentrations in thyme and oregano essential oils. The simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and portability of the DT-MIP sensor offer promising applications in food quality control, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics.

Magnetic open porous microspheres via high internal phase emulsion templating as efficient Pb adsorption material

Emulsion templating enables the synthesis of hierarchically porous polymers. By adding another phase to this process and therefore, creating a multiple emulsion templating method, it is possible to synthesise hierarchically porous microspheres. In this study water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion templating was used to prepare porous microspheres by utilising thiol-ene click chemistry. For this trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate were used. To the monomer phase magnetic nanoparticles were added to synthesise polyHIPE microspheres with magnetic properties. The higher magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) content also affected the morphology and microsphere size. With increasing MNPs content the bead diameter decreased, while the diameter of the primary pores of the cross-section increased. However, while the MNPs influenced the morphology, the chemical composition was not influenced. The microspheres were used for the removal of Pb2+. From a 2.9 mg/L solution up to 97.0% of Pb was removed after 24 h.

A novel differential ratiometric molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for determination of sulfadiazine in food samples

Herein, we report a novel differential ratiometric molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor for sulfadiazine (SDZ). An MIP membrane with double templates, SDZ and propyl gallate (PG), was fabricated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by CuInS2/ZnS nanocomposites. After adding PG in the samples as the reference, the current differences between MIP@CuInS2/ZnS/GCE and non-imprinted polymer@CuInS2/ZnS/GCE at the potentials of 0.18 V (ΔIPG) and 0.92 V (ΔISDZ) were measured. The ratio of ΔISDZ/ΔIPG was used for SDZ determination in the differential and ratiometric dual-mode. The influence of the variations in electrode modification and sample enrichment conditions on the determination of SDZ can be suppressed by 2.8 ∼ 13.2-fold, enhancing the reproducibility and stability of the MIP sensor. The interference level was reduced by one order of magnitude compared with the normal MIP mode. The proposed sensors were used to determine SDZ in food samples, with the detection limit of 2.1 nM.

Fine-tuning formulation and biological interaction of doxorubicin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles via electrolyte concentration modulation

Doxorubicin (DOX) is amongst the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs against various cancers. However, its controlled biodistribution to the tumor site at the required pharmacokinetics profile remains challenging. In this work, a vast study of formulation parameters has been performed to control doxorubicin loading into polymeric nanoparticles in physiological conditions. Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) template emulsions have been formulated, including doxorubicin in the internal water phase. Specifically, the system [Doxorubicin in aqueous solution (W1) / Pluronic F-127 (S) and PLGA in ethyl acetate (O)], [Polysorbate 80 (S) in water solution], using phosphate buffer on both aqueous phases at different electrolyte concentrations has been established. The first W1/O nano-emulsion was formed by high-speed homogenization, and the second O/W2 nano-emulsion was formed by the phase inversion composition method, a low-energy emulsification appropriated for pharmaceutical compounds. Although many previous studies had already used double emulsions for DOX encapsulation in nanofluids, here, for the first time, the salt concentration of the water phases has been varied to control the resulting doxorubicin and nanoparticle properties. The addition of high concentrations of electrolytes in both aqueous phases decreases the solubility and dissolution rates of the drug, leading to a high degree of DOX dimerization. This phenomenon significantly impacts the internalization and subcellular localization. Facilitating drug nuclear accumulation is of vital interest, and this is primarily achieved when doxorubicin is incorporated into nanoparticles formulated with PBS at low electrolyte concentrations (2.5 mM), which exhibit exceptional internalization properties. Thus, it has been demonstrated that doxorubicin loading in polymeric nanoparticles can be tuned by only varying salt concentrations of template W1/O/W2 emulsions. Consequently, our results show the adequacy of the double nano-emulsion templating for the generation of non-toxic DOX-loaded polymeric nanoparticles with different physicochemical properties and interaction with the cell surface that would allow their use for various anticancer therapies.

Controllable Synthesis of Hollow Silica Nanoparticles Using Layered Double Hydroxide Templates and Application for Thermal Insulation Coating.

The innovative hollow silica nanoparticle (HSN) material possesses substantial potential for application in the insulation field. The size and shell thickness of HSN are crucial factors in determining their inherent properties, which, in turn, impact their applicability. This research presents a facile approach to synthesizing HSN in which sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) was utilized as the silica precursor that can be directly deposited onto layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles without the utilization of any surfactant. A subsequent acid treatment was used to eliminate the templates, resulting in the formation of an HSN devoid of mesopores in silica shells. By utilizing various sizes of LDH cores, obtainable via coprecipitation followed by hydrothermal treatment, we were capable of successfully synthesizing the hollow particles with adjustable diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm. In addition, the shell thickness is varied from 6.8 to 22.5 nm by varying the silicate solution concentration. Results demonstrate that prepared HSNs have low thermal conductivity and high reflectance in the UV-vis-NIR range (averaging 82.1%). These findings suggest that HSN can be utilized as an effective inorganic filler in the formulation of reflective and thermally insulating coatings.

Preparation and application of terbutylazine-simetryn double templates molecularly imprinted polymers

Preparation and application of terbutylazine-simetryn double templates molecularly imprinted polymers

Rational Synthesis of Monodisperse Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres for Selective Adsorption

AbstractMonodisperse hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres with large cavity (62 nm) in the inner core, small mesopores in the outer shell, and high specific surface area of 373 m2/g are successfully synthesized via one‐step dual‐template synthetic approach utilizing dodecyl sulfobetaine and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate as double templates. The architectures including particles sizes, outer shell thickness, and hollow structure could be effective regulated by simple adjusting the volume proportion of alcohols in the solution. Besides, the functions of alcohols in determining the critical micelle concentration and polarity of the synthesis system are elaborated. Owing to introduction of amino active sites in the outer shell, the prepared hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres deliver high loading capacity and favorable selectivity towards anionic dye molecules. The maximum uptake amount for methyl orange and eosin Y reaches as high as 359 mg/g and 332 mg/g, respectively.

Improved photocatalytic oxidation of ciprofloxacin by NiS-coupled WO3 nanorods synthesized by solvothermal method under visible light

Photocatalytic oxidation of antibiotics over semiconducting nanostructured photocatalysts is stared as a capable procedure for preventing possible antimicrobial resistance. Accordingly, plenteous research suggestions for photocatalyst design and trials are investigated to realize this approach. Moreover, photostability and reusability are important factors for sustainable utilization. Herein, tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanorods were grown by a solvothermal route in the presence of double soft templates, followed by incorporating nickel sulfide (NiS) nanoparticles on their surface to have NiS/WO3 nanocomposite photocatalysts. These formed heterojunctions were analyzed via several tools. The NiS incorporation has widened the visible-light harvesting owing to the bandgap reduction from 2.82 eV for pure WO3 to 2.40 eV at 9 wt% of NiS. The mesoporous surface has not been meaningfully impacted by incorporating NiS with a value of the surface area between 163 and 189 m2 g-1. The photooxidation of ciprofloxacin (CiP) over the formed photocatalysts were done under visible-light irradiation. The 2.0 g L-1 of 9% NiS/WO3 has completely oxidized 30.2 μmol CiP at a 1.38 μmol min−1. This progressive NiS/WO3 p-n heterojunction has also implied reusability for five repetitive cycles. This excellent photoactivity is ascribed to the charge transfer by the S-scheme mechanism and the synergistic upshot of a particular NiS expanse.

Recent Advances in Pickering Double Emulsions and Potential Applications in Functional Foods: A Perspective Paper.

Double emulsions are complex emulsion systems with a wide range of applications across different fields, such as pharmaceutics, food and beverage, materials sciences, personal care, and dietary supplements. Conventionally, surfactants are required for the stabilization of double emulsions. However, due to the emerging need for more robust emulsion systems and the growing trends for biocompatible and biodegradable materials, Pickering double emulsions have attracted increasing interest. In comparison to double emulsions stabilized solely by surfactants, Pickering double emulsions possess enhanced stability due to the irreversible adsorption of colloidal particles at the oil/water interface, while adopting desired environmental-friendly properties. Such advantages have made Pickering double emulsions rigid templates for the preparation of various hierarchical structures and as potential encapsulation systems for the delivery of bioactive compounds. This article aims to provide an evaluation of the recent advances in Pickering double emulsions, with a special focus on the colloidal particles employed and the corresponding stabilization strategies. Emphasis is then devoted to the applications of Pickering double emulsions, from encapsulation and co-encapsulation of a wide range of active compounds to templates for the fabrication of hierarchical structures. The tailorable properties and the proposed applications of such hierarchical structures are also discussed. It is hoped that this perspective paper will serve as a useful reference on Pickering double emulsions and will provide insights toward future studies in the fabrication and applications of Pickering double emulsions.

Double Pickering emulsion as a template to synthesize composite oil absorption materials with three-dimensional porous structure

ABSTRACT To improve the performance of traditional oil absorption materials, a novel concept is proposed for the fabrication of composite oil absorption materials with three-dimensional porous structure via a double Pickering emulsion template. Oil‐in‐water‐in‐oil type double Pickering emulsion is prepared with modified attapulgite (ATP) and modified Fe3O4. Then, the Pickering emulsion as a template is synthesized ATP/P(EHMA-St)/Fe3O4 composite porous materials. The influences of the amount of inorganic additives-modified ATP, initiator, cross-linking agent, and oil–water ratio on the oil absorption rate and oil retention rate of the material were studied. It showed that under the conditions of polymerization temperature of 80°C and reaction time of 6 h, the morphology of the material was the best and the oil absorption rate was the largest with the content of modified ATP, nano Fe3O4, DVB, and BPO of 0.20%, 0.10%, 1.20%, and 0.32%, respectively, and the oil–water ratio of 1:5. The absorption of diesel oil can reach 986.65%, and the oil retention rate of material can reach 82.37%. Our work provides a novel strategy for the preparation of composite porous materials, which is expected to be popularized and applied in oil spill treatment and oily wastewater treatment.