Double Reading Research Articles

Edible gender, mother-in-law style, & other grammatical wonders: Studies in Dyirbal, Yidiñ, & Warrgamay by R. M. W. Dixon

Reviewed by: Edible gender, mother-in-law style, & other grammatical wonders: Studies in Dyirbal, Yidiñ, & Warrgamay by R. M. W. Dixon Anne Storch Edible gender, mother-in-law style, & other grammatical wonders: Studies in Dyirbal, Yidiñ, & Warrgamay. By R. M. W. Dixon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. xiv, 342. ISBN 9780198702900. $110 (Hb). ‘A language is a social phenomenon’, Dixon states at the beginning of this book. Merely looking at the structure of a language, he explains, is not a helpful tactic in attempting to understand the principles of linguistic features; a semantic approach, he sets out to demonstrate, might be much more fruitful. It is precisely this perspective on linguistics that is at the core of this inspiring book. The studies on Dyirbal, Yidiñ, and Warrgamay, three languages of north-eastern Australia, that are presented in the volume are all about meaning—how speakers make meaning, how grammatical features represent meaningful social and cultural practice, how meaning changes, and how it is always there, in multiple ways. The linguistic signs the author deals with are never simple; they are all semantically complex and express, for example, principles of taxonomy as well as cultural memory, individual ideas about the world and experiences of change and diversity. Words and grammar, as presented in D’s work, need to be seen in their social and cultural context and have to be studied with an awareness of the historical and political situations of the languages in question. The linguistic features presented by D are among the topics of some of the most celebrated work on Australian languages at large, such as edible gender, mother-in-law speech style, and ergative syntax. Much of the work on these topics has been published, over almost half a century, by the author himself. Here, he has assembled a collection of texts that were, with two exceptions, previously presented as part of his monographs or as chapters in journals and edited volumes. D has not, however, simply reedited his texts, but carefully revised and recontextualized them. Additional overviews and rich comments bind the different chapters together and help to achieve coherence and accessibility throughout the volume. This specific structure and history of the book inspires a kind of ‘double reading’ experience: the reader is provided with a brilliant collection of papers on key topics in Australian linguistics, but also receives a programmatic introduction, if you will, into the work of R. M. W. Dixon and his way of seeing language and linguistics. The volume is organized in five parts, made up of several chapters each. The first chapter stands separately, providing rich background information on what is to follow. D sets out with a kind of mission statement: ‘One can only fully comprehend the interwoven underpinnings and implications of a language through having some familiarity with the shared cultural heritage of its speakers’ (1). Whatever ‘cultural heritage’ might be here—we have to acknowledge, he implies, different sociocultural concepts, language practices, and people as being fundamentally coeval. Therefore, even though all of the linguistic analyses that are presented in the following chapters are based on D’s basic linguistic theory and widely accepted models of linguistic description, salient contributions to knowledge-making and semantic analysis in this book are presented as coming from the people who speak the languages under study: Chloe Grant (to whom the book is dedicated) and many others (all listed in the acknowledgments section at the end of the book). Their names are given throughout the text, wherever relevant, and the author’s emphasis is on his teachers, not on ‘informants’ or ‘consultants’. Besides setting the scene in this introductory chapter for the ‘linguistic wonders’ to come in the following chapters, D also makes clear that even wonders are subject to change. With regard to Australia’s languages, however, change very often meant marginalization and silencing, and the author leaves no doubt about whom to assign the blame: the European invasion—from the 1860s in north-eastern Australia—has been disastrous, and its consequences are consistently referred to in the various following chapters, which, as the author points out, provide insights into previously much more complex and richer communicative practices. [End...

Accuracy of Double Mammography Reading in Population-based Screening

Accuracy of Double Mammography Reading in Population-based Screening

Shades of Green - or Grey? Towards an Ecological Interpretation of Jonah 4:6-11

Most scholars who have attempted ecological interpretations of the Jonah narrative regard Jonah 4:6-11, especially the reference to the animals of Nineveh in 4:11, as an obvious starting point for a retrieval of ecological wisdom in the narrative. A notable exception is the Green Bible team, who selected, and printed in green, more than a thousand biblical passages which, in their view, support the aims and principles of creation care, including five passages from the Jonah narrative. However, not a single verse in Jonah chapter 4 is printed in green. A number of scholars indeed argue that no ecological wisdom can be retrieved from the passage under discussion, particularly 4:11, because the reference to animals is made in the context of forthcoming sacrifices from the newly pardoned, grateful Ninevites. Ehud Ben Zvi contends that a double reading of 4:11 is possible. This study argues that the work of Ben Zvi provides an angle from which more nuanced ecological readings of the Jonah narrative can be done.

IPES: An Image Processing-Enabled Expert System for the Detection of Breast Malignant Tumors

Mammography is an influential screening tool for preliminary detection of breast carcinoma. However, Interpreting mammograms is exhausting, particularly in the screening context. Moreover, sensitivity of mammography based screening is influenced by image quality and the experience level of radiologist. Thus, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) programs can be utilized as a second-opinion tools that enhance the performance of radiologists, by consolidating sensitivity rates in contrast with those taken by double readings. The current paper is directed towards the integration of image processing and the rule-based reasoning into a diagnostic expert system for breast tumors. A proposed system termed IPES (Image Processing-enabled Expert System) is developed for the detection of breast malignant tumors, appear in mammography in three steps: (1) segmentation of mammographic masses from both pectoral muscle region and breast tissues, (2) Characterization of segmented masses upon the standards of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) by: (i) shape-relevant features; (ii) margin characteristics; and (iii) density features, and (3) diagnosis of mass type upon some inference rules. The data set used for testing IPES contained 540 samples obtained from the standard Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). The Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves have been employed to evaluate the sensitivities and specificities of the system. Finally, the results reveal the efficacy of IBES in discriminating both malignant and benign breast masses.

Nudges and the limits of appropriate interference: reading backwards from J.S. Mill’s harm principle to Jeremy Bentham’s indirect legislation

ABSTRACTThe starting point of the present paper is the nudge phenomenon. The most disturbing element of nudge is its potential for individual manipulation, that is, for relying on initiatives that go beyond the acceptable limits of interference in individual choice. This feature is not ignored by nudge advocates, who discuss it extensively to justify the overriding benefits of such initiatives. In this discussion, they acknowledge the seminal importance of J.S. Mill’s harm principle, which is introduced in On Liberty. Academics without hidden agendas must look into Mill’s theories from an intellectual history perspective and study to what extent Mill’s harm principle lends support to the interference of government and society in private lives. This paper first unveils some contradictions in the interpretation of Mill’s harm principle in order to show that it is an unlikely source of philosophical justification for nudge proponents. The paper argues further that Mill was familiar with Jeremy Bentham’s writings on indirect legislation, presented in the Traités de legislation civile et pénale. It pinpoints elements of indirect legislation that are discussed by Mill in On Liberty, without ever naming them as such. The paper contends that Mill’s presentation of the harm principle can be read as a discussion with Bentham in relation to the appropriate limits of government intervention in people’s lives. This double reading of Mill and Bentham through the lens of indirect legislation makes it possible to pinpoint the main differences between the authors as regards the appropriate degree of government interference. Bentham’s theories appear to be a more appropriate source of philosophical justification for the use of nudges than Mill’s harm principle.

False-negative MRI breast screening in high-risk women

To determine the frequency of and reasons for false-negative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in high-risk women undergoing annual screening. The family history clinic database was interrogated and women at high risk of breast cancer who had undergone screening MRI and been diagnosed with breast cancer within 2 years of the MRI examination were identified. All available MRI examinations were reviewed and classified by two radiologists. Of 32 women diagnosed with breast cancer, 23 had MRI images available for review. Fourteen were diagnosed at MRI, four at interim mammography, two symptomatically, one incidentally on ultrasound, and two at risk-reducing mastectomy. Ten women (43%) had potentially avoidable delays in diagnosis. The preceding MRIs were classified as false-negative screens in five women (one prevalent, four incident), false-negative assessment in seven and minimal signs in three (three women were assigned dual classifications). Common reasons for diagnostic delay included small enhancing masses that were overlooked, areas of non-mass enhancement that showed little or no change between screens, false reassurance from normal conventional imaging at assessment, and overreliance on short-interval repeat MRI. Small enhancing foci, masses, and areas of segmental non-mass enhancement are common MRI features of early breast cancer. Lack of change of non-mass enhancement on serial examinations does not exclude malignancy. Double reading of both screening and assessment examinations is recommended. Ready access to MRI biopsy is essential. Short-interval repeat MRI should be limited to reassessing low suspicion areas likely to be benign glandular enhancement. Annual mammography remains important in these women.

Utility of contemporaneous dual read in the setting of emergency teleradiology reporting

Emergency radiology requires rapid and accurate interpretation of imaging examinations. Missed findings may lead to adverse outcomes. Double reporting may be used to minimize errors. Limited contemporaneous double reporting may be most efficient and cost-effective, but no data exists. This study is intended to examine the benefits of double reading and identify examinations where this would be most useful. In this study, dual reporting was conducted in a parallel reading environment in a teleradiology practice for 3779 radiological procedures performed at two radiology centers in the USA over a period of 4months. Discrepancies between reads were scored using the ACR peer review scoring system and grouped by modality and body part. Errors were tabulated across the study types, followed by identification of statistically significant differences. The interaction between image number and odds of an error was ascertained. In 145 instances (3.8%; 95% CI, 3.2-4.4%), double reporting identified errors, leading to report modification. Study type was significantly related to error frequency (p=0.0001), with higher than average frequencies of error seen for CT abdomen and pelvis and MRI head or spine, but lower than average for CT head, CT spine, and ultrasound. Image number was positively associated with error odds, but was not independently significant in a joint logistic regression model that included study type. Dual reporting identifies missed findings in about 1 of 25 emergency studies. This benefit varies substantially across study types and limited double reporting, merits further investigation as a cost-effective practice improvement strategy.

Digital mammography screening: sensitivity of the programme dependent on breast density.

To analyse the impact of breast density on the sensitivity of a population-based digital mammography screening programme (SP) as key evaluation parameter. 25,576 examinations were prospectively stratified from ACR category 1 to 4 for increments of 25% density during independent double reading. SP was calculated as number of screen-detected cancers divided by the sum of screen-detected plus interval cancers (24-months period) per ACR category, related to the first reading (a), second reading (b) and highest stratification if discrepant (c). Chi-square tests were used for comparison. Overall sensitivity of the programme was 79.9%. SP in ACR 4 (a: 50%, b: 50%, c: 50%) was significantly lower than in ACR 3 (a: 72.9%, b: 79.4%, c: 80.7%, p < 0.001), ACR 2 (a: 83.9%, b: 85.7%, c: 83.2%, p < 0.001) and ACR 1 (a: 100%, b: 88.8%, c: 100%; p < 0.001). Frequencies of ACR 4 were a: 5.0%, b: 4.3%, c: 6.9%. Digital mammography screening with independent double reading leads to a high overall SP. In the small group of women with breast density classified as ACR 4 SP is significantly reduced compared to all other ACR categories. • Overall sensitivity of a population-based digital mammography screening programme (SP) was 79.9%. • In women with ACR 1, 2, or 3, SP ranged between 72.9%-100%. • ACR 4 was rare in participants (<7%) and SP was only 50%. • SP in ACR 4 differed significantly from ACR 3 (p < 0.001).

An Abbreviated Protocol for High-Risk Screening Breast MRI Saves Time and Resources

PurposeTo review the ability of an abbreviated, high-risk, screening, breast MRI protocol to detect cancer and save resources. MethodsHigh-risk screening breast MR images were reviewed, from both an abbreviated protocol and a full diagnostic protocol. Differences in cancer detection, scanner utilization, interpretation times, and need for additional imaging were recorded in an integrated data form, and reviewed and compared. ResultsA total of 568 MRI cases were reviewed, with the abbreviated and full protocols. No difference was found in the number of cancers detected. Scan times were decreased by 18.8 minutes per case, for a total of 10,678 minutes (178 hours). Interpretation time, on average, was 1.55 minutes for the abbreviated protocol, compared with 6.43 minutes for the full protocol. Review of the full protocol led to a significant change in the final BI-RADS® assessment in 12 of 568 (2.1%) cases. ConclusionsAbbreviated MRI is as effective as full-protocol MRI for demonstration of cancers in the high-risk screening setting, with only 12 (2.1 %) cases recommended for additional MRI evaluation. The efficiency and resource savings of an abbreviated protocol would be significant, and would allow for opportunities to provide MRI for additional patients, as well as improved radiologist time management and workflow, with the potential to add real-time MRI interpretation or double reading.

The Interplay of Literal and Metaphorical Meanings in Printed Advertisement

Abstract The interplay of literal and metaphorical meanings is often employed as the means of image creation in advertising. Both literal and metaphorical meanings of a linguistic unit are given referential value; it is to be considered both at the metaphorical level and the lexical or literal level simultaneously. The effect of double reading is created by the help of a phenomenon visualized in an advertisement. The study proves that the interplay of literal and metaphorical meanings in advertising is employed to enhance that the viewer grasps the whole semantic space implied in the linguistic unit and its visualization.

The Map, the Territory, and the Impossibility of Painting a Priest

The article focuses on the relationship between capitalism and religion through an allegorical double reading of social theory and fiction. Theoretically it discusses capitalism as religion. Empirically it analyses Michel Houellebecq’s recent novel The Map and the Territory. Houellebecq’s is a late modern world in which capital tends to replace, like a map, the actual experience of life, the territory. A world in which everything is modelled on the logic of businesses and capitalism has taken the place of religion. However, The Map and the Territory distils the relationship between religion and capitalism anew, and this relationship, together with the political questions it invites, is the leitmotiv for the considerations here.

La prensa y los papeleritos en los murales pintados por Osvaldo Barra en Palacio de Gobierno de Aguascalientes: una respuesta a las críticas de El Sol del Centro

En uno de los segmentos del mural La Feria de San Marcos, del Palacio de Gobierno de Aguascalientes, realizado entre 1962 y 1963, el pintor chileno Osvaldo Barra plasmó un detalle que ofrece una doble lectura: mientras en el casino se apuestan enormes cantidades de monedas de oro, una pieza de metal es ofrecida como limosna a una mujer con un bebé resguardado en su rebozo y dos famélicos niños –uno de ellos con un ejemplar del diario El Sol– alzan los brazos clamando caridad; éstos representan las decenas de pequeños voceadores de periódicos de Aguascalientes, conocidos en esa época como “papeleritos”. A primera vista, es un reproche por el mínimo apoyo que se destinaba a la beneficencia pública, a pesar de las enormes ganancias que dejaba el juego. Pero también es una crítica velada del artista al periódico local de la Cadena García Valseca, que utilizaba a los vendedores como arma en su guerra periodística, tanto en Aguascalientes como en sus decenas de periódicos en el país. Además, el detalle pictórico que guarda relación con otro plasmado en el mural Aguascalientes en la Historia, realizado en 1961 por el mismo pintor, es una respuesta a la empresa periodística, que se empeñó en hacer una campaña de desprestigio al trabajo del artista chileno, en lo particular, y al gobierno de Luis Ortega Douglas, patrocinador de la obra mural, en lo general, quien enfrentó una fuerte crítica durante prácticamente todo su sexenio, de 1956 a 1962.

Un père écrit à son enfant pendant la Shoah ; comment transmettre la vie au-delà de l’horreur

The aim of this study is to describe the vitality of two fathers who, each in their own way, have tried to give courage to their young child. They wrote and drew for them during the war even though they were themselves in an extremely precarious situation, and permanently exposed to danger. Having survived the war almost miraculously, these works are remarkable in many ways and we can find inspiration in the link between the parent and the child forged for the generations to come. HypothesisIn these two works, we are exposed to a writing style that is oriented, voluntary, even testamentary for one of them. AimTo observe the traits shared by both writings to be read by a child in a very dangerous situation. MethodAfter a work of recontextualization, we propose two readings: what is officially said versus what we can see there by knowing the context. From an analysis using qualitative methods, we show that there is a double order: give strength to their child and hide the situation in which they find themselves. ResultsFour teachings can be inferred from these presents from parent to child: the expression of the bond of love between the child and the parent, the need to replace the child in the context of a “normal” childhood, the need to reintroduce a sense of temporality in the child's life, and teach the child to move off-centre. ConclusionThrough the study of these two works, a double reading takes shape: the father transmits a “relay stick”, and wants to register him in a process of filiation which includes him as a family link between his father and his own future children.

The Sensitivity and Specificity of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Adults with Chronic Cough in Malawi.

BackgroundCurrent tuberculosis diagnostics lack sensitivity, and are expensive. Highly accurate, rapid and cheaper diagnostic tests are required for point of care use in low resource settings with high HIV prevalence.ObjectiveTo investigate the sensitivity and specificity, and cost of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for tuberculosis diagnosis in adults with chronic cough compared to Xpert® MTB/RIF, fluorescence smear microscopy.MethodsBetween October 2013 and March 2014, consecutive adults at a primary care clinic were screened for cough, offered HIV testing and assessed for tuberculosis using LAMP, Xpert® MTB/RIF and fluorescence smear microscopy. Sensitivity and specificity (with culture as reference standard), and costs were estimated.ResultsOf 273 adults recruited, 44.3% (121/273) were HIV-positive and 19.4% (53/273) had bacteriogically confirmed tuberculosis. The sensitivity of LAMP compared to culture was 65.0% (95% CI: 48.3% to 79.4%) with 100% (95% CI: 98.0% to 100%) specificity. The sensitivity of Xpert® MTB/RIF (77.5%, 95% CI: 61.5% to 89.2%) was similar to that of LAMP, p = 0.132. The sensitivity of concentrated fluorescence smear microscopy with routine double reading (87.5%, 95% CI: 73.2% to 95.8%) was higher than that of LAMP, p = 0.020. All three tests had high specificity. The lowest cost per test of LAMP was at batch size of 14 samples (US$ 9.98); this was lower than Xpert® MTB/RIF (US$ 13.38) but higher than fluorescence smear microscopy (US$ 0.65).ConclusionThe sensitivity of LAMP was similar to Xpert® MTB/RIF but lower than fluorescence smear microscopy; all three tests had high specificity. These findings support the Malawi policy that recommends a combination of fluorescence smear microscopy and Xpert® MTB/RIF prioritised for people living with HIV, already found to be smear-negative, or being considered for retreatment of tuberculosis.

Heuristic approach for computer-aided lesion detection in mammograms

Digital mammography is a common screening method for early detection of breast cancer. Its efficiency varies from 60 to 90 %, depending on various factors such as breast density, quality of the mammogram as well as experience and knowledge of the radiologist (Andolina and Lille in Mammographic imaging: a practical guide, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2010). One of the most effective ways to increase the cancer detection rate is double reading (Fernandez-Lozano in Soft Comput 19(9):2469---2480, 2015). Regarding the fact that only the early-stage patients have high chances of survival, a computer-aided detection (CAD) system for mammography that provides a second, independent diagnosis should be considered a valuable and lifesaving tool. In this paper we present a new heuristic approach focused on analyzing characteristics of the mammogram that may indicate the presence of breast cancer. Described soft computing detection algorithm based on local features allows us to extract microcalcifications and possible tumor areas from the image. Because calcifications are associated with certain types of lesions, we believe that this idea would result in improving existing medical information systems. Future inclusion of fuzzy classifiers in the algorithm may also provide additional diagnostic value. Conducted research confirms that proposed procedure correctly identifies the regions of interest and could be used as a base of a CAD system in a double-reading procedures.

Radiographer involvement in mammography image interpretation: A survey of United Kingdom practice

Breast cancer is most often diagnosed using x-ray mammography. Traditionally mammography images have been interpreted and reported by medically qualified practitioners – radiologists. Due to radiologist workforce shortages in recent years some non-medical practitioners, radiographers, now interpret and report mammography images. The aims of this survey were to describe the characteristics and practices of radiographers who interpret and report mammography images in NHS hospitals in the UK, and in particular to establish the extent of their practice beyond low-risk asymptomatic screening cases.This service evaluation demonstrated that UK radiographers are interpreting and reporting images across the full spectrum of clinical indications for mammography including: low-risk population screening, symptomatic, annual surveillance, family history and biopsy/surgical cases. The survey revealed that radiographers are involved in a diverse range of single and double reading practices where responsibility for diagnostic decision making is shared or transferred between radiologists and/or other radiographers. Comparative analysis of sub-group data suggested that there might be differences in the characteristics and practices of radiographers who interpret only low-risk screening mammograms and those who interpret and report a wider range of cases.The findings of this survey provide a platform for further research to investigate how and why the roles and responsibilities of radiographers who interpret and report mammograms vary between organisations, between practitioners and across different examinations. Further research is also needed to explore the implications of variation in practice for patients, practitioners and service providers.

Improved quality of patient care through routine second review of histopathology specimens prior to multidisciplinary meetings

AimDouble reading may be a valuable tool for improving quality of patient care by identifying diagnostic errors before final sign-out, but standard double reading would significantly increase costs of pathology....

Radiologist-initiated double reading of abdominal CT: retrospective analysis of the clinical importance of changes to radiology reports

BackgroundMisinterpretation of radiological examinations is an important contributing factor to diagnostic errors. Consultant radiologists in Norwegian hospitals frequently request second reads by colleagues in real time. Our objective was to...

Techniques for improving estimates of maturity ogives in groundfish using double-reads and measurement error models

The reproductive output of a population depends upon physiological factors, including maturation rates and fecundity -at-size and -at-age, as well as the rate at which post-maturation females fail to spawn (i.e. skipped spawning). These rates are increasingly included in stock assessment models, and are thought to change over time due to harvest and environmental factors. Thus, it is important to accurately estimate maturation and skipped spawning rates while also including information on imprecision. For this task, we developed a new double-read and measurement-error modeling protocol for estimating maturity that is based on the use of multiple histological reads of ovaries to account for reader error caused by poorly prepared slides, nuclear smear, and early yolk development. Application to three U.S. West Coast groundfishes (Pacific hake Merluccius productus, darkblotched rockfish Sebastes crameri, and canary rockfish Sebastes pinniger) indicates that reader uncertainty is strongly predictive of reader error rates. Results also show differences in rates of skipped spawning among species, which should be further investigated. We recommend that future maturity studies record reader certainty, use models that incorporate covariates into the analysis, and conduct an initial double reader analysis. If readers exhibit little variation, then double reads may not be necessary. In addition, slide quality should also be recorded, so that future studies do not confuse this with reader imprecision. This improved protocol will assist in estimating life history, as well as environmental, and anthropogenic effects on maturity.

Interpreting argumental n-words as answers to negative wh-questions

This paper aims to provide an explanation of the lexical characterisation and final semantic interpretation associated with isolated argumental n-words in Question-Answer pairs in Negative Concord languages, namely Catalan and Spanish. We argue that there are two competing lexical variants of n-words in these languages: a polarity variant and a negative existential quantifier variant. Accessibility to these two lexical characterizations of n-words is correlated with one of the two possible final interpretations of isolated argumental n-words when used as fragment answers to negative wh-questions. Following a Structured Meaning approach to the semantics of Question-Answer pairs, we present a new analysis of n-words as focus constituents with respect to background wh-questions according to which a final single negation reading can only be inferred from n-words conceived as indefinite polarity items, whereas a Double Negation reading is inferred from negative quantifiers.