Double Negatives Research Articles

When lawyers question children: Is justice served?

This study assessed the impact of some complex question forms frequently used by attorneys who examine and cross-examine witnesses in the courtroom. Fifteen males and 15 females from each of four student populations (kindergarten, fourth grade, ninth grade, and college) viewed a videotaped incident and then responded to questions about the incident. Half the questions were asked in “law-yerese” (i.e., using complex question forms); the remaining half asked for the same information using simply phrased question forms of the same length. Lawyerese confused children, adolescents, and young adults alike. Questions that included multiple parts with mutually exclusive responses were the most difficult to answer; those that included negatives, double negatives or difficult vocabulary also posed significant problems. Results suggest that complex question forms impede truth-seeking and should be prohibited in court.

Atypical fibroxanthoma. Multiple immunohistologic profiles.

The clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of 37 cases of atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) are presented. Patients ranged in age from 13 to 95 years (mean, 69). Thirty AFXs occurred on the head and neck, and seven lesions developed on the trunk or extremities. The morphologic spectrum varied from a predominant spindle cell pattern with focal cellular pleomorphism to numerous bizarre epithelioid cells with multinucleated giant cells. The spindle cell component in these lesions ranged from 10 to 90% of the constituent cells. Most (31 of 37) AFXs also contained pleomorphic giant cells. Small numbers of S-100-positive dendritic cells were present in 11 cases. Five cases showed variable reactivity with anti-factor-XIIIa. Fifteen (41%) of the AFXs stained for muscle-specific actin or smooth muscle actin and 21 (57%) expressed CD68 (detected with monoclonal KP1), a monocyte-macrophage marker. Reactivity for these antigens was seen in all lesional cell types (spindled, epithelioid, and bizarre). Four immunologic profiles were observed: CD68 only (13 cases), actin only (7 cases), double positives (8 cases), and double negatives (9 cases). No significant differences in staining characteristics were observed in the head and neck versus the trunk and extremity lesions. These results expand the immunohistochemical spectrum of AFX, suggest the concept of heterogenous bimodal "fibrohistiocytic" and "myofibroblastic" phenotypes, and provide further evidence that an integrative, nonalgorithmic approach is necessary in the analysis of these and other spindle cell cutaneous lesions.

Characterization of αβ + CD4 − CD8 − CTL lines isolated from mixed lymphocyte cultures of adult mouse spleen cells

Several CD4 − CD8 − and CD4 − CD8 + T cell lines and clones have been isolated from the same mixed lymphocyte cultures. They express the αβ T cell receptor, are CD3 +, V β8 − and heat stable antigen-, and exhibit highly specific cytolytic activity mapping to H2D b. However, monoclonal antibody against H2D b failed to block lysis by CD4 − CD8 − cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). One possible explanation is that the “double negative” cytotoxic T lymphocytes may recognize H2D b in the context of other class I molecules ( Qa Tla ). CD4 and CD8 could be detected on some lines cloned in high concentrations of EL4 supernatant and the cell surface expression was influenced by growth conditions. The αβ + CD4 − CD8 − CTL described in this report are clearly digerent from the so-called “autoimmune double negatives” which suggests a function for them in normal immune responses.

Ontogeny of T cell maturation in LEC mutant rats which bear a congenital arrest of maturation from CD4+CD8+ to CD4+CD8− thymocytes

LEC rats bear a congenital deficiency in CD4+CD8- thymocytes and peripheral CD4+ T cells, and consequently a deficiency in Th cell functions. Ontogeny of T cell maturation in normal and LEC mutant rats was, therefore, investigated. Prenatal development of thymocytes in normal rat strains, with respect to the expression of CD4/CD8 and TcR antigens, was similar to that of mice except that its kinetics was delayed by approximately 24 h. The kinetics of T cell maturation in LEC rats was comparable with that of normal rats up to day 19 of gestation, at which stage double-negative thymocytes (CD4-CD8-) developed into double positives (CD4+CD8+) through immature CD4-CD8+ subset. At day 19 of gestation in LEC as well as normal rats, double positives occupied approximately 80% of the total thymocytes, half of which were TcR-dull positive, indicating that TcR was normally rearranged and then expressed in LEC rat thymocytes. These data indicate that double negatives normally mature into at least double positives in LEC rats. Both single positives appeared after day 19 of gestation in normal rats, while in LEC rats CD4+CD8- cells did not appear, suggesting that the deficiency in CD4+CD8- cells is due to a congenital arrest of maturation from CD4+CD8+ to CD4+CD8- cells, but not due to a postnatal deletion.

NEITHER STRUCTURALISM NOR LOVEJOY'S HISTORY OF IDEAS: A DISIDENTIFICATION WITH PROFESSOR YING-SHIN Yü'S REVIEW AS A DIS-COURSE

Abstract Lest I be accused again of flying “high in metaphysical outerspace” (p. 25), I should like to begin with an explanation of my essay's title which consists of two interrelated sets of double negatives. The first set is a twofold denial couched in terms of “neither/nor.” The second set is a dual disclaimer involving the use of the prefix “dis-.” The denial addresses two methodological objections which Professor Yu has raised in connection with my book on CHIAO HUNG AND THE RESTRUCTURING OF NEO-CONFUCIANISM IN THE LATE MING, namely, “structuralist prejudice” or “reduction” (pp. 26, 50 & 51) and miscarriage of Arthur O. Lovejoy's project in the history of ideas (p. 27). To be sure, Professor Yu has also made other points about my methodology, including his naming of “post-structuralism” (p. 25) and “the ‘archaeological’ method of Michel Foucault”(p. 27) as part of the conceptual apparatus that I am supposed to have deployed. The latter points, however, were not sustained by arguments or demonstration...

Regulatory function for murine intraepithelial lymphocytes. Two subsets of CD3+, T cell receptor-1+ intraepithelial lymphocyte T cells abrogate oral tolerance.

The murine intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) population is enriched in T cells that express the gamma delta-TCR, however, the biologic function served by these T cells remains obscure. IEL are considered to be major effector cells in mucosal immunity, and we have investigated whether IEL subsets could reverse orally induced systemic unresponsiveness (oral tolerance; OT) and support secondary type responses when adoptively transferred to mice orally tolerized with SRBC. When purified CD3+ IEL from mice orally primed with SRBC were transferred to adoptive hosts and challenged with SRBC, splenic IgM, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgA anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell responses were observed. However, CD3+ IEL from HRBC orally primed mice did not abrogate SRBC induced OT. Further, HRBC-primed CD3+, IEL converted HRBC-specific OT but not SRBC-specific OT. CD3+ IEL could be separated into four subsets based on expression of CD4 and CD8. CD3+, CD4-, 8+ T cells were the major subset (74.5%), with smaller numbers of CD4- and CD8- (double negatives, DN) (7.8%), CD4+, 8- (7.6%) and CD4+, CD8+ (double positives) (10.1%) T cells. Interestingly, both the CD3+, CD8+, and the CD3+, DN IEL subsets abrogated OT, resulting in significant IgM, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgA anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell responses when adoptively transferred to mice with OT. However, neither CD3+, CD4+, CD8-, nor double positive T cells affected OT when studied in this system. The CD3+, CD8+ IEL subset could be further separated into Thy-1+ (16.6%) and Thy-1- (83.4%) cells; adoptive transfer of Thy-1- cells abrogated oral tolerance whereas the Thy-1+ subset was without effect. When the expression of TCR on IEL with this biologic function was determined by use of monoclonal anti-alpha beta TCR (H57.597), TCR2-, CD3+ IEL possessed immunoregulatory function whereas the alpha beta-TCR+ (TCR2+) fraction did not abrogate OT. Immunoprecipitation of membrane fractions obtained from purified CD3+, CD4-, CD8+, Thy-1- IEL with polyclonal anti-delta peptide (Tyr-Ala-Asn-Ser-Phe-Asn-Asn-Glu-Lys-Leu) antibody revealed bands of 45 and 35 kDa, corresponding to the delta- and gamma-chains, respectively. These results suggest that gamma delta-TCR+ IEL possess a regulatory function, namely the restoration of immune responses in a state of oral tolerance. Further, both CD3+, CD4-, CD8+, Thy-1-, and CD3+, DN IEL T cells exhibit this effector contrasuppressor function.

The double negatives and the Mental Health Review Tribunal

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The double negatives and the Mental Health Review Tribunal

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

CD4−CD8− thymocytes that express the T cell receptor may have previously expressed CD8

Amongst CD4-CD8- (double negative) thymocytes there is a sizeable population (variable from strain to strain) of cells expressing surface T cell receptor (TCR). These TCR+ double negatives are predominantly non-cycling, have very little precursor activity, and, unlike the TCR-CD4-CD8- thymocytes, appear not to be part of the mainstream of thymocyte development. A unique feature of this population is the biased V beta-gene region usage. In CBA mice, 60-70% of TCR+ CD4-CD8- cells express receptors that utilize V beta 8 gene products, compared with peripheral T cells from the same strain which are only 20-30% V beta 8+. This suggests that the high V beta 8 usage may be the result of some selective process. A growing body of experimental data suggests that TCR specificity selection occurs at the CD4+CD8+ stage of thymocyte development. In order to gain some insight into the previous history of the TCR+ double negatives, in particular whether or not they have previously expressed CD8 and therefore been eligible for selection, we have determined the methylation state of the CD8 gene and compared it to other thymocyte populations. We show that the TCR+ CD4-CD8- thymocytes are demethylated at some sites in the CD8 gene, consistent with previous CD8 expression. However, the demethylation pattern is distinct from that seen on typical peripheral T cells or on mature thymocytes, suggesting that the TCR+ CD4-CD8- thymocytes are not derived from mature thymocytes or peripheral T cells which have returned to the thymus and downregulated CD8 expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

In situ localization of CD45 isoforms in the human thymus indicates a medullary location for the thymic generative lineage.

Previous work has suggested that the generative lineage within the human thymus can be defined by the selective expression of CD45 isoforms and is CD45RO- and predominantly CD45RA+. In order to physically localize these cells we have stained frozen sections of human thymus with antibodies to CD45RO (p180), and CD45RA (p205/P220), as well as with CD1 and HLA class I to define cortical and medullary areas, respectively. In the cortex, 70 to 90% of thymocytes were CD45RO+, whereas only 0.5% expressed CD45RA. Medullary cells were 30% CD45RO+, 29% CD45RA+; approximately 40% did not express detectable levels of either isoform but did express CD45 common determinants. To assess the degree of proliferation of cells expressing CD45 isoforms, we stained adjacent sections, or used double staining, with Ki67, an antibody that detects a nuclear Ag on proliferating cells. We found that CD45RA+ thymocytes are predominantly a resting medullary population with a small component in cell cycle, consistent with our analysis of human thymocytes by immunofluorescence, and with data in murine systems defining the generative lineage. To confirm that the CD1- or low, CD45RO-CD45RA+ thymocytes defined by immunofluorescence analysis were likely to have a medullary location, we analyzed the CD4/CD8 subset distribution of CD1-cells. From 80 to 90% of CD1-thymocytes are CD4+ or CD8+ single positives or CD-8- double negatives. CD1-thymocytes also include 12 to 14% CD4+8+ cells with a probable medullary location. A similar analysis of lymphocytes expressing a high density of HLA class I, which have a medullary location, confirmed the existence of CD4+8+ thymocytes in the medulla. Purified CD3-4-8- cells, previously shown to be CD1-CD45RA+, were also shown to bear a high density of HLA class I, indicating a medullary location. Correlative localization of a panel of Ag thus supports the argument for a medullary location of the thymic generative lineage.

Increased Thymic Size and Thymocyte Interleukin 2 Production in Androgen‐Resistant Mice

The functional significance of androgen receptors in thymocytes is unknown. To investigate whether such receptors might mediate androgen-induced effects on thymocyte proliferation or differentiation we examined mice bearing a known defect in the gene coding for the androgen receptor. This mutation, termed testicular feminization (Tfm/Y), renders these mice resistant to the action of androgenic hormones. Testicular feminization mice were found to have large thymuses that were an average of 2.8 times as heavy as those of their unaffected male litter mates, and contained up to 36 times as many thymocytes. Similar findings were observed when Tfm mice were compared with C57Bl/6 control mice. Thymocytes from androgen-resistant mice produced several times more interleukin 2 in culture than did thymocytes from control mice. A small but significant reduction in the population of cells bearing neither CD4 nor CD8 surface markers ('double negatives') was observed in the androgen-resistant mice. These data indicate that androgen resistance is associated in the Tfm/Y mouse with alterations in thymocyte number, phenotype, and function that may be attributable to lack of androgen action during thymic development.

A murine early thymocyte developmental sequence is marked by transient expression of the interleukin 2 receptor.

Precursors of all T-lineage cells are found in the population of thymocytes that lacks the CD4 and CD8 surface markers. These "double-negative" thymocytes are heterogeneous and can be divided into discrete subpopulations based on their expression of other surface markers. We have determined the relative maturity of these subpopulations based on the extent of rearrangement and expression of their T-cell receptor genes, their cell cycle status, and their thymus reconstitution capacity. Within the subpopulation of double negatives expressing high levels of the heat-stable antigen, the additional markers phagocytic glycoprotein 1 (Pgp-1) and interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) can be used to define the sequence IL-2R- Pgp-1+----IL-2R+ Pgp-1-----IL-2R- Pgp-1-, which occurs before the expression of CD4 and CD8. Transient expression of the IL-2R marks an important developmental point in the sequence just prior to a burst of cell proliferation and a loss of thymus reconstitution ability. The earliest cells in this sequence are already partially rearranged for genes in the C beta 1 region. IL-2R expression marks a second wave of T-cell antigen receptor of beta-chain gene rearrangement and the initiation of T-cell antigen receptor alpha- and beta-chain gene expression.

Major histocompatibility complex class I-specific cytolytic T cells, derived from gld mice, lacking Thy-1, CD4, and CD8.

Thy-1 is a major cell surface molecule expressed on murine thymocytes and peripheral T cells. Its physiological function is unknown, but in vitro studies suggest that Thy-1 may transmit activation signals to T cells and may play a role in the growth and/or differentiation of thymocytes [Kroczek, R. A., Gunter, K. C., Seligmann, B. & Shevach, E. M. (1986) J. Immunol. 136, 4379-4384; Kroczek, R. A., Gunter, K. C., Germain, R. N. & Shevach, E. M. (1986) Nature (London) 322, 181-184]. However, not all mouse thymocytes are Thy-1+ [Scollay, R., Wilson, A., D'Amico, A., Kelly, K., Egerton, M., Pearse, M., Wu, L. & Shortman, K. (1988) Immunol. Rev. 104, 81-120]. In addition, C3H-gld/gld mice accumulate large numbers of Thy-1- (and Thy-1+) T-cell antigen receptor-positive CD8- CD4- (double negative) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs. Our previous studies of these Thy-1- and Thy-1+ double negatives suggested that lack of Thy-1 expression correlated with diminished capacity to respond to T-cell stimuli. In this report, we describe a Thy-1- alpha/beta T-cell receptor-positive major histocompatibility complex-specific cytotoxic T-cell clone derived from C3H-gld/gld lymph node-residing cells. The data show that, at least in this system, Thy-1 (and CD8/CD4) expression is not required for growth, cytolytic activity, or expression of functional T-cell receptor complexes in vitro and raise the possibility that Thy-1 expression may not be obligatory in vivo for development of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors in gld mice.

Variation in the lexical verb in inner‐Sydney English

Abstract Together with the use of double negatives, the use of non‐standard verb forms is generally stigmatised in all varieties of English, including Australian English. But although we all know, for example, that some speakers use done for the past tense of do, or went for the past participle of go, we have little systematic knowledge regarding the nature or extent of this variation. Shnukal's (1978) study of Cessnock English is the only Australian study which attempts to quantify the occurrence of non‐standard past tense and past participle verb forms, or to explore systematically the linguistic and non‐linguistic factors which influence this variation, while Cheshire (1982) provides an investigation of variation in present tense verb forms in Reading English. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining the variation in the lexical verb apparent in the speech of Inner‐Sydney adolescents. The focus of this paper will be on variation in irregular past tense and past participle forms. Two main quest...

CD4+ murine T cells develop from CD8+ precursors in vivo.

The adult murine thymus contains four subpopulations of thymocytes defined by the T-cell surface antigens CD4 (L3T4) (a marker of helper T cells) and CD8 (Lyt2) (a marker of cytotoxic/suppressor T cells): CD4+8- and CD4-8+ (single positives), CD4+8+ (double positives) and CD4-8- (double negatives). To understand how T cells develop in the thymus, it is important to determine the lineage relationships among these subpopulations. In particular, the status of double positives, which make up approximately 80% of the total thymocyte population, has long been controversial. Some purpose that double positives are 'dead-end cells' that all die in the thymus, perhaps because they have been rejected by some selection process. Others suggest that, although most double positives die in the thymus, some develop into the more mature single positives that leave the thymus. The experiments presented here show that repeated injections of anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies block the development of CD4+ cells, demonstrating that these cells develop from CD8+ precursors, probably double positive thymocytes, in vivo.

Journal Not Un-Notted Up

To the Editor.— The title page of the article by Feman and Tilford 1 on ocular histoplasmosis exhibits two uses of double negative construction (not an uncommon cause and a rare infectious agent). Double negative terminology is gramatically annoying and semantically misleading. For example, the declaration that Tennessee Histoplasma capsulatum is not a rare infectious agent 1 is a gross understatement, since positive histoplasmin skin tests can be obtained in up to 90% of Tennessee residents. 2,3 Double negatives are commonly used as a dodge to avoid more accurate designations of probability or prevalence and should be avoided.

Elizabeth Bowen and Henry James

In the 1940s Elizabeth Bowen had occasion to wonder if her prose style was beginning to resemble Henry James’s. Her editors complained to her that sections of The Heat of the Day (1949) were “more Jacobean than James.” Asked in 1959 about his influence upon her work, she replied, “you can’t say it’s like catching the measles, because it’s a splendid style, but it’s a dangerous style.” She disliked, she said, the very late James: “I really belong to The Portrait of a Lady.” Her friend Virginia Woolf warned her in the thirties to beware the influence of James, Bowen reported: “she foresaw him as a danger to me.”1 From this time on, Bowen asked her editors to scrutinize her manuscripts carefully and watch out for double negatives, for sentences which placed the adverb before the verb on the “To whom do you beautifully belong?” model, for grammatical inversions and stylistic tricks in general. She was very much aware of the Jamesian “measles,” and somewhat apprehensive about catching them.

Linguistics in Other Professions

It used to be that the field of linguistics was thought of as a subcomponent of many other academic disciplines. Anthropology still holds claim on linguistics as part of its own field, but in the past 20 or 25 years there has been a distinct moving away from related or derivative fields toward the separation of linguistics for its own sake, even from anthropology. Apparently there are simultaneous contradictory forces which are at work in the disciplines at all times: the need to solve real problems versus the need to appear so independent of those problems as to seem to be self-sufficient. In the early days of linguistics (before the 1960s), the major tasks of linguists were to address real problems in language teaching and learning, Bible translation, and to relate linguistic research and theory to the concerns of other fields, especially to anthropology, psychology, and education. One primary concern was to dispel marvelously inaccurate information about language that was generally held: language change is not deterioration; language is a part of culture; double negatives do not make a positive; usage is not controlled by fiat, authoritv, or dictionaries. The great period of theoretical concern set in during the 1960s; not that linguistics had no theoretical concerns before that, but there arose then a real need to clean up the act, to achieve theoretical respectability rather than just to be the servant of other fields, to establish the field as a legitimate academic enterprise, in short, to become independent and to create a separate academic identity. Taking a longer view, one might see this development as parallel to what happened historically in other disciplines as well. Surely the early stages of most social sciences and humanities disciplines must have achieved similar adolescence from a childhood of needs orientation. Such growth is not a bad

Designing a likert‐type scale to assess attitude toward energy conservation: A nine step process

AbstractA nine‐step process was used as a multilevel screening mechanism in developing a Likert‐type scale that measures that attitudes of teachers toward energy conservation. Following the assemblage of a 71 statement item pool, the statements were analyzed via qualitative criteria (i.e., presence of authoritative appeals, use of double negatives, statements irrelevant to the attitude object, etc.). The 60 statements meeting the qualitative criteria were then pilotted using a sample of 93 preservice elementary teachers. One of the 60 statements was modified as a result of respondent feedback. Data collected from respondents were anlayzed using the Likert Attitude Scale Analysis Main Program (LIKRT) and the emotional intensity of each statement was judged by the criteria: discrimination index, bipolar data, and neutral data. Nineteen statements that were part of the initial item pool met all the criteria set forth by the nine‐step process; as a result, these statements composed the Attitude Toward Energy Conservation Scale. Coefficient alpha for the scale was reported at 0.81 by LIKRT with an average adjusted item‐total correlation of 0.48. Initial validity data collected suggests the scale to be a valid measure of preservice teachers' attitudes toward energy conservation.

In Defense of Double Negatives (as Exponents)

In Defense of Double Negatives (as Exponents)