Double Substrate Research Articles

Testing and Analysis of MOSFET-Based Absorber Integrated Antenna for 5G/WiMAX/WLAN Applications.

A 3D electromagnetic circuit design and analysis of a MOSFET-based absorber active integrated antenna has been performed. It integrates a transmitting dual-band double material substrate (DMS) cylindrical surrounding patch antenna (CSPA) with a MOSFET-based absorber of reflected radio frequency power. It is a solution to the problem of performance degradation in the power amplifier (PA) resulting from antenna and PA impedance mismatch. This fully integrated MOSFET-based absorber antenna can absorb reflected RF power with a diode-based quasi-circulator as part of the integrated design circuitry. The antenna used for the proposed integrated design will operate at frequencies ranging from 2 GHz to 3 GHz and from 4.6 GHz to 6.1 GHz, thus providing a bandwidth of 1 GHz and 1.5 GHz at a resonance frequency of 2.5 GHz and 5.3 GHz, respectively. This makes it suitable for use in lower and upper bands of WLAN/WiMAX medium RF front-end applications. Furthermore, the condition for MOSFET connected to the absorber (IS ≤ ID and VDS = 0) has been satisfied at both instances of resonance. In this proposed design, an antenna radiation efficiency of 84% has been observed.

SERS “hot spot” enhance-array assay for misfolded SOD1 correlated with white matter lesions and aging

Misfolding of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) has been correlated with many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis's and Alzheimer's among others. However, it is unclear whether misfolded SOD1 plays a role in another neurodegenerative disease of white matter lesions (WMLs). In this study, a sensitive and specific method based on SERS technique was proposed for quantitative detection of misfolded SOD1 content in WMLs. To fabricate the double antibodysandwich substrates for SERS detection, gold nanostars modified with capture antibody were immobilized on glass substrates to prepare active SERS substrates, and then SERS probes conjugated with a Raman reporter and a specific target antibody were coupled with active SERS substrates. This SERS substrates had been employed for quantitative detection of misfolded SOD1 levels in WMLs and exhibited excellent stability, reliability, and accuracy. Moreover, experimental results indicated that the level of misfolded SOD1 increased with the increase in age and the degree of WMLs. Hence, misfolded SOD1 may be a potential blood marker for WMLs and aging. Meanwhile, SERS-based gold nanostars have great clinical application potential in the screening, diagnosis and treatment of WMLs.

Spinning sugars in antigen biosynthesis: characterization of the Coxiella burnetii and Streptomyces griseus TDP-sugar epimerases

The sugars streptose and dihydrohydroxystreptose (DHHS) are unique to the bacteria Streptomyces griseus and Coxiella burnetii, respectively. Streptose forms the central moiety of the antibiotic streptomycin, while DHHS is found in the O-antigen of the zoonotic pathogen C. burnetii. Biosynthesis of these sugars has been proposed to follow a similar path to that of TDP-rhamnose, catalyzed by the enzymes RmlA, RmlB, RmlC, and RmlD, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Streptose and DHHS biosynthesis unusually requires a ring contraction step that could be performed by orthologs of RmlC or RmlD. Genome sequencing of S. griseus and C. burnetii has identified StrM and CBU1838 proteins as RmlC orthologs in these respective species. Here, we demonstrate that both enzymes can perform the RmlC 3’’,5’’ double epimerization activity necessary to support TDP-rhamnose biosynthesis in vivo. This is consistent with the ring contraction step being performed on a double epimerized substrate. We further demonstrate that proton exchange is faster at the 3’’-position than the 5’’-position, in contrast to a previously studied ortholog. We additionally solved the crystal structures of CBU1838 and StrM in complex with TDP and show that they form an active site highly similar to those of the previously characterized enzymes RmlC, EvaD, and ChmJ. These results support the hypothesis that streptose and DHHS are biosynthesized using the TDP pathway and that an RmlD paralog most likely performs ring contraction following double epimerization. This work will support the elucidation of the full pathways for biosynthesis of these unique sugars.

ОДИН ПРОСТОЙ СЛУЧАЙ ЛИНЕЙНОГО КОНТАКТА ТЕЛ С ДВУХСЛОЙНЫМИ ПОКРЫТИЯМИ С УЧЕТОМ СМАЗКИ

The main goal of this paper is to consider formulation and solution of a lubrication problem based on the expressions for elastic surface displacements derived asymptotically from an exact solution for a loaded double coated elastic substrate which are valid within a certain region of the problem input parameters. Therefore, a new relatively simple numerical model of the behavior of lubrication parameters in a line lightly loaded contact of double coated elastic cylinders has been developed. For simplicity materials and coatings of both cylinders are considered identical. The main part of the elastic displacements of the contact surfaces is represented by simple Winkler like contributions. The problem is reduced to a numerical solution of a system of two transcendent equations. The formulas for lubrication parameters such as distributions of contact pressure, gap, lubrication film thickness, shear stress, coefficient of friction, and contact energy loss were derived and used for specific calculations. Generally, compared to lubrication parameters in the contact of rigid solids without coatings the effect of the double coating resulted in reduced (up to 60% or more) contact pressure, increased contact area and film thickness as well as some reduction of frictional forces and energy losses. Some specific results for the obtained solutions are provided.

A new core-shell magnetic mesoporous surface molecularly imprinted composite and its application as an MSPE sorbent for determination of phthalate esters.

In this study, a new core–shell magnetic mesoporous surface molecularly imprinted polymer (Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs) which has specific adsorption and rapid adsorption rate for phthalate esters (PAEs) was prepared by a convenient method. Based on this composite as a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) material, a rapid, efficient and sensitive matrix dispersion magnetic solid-phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (DMSPE-GC/MS) was developed for the determination of PAEs in multiple liquid samples. It is the first time that Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs have been prepared by bonding amino groups on the surface of a double layer silicon substrate with diisononyl phthalate (DINP) as virtual template and 3-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropyl trimethoxymethylsilane (TSD) as functional monomer. FT-IR, TEM, EDS, SEM, XRD, BET and VSM were used to characterize the composite. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs showed that it possessed fast adsorption rates (approximately 5 min to reach equilibrium), high adsorption capacities (523.9 mg g−1) and good recognition of PAEs. The real samples were preconcentrated by Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs, under the optimum DMSPE-GC/MS conditions. Validation experiments showed that the method presented good linearity (R2 > 0.9971), satisfactory precision (RSD < 5.7%) and high recovery (92.1–105.8%), and the limits of detection ranged from 1.17 ng L−1 to 3.03 ng L−1. The results indicated that the novel method had good sensitivity, high efficiency and wide sample application and was suitable for the determination of PAEs in liquid drink samples such as water, alcohol, beverages and so on.

Remediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater by a combined treatment method of novel Mass Bio System and solid organic carbon sources: In-depth study

In recent years, one of the most pervasive groundwater (GW) contaminants worldwide is nitrate. Traditional technologies for the remediation of nitrate-contaminated GW are usually expensive, lengthy, and often only partly effective. Of the emerging technologies for nitrate remediation, biological denitrification technologies are more economical, timely, and more efficient means of reducing nitrate contamination to standard levels. The present study investigates the roles of combined treatment method of novel Mass Bio System (MBS), an advanced nontoxic immobilized biologically activated water purification product and solid organic carbon sources (SOCS) for the removal of nitrate from GW to meet the drinking water standards. Natural organic rice straws and commercially available paper plates rich in cellulose were used as SOCS. Effects of various parameters such as nitrate nitrogen concentration, hydraulic retention time, pH and temperature on denitrification process were studied. In the present study, four batch tests are conducted to evaluate two common solid organic carbons and their combination with MBS for nitrate removal from GW. Overall, the reactor with MBS particles and SOCS exhibited clear advantages over reactor inoculated with activated sludge and SOCS with respect to better denitrification, stable operation, strong environmental adaptability and complete nitrate removal. At last, the concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were lowest in the combined system. Kinetic analysis by Monod model showed good agreement with the experimental results. MBS particles are responsible for the main denitrification and the reaction kinetic model conforms to Monod equation of double substrate. Static carbon release test and degradation mechanism of solid carbon sources were carried out. It showed the slow-release carbon source by their own hydrolysis and contain easily soluble organic matter that can be quickly dissolved into water, which substantiated the analysis of the results further. All the results demonstrate that this combined method is a potentially nontoxic, cleaner and sustainable technology for remediation of nitrate-contaminated GW.

Charge Density Based Small Signal Modeling for InSb/AlInSb Asymmetric Double Gate Silicon Substrate HEMT for High Frequency Applications

This paper proposes the Asymmetric Double Gate Silicon Substrate HEMT (ADG-Si-HEMT) to study the carrier concentration and intrinsic small signal parameters of the InSb/AlInSb silicon wafer DG-HEMT device. The HEMTs work as a three-port system and the device is named Asymmetric Double Gate HEMT when the top and bottom gates are biased with different gate voltages. The position of quasi-Fermi energy levels (Ef) is used to investigate the modulation of back-channel charge density caused by the front gate voltage. Also, the small signal model is obtained for a various parameters such as cut off frequency, gate to source capacitance and transconductance. To enhance device operation, the effects of the following factors are being investigated delta doping, drain current for various top and bottom gate voltages. The transconductance 2390 Sm/mm for Vfg = 0.2 V and cut off frequency around 197 GHz for Vbg = 0.3 are obtained. The analytical results are compared to the results of the Sentaurus 3-D TCAD simulation. Because of the variation in threshold voltage and modifying carrier density in dual channels, the asymmetric biassing approach has a wide range of mixed applications.

Repercussion of piperine on pharmacokinetics parameters of eletriptan in albino rats: Involvement of CYP3A and P-GP inhibition

Eletriptan is at the type of triptan medication suggested for the management of episodes of severe headache with or without aura. Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine) is a pure alkaloid as well as the basic tanginess material from the pipli and peppercorn. There are signs that piperine inhibits Cytochrome P-450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein, rather than arouses, drug metabolism generally, thus increasing the bioavailability and effect of several medications. The analysis was undertaken to assess the results of Piperine on the pharmacokinetics of Eletriptan. Samples of blood were taken at different time points for example 0 (predose), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12, 24 hours post-treatment. The plasma concentration of Eletriptan was estimated with the HPLC procedure. In our study Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-24 , AUC0-8, AUC%, AUMC0-24, AUMC0-8, t1/2, MRT0-24, MRT0-8 and Volume of distribution were increased by approximately 51.76%, 7.55%, 72.93%, 84.42%, 42.72%, 93.56%, 128.82%, 19.97%, 11.74%, 23.96% and 3% respectively, where as clearance decreased by 42.10% when eletriptan co-administered with piperine. In summary, the results obtained herein imply that Piperine is improving the bioavailability of Eletriptan by strengthening the exposure (AUC) of their Eletriptan when concomitantly administered by the oral route. The Piperine improved the oral bioavailability of eletriptan by inhibiting CYP3A and P-GP in rats. This observation indicates the possibility that the combo of piperine along with other CYP3A and P-GP double substrates can also enhance bioavailability.

Improving Catalytic Activity and Reversing Enantio‐Specificity of ω‐Transaminase by Semi‐Rational Engineering en Route to Chiral Bulky β‐Amino Esters

AbstractThe application of wild‐type ω‐transaminase was limited by steric hindrance towards bulky substrates, therefore improvement of the catalytic efficiency and stereoselectivity toward substrates with two bulky substituent adjacent to the carbonyl is of general interest. In this study, according to the double substrate binding pocket theory, a (S)‐selective ω‐transaminase from the Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4, which showed puny catalytic activity toward the β‐keto esters with small steric hindrance, was engineered to accept bulky β‐keto esters, which were not accessible by any wild‐type enzyme. A few desired variants were obtained that exhibited activity toward bulky β‐keto esters. Furthermore, a substrate‐dependent shift in enantio‐preference of HBV variant towards β‐keto esters with linear or branched aliphatic substituents was observed. The best variant was applied to the asymmetric synthesis of aliphatic β‐amino acids at semi‐preparative scale with high yield and enantioselectivity. This study will improve the general understanding and inspire further engineering work for reversing enantio‐specificity of ω‐transaminases.

Water EPD based of 2D-Bi2WO6 ultrathin film on innovative designed substrates: Efficient photocatalytic degradation of binary antibiotics

In this work, a new nanoflake morphology for Bi2WO6 ultra–thin film was successfully coated from an aqueous electrolyte by the electrophoretic deposition method. Two SS mesh sheets were interlaced as an innovative designed substrate. The new structures of double substrates played vital role in the light harvesting because of more available catalyst surfaces and great influence in photocatalytic issues. These films were applied for photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole and amoxicillin in binary and single modes as pharmaceutical pollutant models. The observed results confirmed the remarkable photocatalytic degradation activity due to the innovative designed substrates made the new film morphology having higher light harvesting sites. Two cross interlaced sheets (double form) provided more available light trapping and harvesting surfaces due to small vacancy sites between two substrates which prevented from the light crossing comparison with the simple mesh sheet (single form). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photocurrent studies suggested the higher separation of photogenerated hole/electrons for the double mode of substrates. It can be assigned to the low film thickness resulted in the short charge transfer route and enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. Catalyst surface has the low adsorption ability within the large molecules of amoxicillin; in the single mode pollutant solution; led to the low catalytic efficiency. But in the binary mixture, higher catalytic ability for amoxicillin degradation was observed. In addition, new nanoflakes retarded the charge recombination by creation of new routes made the more desired photocatalytic degradation. On can conclude, this innovative designed substrate will open the new arena filed for construction of the photocatalytic tools applicable in the large scale up of environmental pollutants.

Comparism Analysis of Energy Content of Biogas and Its Physiochemical Properties

The correlations of energy content of biogas and physicochemical properties from cow manure and co-digestible as single and double substrates were investigated in this study. The blend that gives the highest energy, effect of anaerobic digestion on fertilizer values of the input slurry and relationship between the biogas yields were investigated. The experiment was performed at a constant temperature of 400C with a retention period of 16 days. The physicochemical properties of the slurries before and after digestion showed that the percentages of potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and crude protein contents for all the samples batches increased. The blend of cow dung and plantain wastes in the 1:3 yielded the highest energy content and volume of biogas. This ratio can be effective for biogas production, mitigate the problems of energy shortage, fertilizer and uncontrolled waste disposal.

Gain enhancement by using combination slot techniques for millimeter-wave 5G antenna

This research aims to increase the antenna gain by adding U-slot and Y-slot and using the air gap method at millimeter-wave frequency 28 GHz. In the previous studies have shown an increase in antenna gain by using additional slots on the microstrip patch antenna, such as the U-slot, V-slot or Y-slot method. The air gap arrangement on the double layer substrate antenna also has an impact on increasing the gain. For this reason, this study carried out the development of the design of the microstrip antenna structure with the addition of U-slots and Y-slots as well as the adjustment of the distance between the two substrates, so it is expected to significantly increase the antenna gain. This research was conducted using quantitative methods through calculating the design, simulation, and fabrication of the combination U-slot and Y-slot structures and arrangement the distance between two substrate layers. The antenna design uses the Rogers RT5880 substrate material with a dielectric constant (ε_r) = 2.2, and h = 0.787 mm with dimensions 18.5 × 31.5 mm. Simulation and measurement results show that the proposed combination method can increase the millimeter-wave antenna gain significantly and better than the results of previous studies.

Dual wideband, polarization, angle-insensitive diffusion electromagnetic surfaces for radar cross section reduction

In this paper, we introduce an effective technique for designing diffusion electromagnetic (EM) surfaces with polarization and angle-insensitive characteristics over multiple wide bands. The proposed EM surface consists of a random pixelated metal structure in the middle of double substrate layers and a metallic ground at the bottom. Phase cancellation for radar cross section (RCS) reduction is achieved by different propagation paths generated by the pixelated metallic layer. The theoretical prediction of the reduction frequency band and reduction value is derived by transmission line theory, which serves as guidance to design the EM surface for the required operating band. Using this technique, an EM surface is designed for 10 dB RCS reduction over multiple frequency bands, and the first two reduction bands are 5.98–16.23 GHz and 26.69–37.1 GHz with fractional bandwidths of 92.3% and 32.6%, respectively. The non-reduction frequency band between the first two reduction bands is almost at the K-band (18–27 GHz), which is unusable for long-range transmission because of its high atmospheric loss. Moreover, the bandwidth of RCS reduction bands is stable for oblique incident angles up to 40° for both TE and TM polarizations. Based on theoretical study and simulation results, a prototype of this EM surface is fabricated and experimentally characterized. The theoretical analysis, simulation and experiment results are in good agreement. The proposed method comprehensively solves the problems of narrow bandwidth, time-consuming optimization of the unit cell, high bistatic RCS value, and sensitivity to polarization and incident angles found in recent RCS reduction research.

High Performance Wide Angle DBR Design for Optoelectronic Devices

To improve the performance of optoelectronic devices, a high performance wide angle SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) mirror was designed and fabricated on double polished sapphire substrate. 17-pairs gradually varied DBR structure was applied in order to acquire a broad stopband reflectivity over 95% from 400 nm to 800 nm, covering the whole visible light region. The DBR mirrors deposited at the backside of optoelectronics devices are also demonstrated to remain a high reflectivity at wide incident angles, which improves the emission efficiency of LEDs and light absorption efficiency of InGaN/GaN photoelectrochemical cell (PEC).

Out-of-Plane Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Biaxial Young’s Modulus of Sputtered ITO Thin Films

This paper proposes a measuring apparatus and method for simultaneous determination of the thermal expansion coefficient and biaxial Young’s modulus of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films. ITO thin films simultaneously coated on N-BK7 and S-TIM35 glass substrates were prepared by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering deposition. The thermo-mechanical parameters of ITO thin films were investigated experimentally. Thermal stress in sputtered ITO films was evaluated by an improved Twyman–Green interferometer associated with wavelet transform at different temperatures. When the heating temperature increased from 30 °C to 100 °C, the tensile thermal stress of ITO thin films increased. The increase in substrate temperature led to the decrease of total residual stress deposited on two glass substrates. A linear relationship between the thermal stress and substrate heating temperature was found. The thermal expansion coefficient and biaxial Young’s modulus of the films were measured by the double substrate method. The results show that the out of plane thermal expansion coefficient and biaxial Young’s modulus of the ITO film were 5.81 × 10−6 °C−1 and 475 GPa.

Unveiling the Interface Structure of the Exsolved Co–Fe Alloy Nanoparticles from Double Perovskite and Its Application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Exsolution of catalytic nanoparticles (NPs) from perovskites has arisen as a flexible method to develop high-performance functional materials with enhanced durability for energy conversion and catalytic synthesis applications. Here, we unravel the interface structure of the in situ exsolved alloy nanoparticles from the double perovskite substrate on the atomic scale. The results show that the Co-Fe alloy NPs exsolved topologically from the {100} facets terminations of the Sr2FeMo0.65Co0.35O6-δ (SFMC) double perovskite along ⟨100⟩ directions exhibiting the same orientation and identical crystal structure. The lattice planes of these two phases align and insert into each other at the interface, forming a smooth and continuous coherent connection. The presence of moiré patterns at the interface confirms the topological exsolution mechanism. The coherent interface can significantly reduce the interfacial energy and therefore stabilize the exsolved nanoparticles. Therefore, excellent and stable electrochemical performance of the NP-decorated SFMC perovskite is observed as the anode for solid oxide fuel cells. Our contribution promotes a fundamental understanding of the interface structure of the in situ exsolved alloy nanoparticles from perovskite substrate.

Analysis Of Dual Layer Patch Antenna for WLAN Applications

This research is based on developing a dual-layer microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications. The target frequency for the desired antenna is 5.2GHz. The overall dimension of the antenna is 36×32×3.2 mm3 .To obtain broad bandwidth and gains, several attempts have been undertaken, such as using different heights of the substrate with the same FR-4 material. The results of the simulations were obtained using the CSTMW software 2018.The antenna's benefits include a simple construction, wideband performance, minimal return loss, and increased gains above conventional designs. Throughout this analysis dielectric Fr-4 substrate was used. Finally, it was found from the analysis compared to the single layer the return loss having-17dB with gain 2.94dB and double layer substrate with equal heights (1.6mm+1.6mm) achieved -36.5dB and having gain 4.48dB. From the analysis this proposed antenna well suited for WLAN applications.

Microstrip to Double Ridge Empty Substrate Integrated Waveguide Transitions Based on Exponential and Superelliptical Dielectric Taper

Microstrip to Double Ridge Empty Substrate Integrated Waveguide Transitions Based on Exponential and Superelliptical Dielectric Taper

Repercussion of piperine on pharmacokinetics parameters of eletriptan in albino rats: Involvement of CYP3A and P-GP inhibition

Eletriptan is at the type of triptan medication suggested for the management of episodes of severe headache with or without aura. Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine) is a pure alkaloid as well as the basic tanginess material from the pipli and peppercorn. There are signs that piperine inhibits Cytochrome P-450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein, rather than arouses, drug metabolism generally, thus increasing the bioavailability and effect of several medications. The analysis was undertaken to assess the results of Piperine on the pharmacokinetics of Eletriptan. Samples of blood were taken at different time points for example 0 (predose), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12, 24 hours post-treatment. The plasma concentration of Eletriptan was estimated with the HPLC procedure. In our study Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-24 , AUC0-8, AUC%, AUMC0-24, AUMC0-8, t1/2, MRT0-24, MRT0-8 and Volume of distribution were increased by approximately 51.76%, 7.55%, 72.93%, 84.42%, 42.72%, 93.56%, 128.82%, 19.97%, 11.74%, 23.96% and 3% respectively, where as clearance decreased by 42.10% when eletriptan co-administered with piperine. In summary, the results obtained herein imply that Piperine is improving the bioavailability of Eletriptan by strengthening the exposure (AUC) of their Eletriptan when concomitantly administered by the oral route. The Piperine improved the oral bioavailability of eletriptan by inhibiting CYP3A and P-GP in rats. This observation indicates the possibility that the combo of piperine along with other CYP3A and P-GP double substrates can also enhance bioavailability.

Optimization of specific capacitance and water splitting efficiency of N-enriched carbon by incorporating oxides of transition metals via an ancient chemical technique

Abstract The carbonaceous materials owing to their high natural abundance and operational stability showed significant promise as the replacement of costly noble-metal-based electrode materials in the energy storage and conversion devices. The incorporation of heteroatoms (like N, transition metals etc.) enhances the electrochemical performance of these carbon-based materials. However, significant investigations are still required to develop a facile method for synthesizing heteroatom-incorporated carbon. Herein, an ancient chemical technique was adopted to develop a series of iron and/or nickel oxide incorporated N-enriched carbons within a few seconds. The physicochemical properties of the N-enriched carbon altered when the amount and type of the incorporated metal oxides was regulated. These changes modulated the ion diffusion, double layer formation, substrate adsorption-desorption and charge transfer process in the N-enriched carbons. Incorporation of iron oxide enhanced the charge storage and transfer performance of the N-enriched carbon. The nickel oxide facilitated its substrate adsorption-desorption and charge transfer efficiency in water polarization process. The N-enriched carbon with moderate iron oxide loading showed superior charge storage and OER performance whereas, that with highest loading showed superiority towards the HER. This investigation established the viability of “sugar snake” process as a synthetic technique for developing efficient carbon-based electrode materials.