Double Substrate Research Articles

Displacement-Controlled Coining of Large Arrays of Gold-Stud Bumps

Abstract Novel, simple, and low-cost, displacement-controlled coining (DCC) process is developed for coining of gold stud bumps. A bottom mold made of aluminium which contains an array of geometrically well-defined cavities (nests) with known and pre-defined depth values in each nest, is designed and manufactured to adjust areas of coined surfaces and heights of coined stud bumps during sequential displacement-controlled coining processes. A double-side polished, and thick Borosilicate glass substrate is used as a flat surface to be in direct contact with the tails of the stud bumps to be coined. Above the double side polished glass substrate, another thick and rigid mold is positioned to uniformly apply the displacement-controlled deformation force to the stud bumps via the polished surface of the glass substrate. With the proposed displacement-controlled coining process, height and bonding surface area of the stud bumps can be tailored for flip-chip bonding (FCB) processes, especially when the maximum applicable force configuration of a FCB tool is limited (maximum of 20 N) during thermo-sonic flip chip bonding (TSFCB) processing. The proposed technique can be used to simultaneously coin arrays of stud bumps with high precision, providing an alternative, cost-effective, precise, time-efficient processing of stud bumps prior to TSFCB applications.

Reformulated Kinetics of Immobilized Enzymes in Non-Conventional Media: A Case of Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification

Several approaches have been reported that aim to achieve simplified standardizations of the kinetic behavior of immobilized enzymes under specific experimental conditions. We have previously published simplified rate equations based on the kinetics of immobilized enzymes. Recently, new experimental results have become available on the kinetics and mechanisms of esterifications catalyzed by immobilized lipase in unconventional media, and consequently, a reformulation of their kinetics is necessary. In this work, we report the development of simplified rate equations relating the aforementioned reaction conditions on a new basis, considering our kinetic and mechanistic results. We provide experimental evidence that two different mechanisms describe the esterifications catalyzed by immobilized lipase, either in anhydrous organic solvent (n-hexane) or under non-solvent conditions. A ping-pong bi–bi mechanism with double dead-end substrate inhibition by both the fatty acid and the alcohol has been found to apply in the former case, while in the latter case the esterification proceeds via an ordered bi–bi mechanism with single dead-end substrate inhibition by ethanol. This study may be biotechnologically useful, as the increased use of immobilized enzymes, whether in academic research or in industry, requires sustainable development of new and environmentally friendly synthetic processes.

Tilted Spins in Chains of Molecular Switches on Pb(100).

A complex based on a Ni(II) porphyrin exhibiting spin crossover on Ag(111) is studied on Pb(100) by scanning tunneling microscopy at 0.3 K. Strong molecular interactions between the phenyl and pentafluorophenyl moieties lead to the formation of molecular chains and cause a faceting of the substrate surface. The chains are located along double and multiple substrate steps that deviate from high-symmetry directions. Tunneling spectroscopy reveals spin-flip excitations of an S = 1 system. Measurements in high magnetic fields are used to identify a tilt of the complex and its hard anisotropy axis with respect to the surface normal. Electron injection into the substrate near the molecular rows induces a transition to a state with larger inelastic cross section, leaving the spin state unchanged.

Preparation of Zirconium-Based MOF-Derived Phosphide on GO/MXene Double Substrates for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors.

At present, it is very necessary to select and prepare suitable positive and negative electrode materials to fabricate high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention in the energy storage field due to their high conductivity. As a branch, the zirconium organic framework (UIO-66) is a promising porous material due to its large specific surface area and abundant Zr centers. Graphene oxide (GO) and MXene are very suitable as substrate materials for conducting an MOF due to their abundant active sites and adjustable interlayer distance. The GO/MXene@NiZrP prepared through an in situ composite of GO and Mxene with the hydrothermal method and calcining method showed excellent electrochemical performance. Compared with the precursor UIO-66, the specific capacitance of the final product GO/MXene@NiZrP increases more than ten times, mainly because of its special layered porous structure, and GO/MXene@NiZrP has a larger specific surface area, pore volume, and surface defects caused by unstable Zr4+ than those of UIO-66. Using GO/MXene@NiZrP as the positive electrode and biochar (BC) as the negative electrode, an asymmetric supercapacitor, BC//GO/MXene@NiZrP, is assembled. After 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g-1, the capacitance retention remains at 83.3%, showing excellent cycle stability.

Enhancing the efficiency of lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6 based double perovskite solar cells with optimizing ETLs and HTLs using SCAPS-1D

This study introduces a tin-free, stable, lead-free, double perovskite solar cell device with improved power conversion efficiency (PCE). Different electron transporting layers (ETLs) including IGZO, AZO, LBSO, and TiO2 and hole transporting layers (HTLs) as Cu2O, CNTS, ZnTe, and P3HT are considered for optimization with Cs2AgBiBr6 and fluorine-doped tin oxide as double perovskite layer and substrate respectively. The effect of various device parameters on the device performance has been studied. The device configuration of FTO/AZO/Cs2AgBiBr6/ZnTe achieves a PCE of 26.89 %, fill factor (FF) of 83.87 %, open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.50 V, and short-circuit current (JSC) of 21.35 mA/cm2.

Identifying the in-situ origin of supercluster-induced ductile precipitates in Zr-based bulk metallic glasses

A sandwich architecture including double crystal substrates and a single glass-forming droplet has been successfully designed based on the simplified liquid-bridge methods in multicomponent alloys. The multiscale precipitates mainly consisting of β-phase dendrites with a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure, cubic CuZr2 phase, and icosahedral quasicrystalline phase (I-phase) could be simultaneously identified in dissimilar regions of the glass-forming matrix during heat-induced dissolution or diffusion from crystal substrate to glass-forming droplet. The gradient distributions of crystal-like clusters not only accelerate diffusion velocity due to the collective atomic motion but also can simultaneously modulate the atomic-scale structure, mechanical response, and chemical composition via tracing a high-throughput strategy. The present work provides new insights to discover the formation mechanism of the representative microstructures strongly associated with the atomic-scale structure-property-composition relationships and is also helpful to shed light on the in-situ origin or structural mechanism of supercluster-induced multiscale precipitates in developing bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) and in-situ formed BMG composites (BMGCs).

Energy harvesting from vibrations of a beam under moving mass using auxetic cantilever beams: Theoretical and experimental investigations

Recent research aims to enhance piezoelectric energy harvesting for low-power electronic circuits like sensors and wireless systems using cantilever energy harvesters with piezoelectric substrates featuring auxetic structures such as reentrant, missing rib, and double arrowhead patterns. Employing the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) method is a novel method to analyze these structures based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The study comprises theoretical analysis, finite element simulations, and experimental tests. The highest power output is achieved when consecutive masses excite the bridge using the double arrowhead auxetic unit cell substrate, yielding power outputs of 1.152 μ W / N . The effect of increasing unit cells has also been investigated. Highlights Creating unique analytical methods for auxetic substrate use in energy harvesters. Analyzing three auxetic harvester substrates, emphasizing their unique performance. Auxetic harvesters were studied under various bridge simulator base excitations. The study examines three auxetic structures' effect on harvested power. Study of moving masses' influence on bridge simulator, weights, and velocities.

Facet and dual vacancy engineering-boosting BiOBr for enhanced CO2 and epoxide cycloaddition reaction under mild and cocatalyst-free conditions: Double substrate active sites and activated surface bromine ions synergy

Among the many strategies for CO2 resource utilization, the synthetic technology of cyclic carbonates with 100 % atom economy through CO2and epoxide is one of the most industrially viable routes, but its efficiency has been severely hampered by the lack of highly active catalytic sites. Moreover, due to the intrinsic thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertia of CO2 and the higher energy barrier of the ring-opening reaction of epoxides, the heterogeneous catalytic conversion of CO2 highly depends on harsh operating conditions, high temperatures and pressures, and the incorporation of cocatalysts. The development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 conversion under cocatalyst-free and mild conditions has always been a challenge. Herein, we have proposed a synergetic strategy of facet and vacancy engineering for the construction of highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst BiO1-xBr1-y-(010) for CO2 cycloaddition, where introducing the OVs-BrVs pairs into typical (010) facets BiOBr with simultaneous surface Lewis acid sites Bi3+ and nucleophilic sites Br−. By combining theoretical calculations and a series of systematic experiments, such as CO2 temperature-programmed desorption, electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence probe analysis experiments, the introduced OVs-BrVs pair can not only form Bi3+-Bi(3-x)+ dual active sites on the surface, which activate PO and CO2 respectively to reduce the energy barrier of CO2 insertion, but also activate Br− near BrVs to enhance their nucleophilic attacking ability and reduce the energy barrier of epoxides ring-opening. As a result, the BiO1-xBr1-y-(010) with abundant surface OVs-BrVs pairs showed a high cyclic carbonates conversion of 99 % with 100 % selectivity under cocatalyst-free and mild conditions, far surpassing most heterogeneous catalytic systems. This work provides a completely new strategy to construct high-performance heterogeneous CO2 cycloaddition catalysts through a simple facet and vacancy engineering strategy to overcome the harsh operating conditions limitation and the use of cocatalysts.

Integrated function of proanthocyanidin and lignin polymerization mediated by LAC/PRXs in pericarp browning of longan fruit

Longan can be regarded as a distinct dry fruit with fleshly aril, whose pericarp browning may follow an unclear browning mechanism as dry fruits. Here, we integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis, validated the function of the candidate metabolites and genes, to dissect the underlying mechanism. With the pericarp water content of longan fruit decreased from 51% to 20%, the pericarp completely turned brown after 8 days of storage at 25 ℃ and relative humidity 70%. Instead of the decline of soluble proanthocyanidins (PAs), such as (−)-epicatechin (EC), (+)-catechin (CT), and procyanidin A2/B2 etc., as well as lignin monomers, coniferyl alcohol (Con_A) and sinapyl alcohol (Sin_A), the contents of their polymers, insoluble PAs and lignin, increased. Gene expression of three Laccases (LAC14–4, 14–8, 7) and four Class III Peroxidase (PRX52–1, 52–2, 53–2, 4–15) were highly negatively correlated to metabolites EC and Con_A. Exogenously expressed LAC7 and LAC14–8, PRX4–15 and PRX52–1 could catalyze the polymerization and browning of EC, CT, Con_A or Sin_A in vitro. Compared to single substrate (EC or Con_A), the polymerization and browning were dramatically accelerated when double substrates (EC and Con_A) were present, by either LACs or PRXs. In addition, these LACs and PRXs were found to be located in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), correlated to their ‘secretion protein’ signal peptides. Based on these results, we propose that the water-loss in pericarp induces the polymerization reaction of PAs and lignin monomers mediated by LACs/PRXs, leading to the browning of longan pericarp. The hypothesis is distinct to the ‘polyphenol oxidases-phenols’ classical browning mechanism established for fleshly fruits.

Process Optimization and Biomethane Recovery from Anaerobic Digestion of Agro-Industry Wastes

Among the sustainable initiatives for renewable energy technologies, anaerobic digestion (AD) is a potential contender to replace fossil fuels. The anaerobic co-digestions of goat manure (GM) with sorghum (SG), cotton gin trash (CGT), and food waste (FW) having different mixing ratios, volumes, temperatures, and additives were optimized in single and two-stage bioreactors. The biochemical methane potential assays (having different mixing ratios of double and triple substrates) were run in 250 mL serum bottles in triplicates. The best-yielding ratio was up-scaled to fabricated 2 L bioreactors. The biodegradability, biomethane recovery, and process efficacy are discussed. The co-digestion of GM with SG in a 70:30 ratio yielded the highest biomethane of 239.3 ± 15.6 mL/gvs, and it was further up-scaled to a two-stage temperature-phased process supplemented with an anaerobic medium and fly ash (FA) in fabricated 2 L bioreactors. This system yielded the highest biomethane of 266.0 mL/gvs, having an anaerobic biodegradability of 67.3% in 70:30 GM:SG co-digestion supplemented with an anaerobic medium. The BMP of the FA-amended treatment may be lower because of its high Ca concentration of 205.74 ± 3.6. The liquid fraction of the effluents can be applied as N and P fertigation. The Ca concentration was found to be 24.3, 25.1, and 6.3 g/kg in GM and GM:SG (TS) and SG solid fractions, respectively, whereas K was found to be 26.6, 10.8, and 7.4 g/kg. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of solid fraction varied between 2.0 and 24.8 for return to the soils to enhance its quality. This study involving feedstock acquisition, characterization, and their anaerobic digestion optimization provides comprehensive information and may assist small farmers operating on-farm anaerobic digesters.

Regulated bacterial interaction networks: A mathematical framework to describe competitive growth under inclusion of metabolite cross-feeding.

When bacterial species with the same resource preferences share the same growth environment, it is commonly believed that direct competition will arise. A large variety of competition and more general 'interaction' models have been formulated, but what is currently lacking are models that link monoculture growth kinetics and community growth under inclusion of emerging biological interactions, such as metabolite cross-feeding. In order to understand and mathematically describe the nature of potential cross-feeding interactions, we design experiments where two bacterial species Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas veronii grow in liquid medium either in mono- or as co-culture in a resource-limited environment. We measure population growth under single substrate competition or with double species-specific substrates (substrate 'indifference'), and starting from varying cell ratios of either species. Using experimental data as input, we first consider a mean-field model of resource-based competition, which captures well the empirically observed growth rates for monocultures, but fails to correctly predict growth rates in co-culture mixtures, in particular for skewed starting species ratios. Based on this, we extend the model by cross-feeding interactions where the consumption of substrate by one consumer produces metabolites that in turn are resources for the other consumer, thus leading to positive feedback in the species system. Two different cross-feeding options were considered, which either lead to constant metabolite cross-feeding, or to a regulated form, where metabolite utilization is activated with rates according to either a threshold or a Hill function, dependent on metabolite concentration. Both mathematical proof and experimental data indicate regulated cross-feeding to be the preferred model to constant metabolite utilization, with best co-culture growth predictions in case of high Hill coefficients, close to binary (on/off) activation states. This suggests that species use the appearing metabolite concentrations only when they are becoming high enough; possibly as a consequence of their lower energetic content than the primary substrate. Metabolite sharing was particularly relevant at unbalanced starting cell ratios, causing the minority partner to proliferate more than expected from the competitive substrate because of metabolite release from the majority partner. This effect thus likely quells immediate substrate competition and may be important in natural communities with typical very skewed relative taxa abundances and slower-growing taxa. In conclusion, the regulated bacterial interaction network correctly describes species substrate growth reactions in mixtures with few kinetic parameters that can be obtained from monoculture growth experiments.

Continuous production of succinic acid from glycerol: A complete experimental and computational study

In this work, a bioprocess for the fermentation of A. succinogenes for the production of succinic acid from glycerol was developed, employing a continuous bioreactor with recycle. Moreover, a new bioprocess model was constructed, based on an existing double substrate limitation model, which was validated with experimental results for a range of operating parameters. The model was used to successfully predict the dynamics of the continuous fermentation process and was subsequently employed in optimisation studies to compute the optimal conditions, dilution rate, reflux rate and feed glycerol concentration, that maximise the productivity of bio-succinic acid. In addition, a Pareto front for optimal volumetric productivity and glycerol conversion combinations was computed. Maximum volumetric productivity of 0.518 g/L/h, was achieved at the optimal computed conditions, which were experimentally validated. This is the highest bio-succinic acid productivity reported so far, for such a continuous bioprocess.

Ag/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Fiber Composites as Electrodes for Highly Stable and Responsive Marine Electric Field Sensors

The increasing demand for maintenance-free, cost-effective, and high-stability flexible electrodes is highly anticipated for the research of marine electric-field sensors, and various carbon fibers (CFs) are considered the most suitable carbon-based electrode for the purpose. Nevertheless, the conventional fabrication of acidified or nitrogenized CF electrodes did not attract great attention for commercial application, which has limitations in the case of simultaneous cost-effectiveness and long-term stability. In this study, with homemade reduced graphene oxide (rGO) load, the prepared double carbon substrate Ag-rGO-CF composite electrodes have a honeycomb rGO conductive skeleton and the dispersed Ag nanoparticles via a facile hermetic oxidation process and hydrothermal method. The prepared Ag-rGO-CF composite electrode demonstrated an outstanding electrode performance, including low resistance, high electrochemical reaction rate, and stable potential with long-term stability and low cost. The electric double-layer (EDL) structure theory from the Gouy–Chapman–Stern model and double carbon substrate mechanism between CFs and rGO with the help of Ag were clarified, whose principle is to strengthen the adsorption force and electrostatic attraction of the electrode and to offset the residual charge while reducing the thickness of the electric double layer to achieve the purpose of potential balance. The Ag-rGO-CF composite electrode has presented long-term stability and high sensitivity, especially a wide application bandwidth. The Ag-rGO-CF composite electrode made in this study is a competitive candidate material as a flexible marine electrode field sensor.

Ni-Co layered double-hydroxide arrays on stainless steel substrate: Interfacial hydroxide layer enhanced electrocatalyst with high stability for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media

High-efficiency electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desired during large-scale water electrolysis in hydrogen production. In this work, a commercial stainless steel (SS) mesh substrate is activated through an alternate acid etching/alkali-hydrothermal treatment to form an interfacial hydroxide layer. Subsequently, a seamless integrated electrode including Ni-Co layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) nanoarrays and SS substrate is successfully synthesized. The pre-formed interfacial layer guides the growth of NiCo-LDH nanoarrays, and firmly connect NiCo-LDH nanoarray and stainless steel substrate, wherein a durable catalyst with high activity and low resistance nature for OER is constructed. The as-prepared integrated electrode delivers the low OER overpotential of 243 and 292 mV for 10 and 250 mA cm−2 current densities respectively, and excellent long-term durability over 100 h in 1 M KOH solution. Electrocatalysis studies reveal the role of the interfacial hydroxide layer on the growth and catalytic activity of NiCo-LDH nanoarrays, and structural stability in durability test.

Supramolecular Host-Guest Strategy for the Accelerating Detection of Nitroreductase.

Identifying nitroreductase (NTR) with fluorescent techniques has become a research hotspot, due to its good sensitivity and selectivity toward the early-stage cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Herein, a host-guest reporter (NAQA⊂Zn-MPPB) is successfully achieved by encapsulating the NTR probe NAQA into a new NADH-functioned metal-organic cage Zn-MPPB, which makes the reporter for ultrafast detection of NTR within dozens of seconds in solution. The host-guest strategy fuses the Zn-MPPB and NAQA to form a pseudomolecule material, which changes the reaction process of NTR and NAQA from a double substrates mechanism to a single substrate one, and accelerates the reduction efficiency of NAQA. This advantage make the new host-guest reporter exhibit a linear relationship between emission changes and NTR concentration, and it shows better sensitively toward NTR than that of NAQA. Additionally, the positively charged water-soluble metal-organic cage can encapsulate NAQA in the cavity, promote it to dissolve in an aqueous environment, and facilitate their accumulation into tumor cells. As expected, such host-guest reporter displays a fast and high efficiently imaging capability toward NTR in tumor cells and tumor-bearing mice, and flow cytometry assay is conducted to corroborate the capability as well, implying the considerably potential of host-guest strategy for early tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Flexible hydrogel with a coupling enhanced thermoelectric effect for low-grade heat harvest

Harvesting abundant and ubiquitous low-grade thermal energy and simultaneously converting it into electrical energy hold the potential of solving the existing energy crisis. Advances in thermoelectric materials now allow thermoelectric ionogel electrolyte to enhance the energy conversion and storage capacities under a thermal gradient. Here, we report an ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) material based on polyacrylamide (PAM) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) double network gel substrate with flexible and high thermal-electrical conversion properties. By combining the thermodiffusion effect of lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) ions and the thermogalvanic effect of [Fe(CN)64−/Fe(CN)63−], which achieved a coupled ionic Seebeck effect of up to 11.58 mV/K, exhibiting a high ionic conductivity (18.4 mS cm−1) and low thermal conductivity (0.47 W m−1/K), resulting in a high ionic power factor (198.2 μW m−1K−2) at room temperature. It exhibited an excellent tensile property (634%) and adhesion, and avoids electrolyte leakage to a large extent. Moreover, the application in ionic capacitors also demonstrates the superior thermoelectric conversion capability of i-TE gels. We believe that i-TE materials will pave a new pathway for low-grade thermal harvesting and self-driven flexible wearable electronics.

Thermomechanical properties of aluminum oxide thin films made by atomic layer deposition

In microelectromechanical system devices, thin films experience thermal processing at temperatures some cases exceeding the growth or deposition temperature of the film. In the case of the thin film grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at relatively low temperatures, post-ALD thermal processing or high device operation temperature might cause performance issues at device level or even device failure. In this work, residual stress and the role of intrinsic stress in ALD Al2O3 films grown from Me3Al and H2O, O3, or O2 (plasma ALD) were studied via post-ALD thermal processing. Thermal expansion coefficient was determined using thermal cycling and the double substrate method. For some samples, post-ALD thermal annealing was done in nitrogen at 300, 450, 700, or 900 °C. Selected samples were also studied for crystallinity, composition, and optical properties. Samples that were thermally annealed at 900 °C had increased residual stress value (1400–1600 MPa) upon formation of denser Al2O3 phase. The thermal expansion coefficient varied somewhat between Al2O3 made using different oxygen precursors. For thermal-Al2O3, intrinsic stress decreased with increasing growth temperature. ALD Al2O3 grown with plasma process had the lowest intrinsic stress. The results show that ALD Al2O3 grown at 200 and 300 °C is suitable for applications, where films are exposed to post-ALD thermal processing even at temperature of 700 °C without a major change in optical properties or residual stress.

Gold nanoparticles are capped under the IRMOF-3 platform for in-situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique and optic fiber sensor

Integrating noble-metal and organic-inorganic hybrid crystalline porous materials for Raman signal augmentation is crucial for surface-enhance Raman spectroscopy. This study effectively generated gold nanoparticles / metal-organic frameworks (Au NPs/IRMOF-3) hybrids. The activity of Au NPs/IRMOF-3 double component substrate was significantly enhanced under localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) because the hot electrons produced on Au NPs surface were incorporated with IRMOF-3 and utilized the porous structure to capture the analyte. Development much hot spots of great significance for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, herein, we developed an Au NPs/IRMOF-3-based nanosensor for rhodamine B (RhB) sensing by using in-situ SERS technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, surface morphology analysis, optical properties, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy were used to examine the layer-by-layer deposited substrate. The Au NPs/IRMOF-3 multilayers generated chemical and electromagnetic amplification of Raman signals of Rhodamine B at a low concentration and high enhancement factor. In the presence of dopamine molecules, due to the strong specific affinity between the modified surface out-layer of fiber sensor and the target molecules, resulting in the obvious change of the optical power transmission signals, which can be used for dopamine sensing with high sensitivity and stability (limit of detection is 1.42 × 10 -18 M with a wide linear range from 10 -17 to 6 × 10 -8 M of dopamine). The Au NPs/IRMOF-3 nanosensor can be used as an ideal platform for real applications, especially for some gases or low-weight molecules in the future. • Using a traditional synthesis approach, low cost, and high synthesis efficiency. • This sensor has high homogeneity and a stable arrangement structure. • Determination of Rhodamine B at low detection limit of 10 -9 M along with an enhancement factor of 6.54 × 10 9 . • Limit of detection is 1.42 × 10 -18 M and measurement range with a linear response from 10 −17 to 10 −8 M.

Coupling receiver–transmitter metasurface-based Fabry–Pérot resonant antenna with dual circular polarization

AbstractThis study presents a dual-circularly polarized (CP) Fabry–Pérot (FP) antenna, employing a novel receiver–transmitter (RT) metasurface (MS). The RT-MS unit cell consists of two identical neighboring substrates, with a three-layer metal coating printed on their surfaces. The bottom patch is adopted as a receiver to transfer electromagnetic waves to the top-corner cut patch, passing through the coupling cross-slot sandwiched in the middle. The RT-MS has high reflectivity to achieve a high gain. Through energy and a cross-slot, high aperture efficiency can be realized. A conventional corner cut patch can excite a CP mode of equal magnitude and a 90° phase difference. The RT-MS is arranged in 12 × 12 unit cells and used as a superstrate for a dual-CP antenna. Two orthogonally etched slots fed by two branch-matched orthogonally arranged feed lines are used as feeders to produce perpendicular linearly polarized waves. To enhance the bandwidth and improve the gain, double identical stack substrate patches are placed at the top side of the slot with no air gap, for a wide impedance band and high gain. Two wide CP bands, left-hand circular polarization and right-hand circular polarization, of 12.21–13.1 GHz (7.03%) and 12.35–13.1 GHz (5.89%), respectively, have maximum high gains of 16.5 and 15.97 dBic at 12.58 and 12.7 GHz, respectively, with a compact size of 2.6λ0 × 2.6λ0, suggesting better properties than recent antennas. The aperture efficiency can reach 63.2%. Thus, the RT-MS-based FP antenna is a good candidate for commercial and military communication systems.

Experimental study and modeling of denitrification in an MBBR reactor

Abstract A denitrification mathematical model was used to describe the nitrates and organic carbons use by the denitrify biomass in the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). The model integrates the diffusive mass transfer mechanism as well as double substrates Monod kinetics. Preliminary experiments were realized in order to assess the operating conditions for growth of attached biomass, the determination of the optimal (COD/NO3-N) ratio, moreover the results of the previous study of the residence time distribution in this MBBR established the optimal hydrodynamic operating conditions with a dead volume of 22%. In this reactor, seeded with a mixed liquor from a purification station, kaldnesk1 were used as carriers. A total of 6 kinetic and stoichiometric constants under anoxic conditions were determined by batch-test pulsed respirometry; some parametric have been determined experimentally, such as YHD, YNO, μ ˆ HD ${\widehat{\mu }}_{\text{HD}}$ and KS, and with their values 0.4 mgCOD (mgCOD)−1, 0.6 mg COD (mgCOD)−1,0.864 d−1 and 12.48 mg COD L −1, respectively. The other constants were determined using the model fitting (using MATLAB), such as KNO3 and bHD with its values, 0.25 mg NO3-N. L−1 and 0.061 d−1, respectively. The model was used to simulated different operating condition and the results included the concentration profiles of NO3-N, COD and XBH, which showed good agreement with the experimental ones, mainly by using the effective volume determined experimentally in the hydrodynamic study (RTD test) and which can reach 62% of the total volume under some operating. Additionally, these findings demonstrate that moving bed reactor characterization may be accomplished using in situ pulsed respirometry (MBBR).