Double-headed Eagle Research Articles

Vladimir Putin and the New World Order: Looking East, Looking West?

VLADIMIR PUTIN AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER Looking East, Looking West? J. L. Black Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. xiv, 368pp, US$85.00 cloth (ISBN 0-7425-2965-7), US$36.95 paper (ISBN 0-7425-2966-5)The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the Federation to establish for itself an international role as the remnant of the former superpower. The temptation has been to regard the new state as an irrelevant player on the international field, an economic basket case incapable of playing a significant role in world affairs. If nothing else, this book reminds us that Russia must be taken seriously.The US may be the singular imperialist power in the modern world, and able to act autonomously when it bombs Serbia or invades Iraq. In pursuit of a nuclear umbrella, President George W. Bush unilaterally rejected the antiballistic missile treaty of 1972, which was regarded by the Russians as a lynchpin of peaceful coexistence. However, in spite of the immensity of American military superiority, and in response to it, Russia can be seen developing a comprehensive foreign policy grounded in a reconsideration of its own reduced role in the world. Still the second most powerful nuclear state on the planet, still a country that has boundaries with Europe, central Asia, and the far east, Russia cannot be treated lightly.Professor Black, emeritus professor at Carleton University, gives us the view of the world by examining the first years of the Putin presidency. The book is, first, a detailed history of the regime's foreign policy from December 1999 to May 2002. second, it presents an analysis of the main areas of foreign policy concern. The sources are almost entirely Russian, which provides the reader with invaluable insights into the political mind of the leadership, particularly that of Putin. We are given an image of a political leadership that is still sensitive to the from the west. The capitalist encirclement that was the bane of the Bolsheviks prior to the second World War is now the threat of an expanding NATO which keeps Russia out but which lets in former Warsaw pact countries and former Soviet republics. Today, however, we see a sophisticated leader, promoting patriotism and military values, offering to work with NATO and the European Union, rather than building a new iron curtain. In fact, one of Putin's central arguments is that international problems can be resolved on a multilateral basis, emphasizing the United Nations, rather than through unilateral action by one or few nations (specifically, the United States). This was written well in advance of the American invasion of Iraq, but our author was sensitive to such a possibility. As early as November 2001 American comments on led Russian analysts to see the USA as preparing the way for an attack on Iraq (152).On the other hand, we are reminded that the two-headed eagle has major concerns as it looks towards the east. …

Кормя двуглавого орла… Русская литература и государственная идеология в последней трети XVIII – пер-вой трети XIX века по Андрей Зорин (review)

Кормя двуглавого орла… Русская литература и государственная идеология в последней трети XVIII – пер-вой трети XIX века по Андрей Зорин (review)

Lodge of the Double-Headed Eagle: two centuries of Scottish Rite Freemansory in America's Southern Jurisdiction

Lodge of the Double-Headed Eagle: two centuries of Scottish Rite Freemansory in America's Southern Jurisdiction

Lodge of the Double-Headed Eagle: Two Centuries of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in America's Southern Jurisdiction

First formed in Charleston, South Carolina, the Southern Jurisdiction of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite is now the largest and oldest group of Freemasons in the world. Its first institutional history provides a useful window on the influence of the Rite on American middle-class culture and the nation's democratic, civic, and moral values. 1997, 568 pages

A General Theory of Russian Space: A Gay Science and a Rigorous Science

Living in a brave new world of jumbo jets, computer networks, and fast-food chains, we are tempted to believe that geography can be overruled by technology, that space can be conquered by means of communication. However, there is an exception lying flat and square across Eurasia and occupying about one-seventh of world map. This is Russia, where space reigns supreme, defying modern communications, technologies, and beliefs, and defining political institutions, economic activity, and mentality of its population. Space is generally considered to be a major Russian asset, but isn't it also a major pain in neck? True, it shapes a mysterious Russian soul, with its breadth and depth, its abysses, and the ideal of Madonna living side by side with ideal of Sodom like ebony and ivory on a piano keyboard, as testified by Dostoyevsky. True, Russia's coat of arms is a double-headed eagle, borrowed from Byzantium (not mutating after Chernobyl), with one head looking east, other west. And yet again, it is true that Russia, with its vastness, cannot be embraced by mind,1 as observed by Tyutchev and repeated by many for more than a century as an ultimate justification for everything that happens in that country. It is this same space that has prevented Russia from developing civil institutions, civic society, and rule of law (Rechtsstaat) in fact entire concept of civility, from civitas, is a specifically Western way of development by urbanization. In Russia, there has been little necessity to settle down and work at a plot of land. Endless space is forgiving and undemanding, irresponsible and undiscriminating; its human embodiment is weak-willed and dreamy Iliya Iliych Oblomov of Ivan Goncharov's classical novel, a Russian archetype. If

European integration and disintegration: East and West

1. Introduction: European Integration and Disintegration 2. French Motives for European Integration 3. Churchill and Europe: A Revision 4. European Security: A New Era of Crisis 5. The UK in Europe: An Awkward or Accommodating Partner 6. In the Strategic Triangle: Denmark and the European Union 7. The Crisis of the Italian State 8. The Southern Enlargement of the EC: Spain, Portugal and Greece 9. National Identity in a United and Divided Germany 10. The Comecon Experiment 11. Poland's 'Return to Europe', 1989-94 12. Bringing the East Back In 13. The Double-Headed Eagle: Russia - East or West? 14. In Lieu of a Conclusion: East Meets West

Origen y difusión del águila bicéfala en la platería religiosa española e hispanoamericana

We study the graphics sources of the Spanish monstrances whit knot composed of two-headed eagle. We also establish the origin of its iconography in an engraving printed by Maria Eugenia Baer about the middle of the 17th century. Finally, we also try to study the spreading of the two-headed eagle in Spanish and spanish- american silversmithing

If Hamilton and Madison were merely lucky, what hope is there for Russian federalism?

Just as the two-headed eagle of imperial and contemporary Russia looks in two different directions, this essay has two objectives: to evaluate, on the basis of the American experience, the prospects for stable democratic federalism in Russia and to reconsider the insights into federalism offered by Madison and Hamilton inThe Federalist. The swirl of events in Russia make it difficult if not impossible to confidently render conclusions about the future direction of events and the prospects for meaningful federal domestic relations. However, some theoretical perspective can be gained by looking at the theory of federalism offered inThe Federalist Papers, with special attention to Madison and Hamilton's failure to appreciate fully the role political parties would play in the eventual integration of American political institutions so as to establish, in Madison's words, a “properly structured” federation. Looking as well at the early history of parties in the United States we see, in addition to the usual constitutional provisions associated with federalism, the importance of those things that structure political competition within states. Properly designed, these things encourage the development of political parties that mirror federal relations and integrate regional and national political elites so as to avert center-periphery conflict. Unfortunately, a review of the provision currently in place for Russia reveals that electoral practices and regional and republic constitutions and proposals are unlikely to encourage parties of the sort that facilitate a stable federal system. This fact, in conjunction with several other trends (notably, corruption and the political instincts of political elites in Moscow), leads to the conclusion that a “federation” of the type currently observed in, say, Mexico is a better scenario of the future for Russia than is a federation that imitates the United States, Australia, Germany, or Switzerland.

Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity.

Introduction 1. God's Firstborn: England Reflection of the National Consciousness in Discourse and Sentiment The New Aristocracy, the New Monarchy, and the Protestant Reformation The English Bible, the Bloody Regiment of Queen Mary, and the Burning Matter of Dignity England as God's Peculiar People, and the Token of His Love The Sound of Their Voices The Changing Position of the Crown and Religion in the National Consciousness A Land of Experimental Knowledge 2. The Three Identities of France I. The Development of Pre-National French Identity France--a Church, and the Faith of the Fleur de Lys Heresy and Its Child The King and His State II. The Social Bases of the Nationalization of French Identity and the Character of the Nascent National Consciousness Turns of the Social Wheel: The Plight of the French Aristocracy The Perilous Escape: Redefinition and Reorganization of the Noblesse The Birth of the French Nation Nation, the Supreme Being Competition with England and Ressentiment A Note on Non-Elite Nationalism 3. The Scythian Rome: Russia Perestroika in the Eighteenth Century The Crisis of the Nobility The West and Ressentiment The Laying of the Foundations Transvaluation of Values: The Crystallization of the Matrix of Russian Nationalism The Two-Headed Eagle 4. The Final Solution of Infinite Longing: Germany I. The Setting The Conception and Miscarriage of Nationalism in the Sixteenth Century The Early Evolution of the Concept of the State The Insouciance of German Nobility prior to the Nineteenth Century Bildungsburgertum: The Dangerous Class II. The Birth of the Spirit: The Preparation of the Mold for the German National Consciousness Aufklarung Pietism Romanticism III. The Materialization of the Spirit The Impact of the French Revolution The Birth of German Nationalism The Finishing Touch: Ressentiment The Twin Blossoms of the Blue Flower 5. In Pursuit of the Ideal Nation: The Unfolding of Nationality in America America as a New England The Separation A Union Begun by Necessity The Tug-of-War: The Persisting Threat of Secession and the Development of National Unity Inconsistencies and Tensions The Trial and Completion of American Nationality Afterword Notes Index

Albanian literature in Greek script. The eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Orthodox tradition in Albanian writing

Before the Turkish incursions of the late fourteenth century Albania had often been the frontier between the spheres of influence of Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy. Though in the wake of the Crusades certain areas of northern Albania and in particular the Adriatic ports under the growing influence of the Serenissima had come to look to Rome, most of central and southern Albania remained derivatively Byzantine. To this day, the double-headed eagle of Byzantium, a symbol of this heritage, adorns the Albanian flag.

Is There a “Double-Headed Eagle”?

Is There a “Double-Headed Eagle”?

特集『金属・セラミック接合の基礎』 序-双頭の鷲からマテリアル・インターコネクションへ

特集『金属・セラミック接合の基礎』 序-双頭の鷲からマテリアル・インターコネクションへ

A Great Queen on the Sphinx Piers at Alaca Hüyük

Since the first European visited Alaca Hüyük 150 years ago the site has been noted for its gateway dating from the Hittite empire, fourteenth and thirteenth centuries B.C. Within a few decades of the discovery, excavations revealed a large number of sculptured orthostats flanking the entry, but the piers with sphinx protomes have always been above ground and have given the entrance its name, the Sphinx Gate. Nineteenth-century travellers noted on the inner face of the eastern sphinx pier the fragmentary representation of a figure above a two-headed eagle clutching two rabbits (Pl. XXXIX, a). The relief is visible to everyone entering the city through this gateway. The parallel figure on the other pier, the subject of this report, has rarely been mentioned.The late morning sun highlights remnants of a female figure on the inner face of the western sphinx pier (Fig. 1, Pl. XXXVIII, a, b). The upper part, from a point below the waist, and the whole front are destroyed, but there is no doubt of the back contour of the long robe, its surface covered by a series of striations sweeping down and back into the train.

Anthropology through the Looking-Glass: Critical Ethnography in the Margins of Europe

1. Romanticism and Hellenism: burdens of otherness 2. A secular cosmology 3. Aboriginal Europeans 4. Difference as identity 5. The double-headed eagle: self-knowledge and self-display 6. Strict definitions and bad habits 7. The practice of relativity 8. Etymologies of a discipline.

Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History, 1812-1980

1. Eighteen Twelve and After 2. The Russia of Nicholas I 3. Tsar and Serf 4. Thaw 5. From Bombs to Pogroms 6. Russia in Asia 7. 1905 8. On the Eve 9. The Empire's Last War 10. 1917 11. The Civil War 12. Disputes and Decisions 13. The Thirties 14. The Great Patriotic War 15. Consolidation or Ossification? 16. The Khrushchev Revival 17. The Brezhnev Regime 18. Infirmity 19. From the Red Flag to the Double-Headed Eagle.

The Adoption of the Muscovite Two-Headed Eagle: A Discordant View

The Adoption of the Muscovite Two-Headed Eagle: A Discordant View

The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili IIGustave AlefGustave Alef Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Speculum Volume 34, Number 1Jan., 1959 The journal of the Medieval Academy of America Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2847975 Views: 6Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1959 The Mediaeval Academy of AmericaPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Simon Franklin The Russian Graphosphere, 1450-1850, 3 (Apr 2019).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108592307Jacob Emery Species of Legitimacy: The Rhetoric of Succession around Russian Coins, Slavic Review 75, no.11 (Jan 2017): 1–21.https://doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.75.1.1Maureen Perrie The Cambridge History of Russia, (Mar 2008).https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521812276Janet Martin North-eastern Russia and the Golden Horde (1246–1359), (Sep 2006): 127–157.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521812276.007Janet Martin The emergence of Moscow (1359–1462), (Sep 2006): 158–187.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521812276.008Marshall Poe What Did Russians Mean When They Called Themselves “Slaves of the Tsar”?, Slavic Review 57, no.33 (Jan 2017): 585–608.https://doi.org/10.2307/2500713 Gustave Alef The Adoption of the Muscovite Two-Headed Eagle: A Discordant View, Speculum 41, no.11 (Oct 2015): 1–21.https://doi.org/10.2307/2851842

The Double-Headed eagle

The Double-Headed eagle

The double-headed Eagle

The double-headed Eagle

Fleur-de-Lis and Double-Headed Eagle

Fleur-de-Lis and Double-Headed Eagle