Double Matrix Research Articles

Cation distribution in Mg xZn 1 − x(HCOO) 2·2H 2O mixed crystals : X-ray diffraction and double matrix infrared spectroscopy

The metal ion distributions at the two metal sites (hexaformate-coordinated Me1 sites and mixed-coordinated Me2 sites) in the title mixed crystals as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and double matrix infrared spectroscopic methods are presented and discussed. The mixed formates are isostructural with the end compounds (space group P2 1/ c). The local metal ion concentrations as a function of the total metal ion concentrations exhibit a clear preference of Zn 2+ ions to Me1 sites and the Mg 2+ ions to Me2 sites. The analysis of the infrared spectra reveals that the spectral regions 2300–2500 cm −1 ( ν OD of matrix-isolated HDO molecules) and 1300–1400 cm −1 (symmetric COO stretching ( ν 2) and bending CH ( ν 5) modes) are mostly sensitive to the metal ion environment. The inclusion of Mg 2+ and Zn 2+ in the structures of Zn(HCOO) 2·2H 2O and Mg(HCOO) 2·2H 2O, respectively, leads to an appearance of new infrared bands corresponding to ν OD of HDO molecules bonded to the incorporated ions (i.e. new hydrogen bonding systems Mg OH 2⋯OCHO Zn and Zn OH 2⋯OCHO Mg are formed in the mixed formates). The respective new bands are observed at small concentrations of included Mg 2+ ions (about 5 mol%, x = 0.05) and at considerably higher concentrations of included Zn 2+ ions (about 30 mol%, x = 0.7). Contrarily, the ν 2 and ν 5 modes caused by the incorporated cations bonded to formate ions occur at x ≥ 0.3 and x ≤ 0.85 (Mg 2+ ions in Zn(HCOO) 2·2H 2O and Zn 2+ ions in Mg(HCOO) 2·2H 2O, respectively). Thus, the infrared spectroscopy experiments confirm the single crystal X-ray measurements that the Mg 2+ ions are localized predominantly at Me2 sites and the Zn 2+ ions at Me1 sites in the title mixed crystals. The pronounced preference of the Mg 2+ ions to Me2 sites is owing to the strong affinity of these ions to water molecules.

SU-FF-T-218: Evaluation of a New Computational Technique for Photons and Electrons

Purpose: To demonstrate the preliminary results of a new computational technique which computes high accuracy transport factors for patient/phantom specific parameters and to use these transport factors to compute energy deposition independently for photons and electronsMaterials and Methods: During treatment planning the transport factors are loaded into RAM and used to directly compute a first principle high speed, high accuracy solution. Presented below are planning phase equations that are iterated upon using pre‐computed transport factors: 1. Double Differential PhotonScatter Φ p (E′,Ω′, r ) = ∫ Ω ∫ E Σ s (Ω→Ω′, E → E ′, r ) Φ p ( E ,Ω, r ) dE d Ω In our equations, Φ is particle flux, r position, Ω energy, is the solid angle and Σs are the scattering cross section. 2. Explicit PhotonTransport — Problem Specific Φ p ( E ,Ω, r ′) = ∫ V Φ p ( E ,Ω, r ) Tp ( E , Ω, r → r ′) dr 3 The Compton scatteredphotons are transported explicitly using pre‐computed transport factors. 3. Photo‐Electron Scatter Φ e − ( Ee − ,Ω e − , r ′) = ∫ Ω ∫ E Σ sp → e − (Ω→Ω e − , E → Ee − , r ) Φ p ( E ,Ω, r ) dE d Ω Electrons from photon interactions are modeled in accordance with their angular and spatial distribution. Local photonscatter interactions are used to determine the electron source distribution from a double differential scatter matrix Σ sp → e − (Ω→Ω e − , E → Ee − , r ) . 4. ElectronTransport to dose D ( r ′) = ∫ V Φ e − ( Ee − ,Ω e − , r ) Te − ( E , Ω, r → r ′) dr 3 The final dose distribution D(r′) from electrontransport is determined using pre‐computed phantom/patient specific transport factors. Results: Preliminary calculations with 2.5 mm voxels indicate that application of this model obtains fast, high accuracy results for clinical radiation treatment machines in various media. Preliminary research indicates considerable speed improvements over Monte Carlo without degrading accuracy. Conclusions: This new code utilizes an innovative process to improve computational speed and accuracy for dose calculations in radiation treatment planning. Patient specific data is used to compute high accuracy transport factors. These factors are used independently for photons and electrons to calculate dosedeposition.

Hydrogen bonding systems in metal(II) formate dihydrates, M(HCOO) 2·2H 2O (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn). Double matrix infrared spectroscopy

The hydrogen bond strengths in the title isomorphous compounds as deduced from the infrared wavenumbers of the respective uncoupled OD stretches of matrix-isolated HDO molecules are discussed in terms of O w⋯O hydrogen bond distances, metal–water interactions (synergetic effect) and unit-cell volumes (repulsion potential of the lattice). The ν OD stretching modes caused by guest ions (Cu 2+ and M 2+ guest ions matrix-isolated in M(HCOO) 2·2H 2O and Cu(HCOO) 2·2H 2O, respectively) are shifted at higher frequencies as compared to those in the host and the parent compounds, respectively. The values of these shifts (Δ ν) for the M OH 2⋯OCHO Cu hydrogen bond systems formed when Cu 2+ guest ions are included in the structures of M(HCOO) 2·2H 2O are considerably larger (i.e., weaker hydrogen bonds) as compared to those of the same type formed when M 2+ guest ions are included in the structure of Cu(HCOO) 2·2H 2O. A variant of double matrix infrared spectroscopy (M(HCOO) 2·2H 2O, M = Mg, Co, and Ni) with incorporated Cu 2+ ions up to 50 mol% additionally to matrix-isolated HDO molecules is proposed in order to deduce the cation distribution in mixed formates. The analysis of the infrared spectra reveals that the included Cu 2+ ions are localized at the two available lattice positions in the M(HCOO) 2·2H 2O (M = Co and Ni) host lattices and preferentially at the M(1) sites (sites with a coordination through six formate oxygen atom) in the Mg(HCOO) 2·2H 2O host lattice.

Structure optimization of azobenzene oligomers for holography

Azobenzene oligomer layers with side chain chromofore groups (ChG) has been experimentally studied to optimize scalar and vector hologram recording at 633 nm. ChG with different acceptors (Br, NO2, H, CN) and different bonding type to the matrix (dispersed without bonding or with covalent bonding) were used. The influence of oligomer matrix (polyvinylbuthirol, tolyle, hexamethylene, polyvinylpirolidone, double matrix) and spacers was also studied. The best results (the maximal diffraction efficiency of 7.9% and the minimal specific recording energy of 0.38 J/(cm2 %)) are obtained for ChG with one NO2 acceptor group covalently bonded to tolyle matrix. Double matrix considerably decreases the recording energy and the hologram lifetime, and enables more efficient vector recording.The conclusion is made that ChG photoorientation accompanied by other processes is responsible for 633 nm recording. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

16.2: Distinguished Contributed Paper: Development of 1.5-inch Full Color Double Sided Active Matrix OLED with Novel Arrays Design

1.5-inch full color double sided AMOLED with novel array design is fabricated. Different images on both sides of the panel can be controlled by only one IC driver. High color gamut of 67% and 81% on bottom-emitting and top-emitting sides were achieved, respectively. In addition, good performance of both sides, such as brightness and white balance are also achieved.

Crystal matrix and crystal double matrix spectroscopy

Infrared and Raman spectra of matrix isolated ions in crystalline solids display the normal modes of these units with respect to the symmetry of the respective lattice sites. Hence, they give information on all structure changes of the incorporated entities (energetic distortion), the amount of intramolecular coupling of the respective stretching modes, and symmetry and potential at the host crystal lattice sites. In the case of neat compounds, this information is hidden by collective solid-state effects. Assignment of the modes of matrix isolated guest ions can be performed by Raman single crystal experiments. If two different matrix isolated entities in a crystalline matrix come into contact forming complexes (double matrix spectroscopy) symmetry and frequencies of the modes of the guest ions are additionally changed. In the case of solid hydrates, thus the influence of metal ions and anions on the strength of hydrogen bonds (cooperative, competitive, and synergetic effects) can be analysed in detail. Examples of crystal matrix and crystal double matrix spectroscopic experiments are presented on orthorhombic halates M( XO 3) 2, monoclinic halate monohydrates M( XO 3) 2·H 2O ( M=Sr, Ba, Pb and X=Cl, Br, I), and likewise monoclinic kieserite-type compounds MXO 4·H 2O ( M=Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, and X=S, Se) with matrix-isolated XO 3 −, XO 4 2−, and M 2+ guest ions and HDO guest molecules.

Infinite matrices, wavelet coefficients and frames

We study the action of A on f ∈ L2(ℝ) and on its wavelet coefficients, where is a double infinite matrix. We find the frame condition for A‐transform of f ∈ L2(ℝ) whose wavelet series expansion is known.

Studies on azotetrazolate based high nitrogen content high energy material spotential additives for rocket propellants

This paper reports the synthesis, characterisation and thermolysis studies of a series of azotetrazolate salts, viz., ammonium/guanidinium/triaminoguanidinium [azotetrazolate]. TG-DTA and DSC results of these compounds exhibited their thermal stability up to 180°C. DSC indicated the highest heat release (2804 J g−1) for guanidinium azotetrazolate salt during exothermic decomposition. FTIR of the decomposition products of azotetrazolate salts showed bands at 3264 and 2358 cm−1 which may be attributed to gaseous species such as NH3 and HCN or NH2CN. The sensitivity data suggests low vulnerability of ammonium and guanidinium salts. In cyclic voltammetric studies all the salts showed similar response in reduction reactions. Triamino guanidinium azotetrazolate (TAGAZ) was incorporated into solid propellant formulations in order to establish the compatibility of this class of compounds. DSC results revealed that it does not have adverse effect on thermal stability of double base matrix. The burning rate data obtained indicated that TAGAZ acts as an efficient energetic additive in composite modified double base (CMDB) propellant formulations in high-pressure region.

On the study of double Fourier series by double matrix summability method

In this paper a new theorem on double matrix summability of double Fourier series has been established. This theorem is a generalization of several known and unknown results.

Application of Double Matrix Membrane Technology for Ion-Selective Electrodes

Double matrix membrane technology (DMM) is an excellent technique for creating inexpensive and robust electrochemical electrodes. In this report the use of DMM-electrodes to measure different ions (namely Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−) is described. The ion-selective membranes are basing on PVC and stabilized by deposition on a porous matrix. The authors determined the following characteristics of the ion-selective electrodes (ISEs): sensitivity; detection limit; linear range and selectivity coefficients. When changing the analyte concentration response time was lower than 30 s (Ca2+, Cl−) or 1 min (Mg2+). In the case of the determination of the selectivity coefficients it was considered in which concentrations the interfering ions naturally occur in physiological matrices, e.g., blood. In case of the chloride-selective electrode the discrimination of ascorbic acid and salicylate was investigated. The coefficients were evaluated by using the fixed interference method (FIM). The reproducibility of electrochemical characteristic was determined by investigating 120 mass-produced ammonium-selective electrodes. Furthermore, it was discovered that DMM-based potassium-selective electrodes may be stored stable for at least 4.5 years.

RECOGNIZING AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE FREE COLOR LIE SUPERALGEBRAS

Let L be a finitely generated free color Lie superalgebra. We obtained a criterion in terms of invertibility of the double Jacobian matrix associated with a special element for a given endomorphism of L to be an automorphism.

GORENSTEIN TILED ORDERS

Let Λ = {O, E(Λ)} be a reduced tiled Gorenstein order with Jacobson radical R and J a two-sided ideal of Λ such that Λ ⊃ R 2 ⊃ J ⊃ Rn (n ≥ 2). The quotient ring Λ/J is quasi-Frobenius (QF) if and only if there exists p ∈ R 2 such that J = pΛ = Λp. We prove that an adjacency matrix of a quiver of a cyclic Gorenstein tiled order is a multiple of a double stochastic matrix. A requirement for a Gorenstein tiled order to be a cyclic order cannot be omitted. It is proved that a Cayley table of a finite group G is an exponent matrix of a reduced Gorenstein tiled order if and only if G = Gk = (2) × ⃛ × (2). Commutative Gorenstein rings appeared at first in the paper [3]. Torsion-free modules over commutative Gorenstein domains were investigated in [1]. Noncommutative Gorenstein orders were considered in [2] and [10]. Relations between Gorenstein orders and quasi-Frobenius rings were studied in [5]. Arbitrary tiled orders were considered in [4], 11-14.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of starch-based hot stage extruded double matrix systems

The objective of developing a double matrix system consisting of a hot stage extruded starch pipe surrounding a hot stage extruded and drug-containing starch core, was to obtain a monolithic matrix system applicable in the domain of sustained drug release. The behaviour of the systems was evaluated through dissolution testing and through a randomised crossover bioavailability study on nine male volunteers. All double matrix systems showed in vitro a nearly constant drug release profile after an initial slower release phase of 4 h. This initial slower release phase was avoided by loading the starch pipe with a small amount of drug. The in vitro dissolution profiles did not reflect the in vivo behaviour of the systems. Although the in vitro dissolution profiles of two selected double matrix systems were slower than the profile of a commercially available sustained release formulation, they performed less well in vivo. However, the t 75% C max ratios of the evaluated double matrix systems versus a reference immediate release formulation indicated an acceptable sustained release behaviour, superior to that of hot stage extruded starch-based single matrices. Therefore the disclosed drug delivery systems could be applied in the domain of sustained drug delivery. Besides, the continuous production of the double matrix systems offers an advantage from a manufacturing point of view.

Densitometric analysis for quality control in poly(vinyl chloride)-membrane electrode manufacturing

This paper describes a simple densitometric method which will enable high quality potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) to be produced. When assembling double matrix membrane (DMM) technology electrodes, it is critical that the membrane is located for the electrode to function properly. It is, therefore, important that this is monitored during the production process. The membrane must be able to come into contact with the relevant substance to be analysed but it is also important that there is no leakage between the solution and the sensor conductor path. The poly(vinyl chloride)- (PVC) membrane material is inserted into sensor configuration. All manufactured sensors need to be checked so that there is no leakage in the membrane. After the PVC is inserted, it is necessary to perform a densitometric measurement to check that the correct amount of PVC is presented and that it is evenly distributed. A pigment is added to the PVC to enable this to occur. The pigment ensures that part of the light spectrum emitted by the densitometer is absorbed. The reflected light is then analysed to identify both the quantity and location of the PVC. We found that adding a pigment to the PVC-membrane surrounding ammonium-selective electrodes does not change the electrodes electrochemical characteristics.

Lead salt of 2, 4, n-trinitroanilinoacetic acid - an energetic ballistic modifier for double base propellants

Lead Salt of 2,4,N-trinitroanilinoacetic acid has been evaluated as ballistic modifier in composite modified double base matrix. Burn rate measurements showed a plateau effect between 3.43 — 8.82 MPa. The salt-containing propellant composition showed a synergistic effect on decomposition of propellants as evidenced by a reduction in differential thermal analysis exotherm peak temperature. Effect of magnesium oxide-lead salt combination on burn rate of propellant formulation was also evaluated. The combination increased the burn rate at 6.86 — 8.82 MPa and decreased at 10.78 MPa. The salt has been prepared by double decomposition of lead nitrate with sodium salt of 2,4,N-trinitroanilinoacetic acid, which in turn is prepared from glycine and 2,4 - dinitrochlorobenzene. The lead salt decomposes at 187°C as shown by differential thermal analysis exotherm. Calorimetric value (+3.14 MJ/kg) of the salt has been calculated. The salt exhibits an impact sensitivity height (h50) of 97.5 cm and friction sensitivity of >36 kg.

Disposable potentiometric enzyme sensor for direct determination of organophosphorus insecticides.

A potentiometric disposable enzyme sensor for the direct and fast determination of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides was developed by using an organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) immobilized on an ion-selective electrode. The disposable screen-printed transducer was based on double matrix membrane technology which allows easy mass production. The potentiometric device consisted of a H(+)-sensitive electrode with integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The electrodes were prepared with N,N-dioctadecylmethylamine as H(+)-sensitive ionophore and pH calibration resulted in slopes of 55 mV decade-1 over a pH range from 11 to 6. OPH was isolated from recombinant Escherichia coli DH5 alpha and immobilized within poly(carbamoyl sulfonate) prepolymer on the surface of the H(+)-sensitive electrode without any further fixation membrane. OPH catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of OP compounds which releases protons in a concentration proportional to hydrolyzed substrate. Sensor performance was investigated with regard to enzyme load, concentration, pH and temperature of the measuring buffer using paraoxon as analyte. Best sensitivity and response time were obtained with sensors prepared with 250 U of OPH and measuring at 37 degrees C in 1.0 mM HEPES buffer, pH 9.3, containing 100 mM NaCl. The enzyme sensor exhibited a linear calibration range of 0.01-0.15 mM chlorpyrifos, 0.05-0.35 mM diazinon, 0.05-0.4 mM paraoxon and 0.007-0.05 mM parathion, respectively. For all these analytes response times to reach 95% of maximum change in potential did not exceed 5 min. Sensors stored under dry conditions at 4 degrees C still showed 60% of initial hydrolytic rate after 70 d. The sensors even when stored dry were ready for measurements after 5 min incubation in measuring buffer. A range of putative interfering substances did not influence sensor response, and suitability of measuring OPs in soil extracts was ascertained.

Remarks on Hirota'sD-operators, the double-complex function method and the Ernst equation

In this paper, a double matrix equation with Hirota's D-operators is given. Besides the original solutions available, this equation provides half the exact solution lost in the common Hirota direct method for solving the Ernst equation. Using this double matrix equation, we obtain a realization of the double Ehlers transformation group. In addition, we discuss the inverse problem about the equation.

Electromagnetic properties of bronze processed Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting wires and multi-strand cables for AC use with a Cu-Sn-X(X; Ge,Ni,Mn,Si) matrix and a Nb-Ta core

A bronze processed 0.275 mm-dia. Nb/sub 3/Sn strand composed of Nb-0.5at%Ta cores and a Cu-2.7at%Sn-1.0at%Ge matrix was fabricated into cables of 6 and 36 strands. Each strand contained 75990 filaments 0.28 /spl mu/m in diameter. The AC quench current for the 36-strand cable reached 2500 A/sub peak/ at 50 Hz and 0.5 T DC field. The 6-strand cable showed a significantly improved irreversible bending strain limit of over 10% due to the fine filament size. This result enabled building of a magnet through the react and wind method. A 50 mm-bore 2T-class magnet wound by the 6 strand cable was successfully operated at 52.7 Hz and 4.2 K. In order to reduce AC losses another bronze processed 0.218 mm-dia. Nb/sub 3/Sn strand with 147510 0.15 /spl mu/m-dia. filaments was fabricated from Nb05%Ta/Cu-4.9%Sn-2.0%Ge/Cu-2.7%Sn-2%Ni-1%Mn double matrix composite. The strand showed a hysteresis loss of 447J/m/sup 3/ at /spl plusmn/0.5 T/cycle and /spl lambda/J/sub c/ of 857A/mm/sup 2/ at 0.5 T after the heat treatment at 500/spl deg/C for 100 h.

A disposable biosensor for urea determination in blood based on an ammonium-sensitive transducer

A potentiometric urea-sensitive biosensor using a NH + 4-sensitive disposable electrode in double matrix membrane (DMM) technology as transducer is described. The ion-sensitive polymer matrix membrane was formed in the presence of an additional electrochemical inert filter paper matrix to improve the reproducibility in sensor production. The electrodes were prepared from one-side silver-coated filter paper, which is encapsulated for insulation by a heat-sealing film. A defined volume of the NH + 4-sensitive polymer matrix membrane cocktail was deposited on this filter paper. To obtain the urea-biosensor a layer of urease was cast onto the ion-sensitive membrane. Poly (carbamoylsulfonate) hydrogel, produced from a hydrophilic polyurethane prepolymer blocked with bisulfite, served as immobilisation material. The disposable urea-sensitive electrode was combined with a disposable Ag/AgCl reference electrode to obtain the disposable urea biosensor. The sensor responded rapidly and in a stable manner to changes in urea concentrations between 7.2×10 −5 and 2.1×10 −2 mol/l. The detection limit was 2×10 −5 mol/l urea and the slope in the linear range 52 mV/decade. By taking into consideration the influence of the interfering K +- and Na +- ions the sensor can be used for the determination of urea in human blood and serum samples (diluted or undiluted). A good correlation was found with the data obtained by the spectrophotometric routine method.

CALCULATION OF DOUBLE BETA DECAY MATRIX ELEMENTS : THIRD DAY MODERATOR'S REPORT

The talks presented on the third day of theWorkshop on Calculation of Double Beta Decay Matrix Elements and the ensuing round table discussion are summarized.