Double Emulsion Research Articles

Production of Polylactide Nanoparticles Loaded With Isoniazid and Vitamin C: A Promising Candidate for the Treatment of Resistant Forms of Tuberculosis

ABSTRACTNowadays, the method of directed transport of drugs is becoming increasingly important in medicine and pharmacology. It allows for increasing the concentration of delivered substances in a certain place and blocking or severely limiting their accumulation in healthy organs and tissues. One of the promising drug carriers used in the development of controlled drug delivery systems is polylactic acid (PLA). We were interested in using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with isoniazid (INH) and vitamin C (VC) which have sustained action, targeted delivery, high efficacy, and low toxicity. It will help to expand the use of these simple drugs for the rapid treatment of multidrug‐resistant forms of tuberculosis. Thus, in this work, PLA‐INH‐VC NPs were prepared by double emulsion method where several factors affecting particle size were investigated. TGA/DSC and IR spectroscopy studies identified the presence of molecularly dispersed drugs (INH and VC) in polylactide nanoparticles. VC was found to reduce the degradation of the polymer and thus prolonged the release of the drug from the polymer matrix. PLA‐INH‐VC nanoparticles were analyzed for mycobacterial activity and the nanoparticles were found to inhibit the growth of INH‐resistant mycobacteria.

Synthesis of cefixime loaded PCL/HPMC blend nanoparticles: a controlled release study and in vitro anti-bacterial evaluation

Aim To enhance cefixime’s effectiveness and address drug delivery challenges like concentration at the site, dose, and time, present study investigated the impact of polymer blends on cefixime’s in vitro release profile. Methods Cefixime-loaded nanoparticles were prepared via a modified solvent evaporation method, forming a W/O/W double emulsion. Characterisation included FT-IR, zeta potential, TGA, TEM, and XRD, with in vitro studies and kinetic models used to analyse the release mechanism. Results The PH-4 nanoparticle formulation (80:20 PCL/HPMC, 0.5% PVA) achieved an 81% loading rate, no adverse effects, and a controlled release of 84.66%±2.53 over 30 days. It showed stable physicochemical properties, with in vitro antibacterial tests revealing inhibition zones of 27.4 ± 2.12 mm for E. coli and 17.2 ± 2.23 mm for S. aureus at 12 hours. Conclusion Based on the findings, developed nanoparticulate system containing PCL/HPMC demonstrates its efficacy and safety as a controlled drug delivery method for antibiotics like cefixime.

Encapsulation of Olive Leaf Extract by Double Emulsion Method for Enriched Bakery Products: Enhancing Stability and Functionality

Encapsulation of Olive Leaf Extract by Double Emulsion Method for Enriched Bakery Products: Enhancing Stability and Functionality

Development and stability evaluation of double emulsions enriched with Anthocyanins from Juçara

This study aimed to develop double emulsions enriched with anthocyanins extracted from juçara, a fruit rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Anthocyanins are promising natural colorants but present instability to pH and temperature variations, limiting their application. Encapsulation in double emulsions (W/O/W) is an effective solution to increase the stability and retention of these compounds. The main objective was to develop and evaluate the stability of the double emulsions, aiming to protect the anthocyanins during processing. The methodology included the anthocyanins extraction from juçara and the formation of primary emulsions, followed by incorporation into external aqueous phases, testing different (W/O)/W proportions and concentrations of Arabic gum. The most stable double emulsion showed higher anthocyanin retention, with an encapsulation efficiency of 98.04%. The double emulsion system proved effective in protecting anthocyanins against different pHs, temperatures, and storage times, highlighting its potential for application as natural colorants in foods.

Co-encapsulation of probiotic bacteria and fructooligosaccharides in basil seed gum-stabilized double emulsion gels: Probiotic viability and physicochemical properties

Double emulsions (DEs) present many potential applications for encapsulating and protecting probiotics. However, their high instability limit their real applications. To improve the prolonged stability of DEs, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus gasseri were separately co-encapsulated together in the presence of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and basil seed gum (BSG) within the internal (W1) and external (W2) aqueous phases of double emulsion gels (DEGs; W1-sol/O/W2-gel). Physical properties of DEGs, and viability of probiotics during heat processing, gastrointestinal digestion and storage were evaluated. Appropriate physical stability was observed during storage for 28 d at 4 ± 2 °C. The FOSs and microorganism type showed not effect on the droplet size (10.63 to 10.47 µm). Turbidimetry, physical stability, and morphological studies revealed the formation of aggregated droplets after 3 weeks. All DEGs presented high (>90 %) encapsulation efficiency. The viability of microencapsulated probiotics over time (14.89–14.08 %) and against simulated gastrointestinal conditions was higher than that of free cells. The encapsulation of bacteria in W1 in the presence of FOSs led to a significant improvement of viability against heat (only 1.35 % to 6.83 % reduction at 72 °C). L. gasseri showed a higher stability against environmental conditions. Finally, BSG-stabilized DEGs can be considered for increasing the viability of probiotic in functional foods.

Kinetics and morphology of multi-core compound drops in pressure-driven flows

Compound drops or, double emulsions, find important applications in cosmetics and food industry, biomedical devices, petroleum industry, and many others. Most naturally occurring compound drops in these applications tend to contain multiple smaller cores inside an outer shell and their interactions are expected to have significant impact on the shape and kinetics of the entire drop. Yet, the existing literature focuses heavily on probing the mechanics of only single-core compound drops. As such, in this article, we numerically explore the dynamics and the morphology of multi-core compound drops suspended in pressure-driven background flows in narrow confinements, using the phase field formalism. To this end, we specifically consider dual and triple-core compound drops in a variety of configurations. Our findings reveal that multi-core compound drops may be inherently unstable as their kinetics is largely dominated by pinch-off and merger of the cores. Such events are, in turn, strongly influenced by several factors, such as the distribution of the cores within the shell, the starting position of the drop, core eccentricity, to underline a few. It is observed that the insight gained from the behavior of single-core drops helps us understand the kinetics of dual-core drops and likewise, those of dual-core ones are crucial toward understanding the intricacies of triple-core drops. Despite such hierarchy, the complexities in the motion and deformation of the cores and the shell in the presence of background flows increase very rapidly as the number of cores increase beyond three.

Double network emulsion gel prepared with different polyphenol modified egg white protein: A promising fat substitute for oral processing and fatty taste supplement

Double network emulsion gel prepared with different polyphenol modified egg white protein: A promising fat substitute for oral processing and fatty taste supplement

Sustained release of heparin from PLLA micropartricles for tissue engineering applications

Heparin holds promise for cardiac tissue engineering, but challenges such as hematoma or bleeding and accumulation in tissue caused by excessive release, and short half-life persist. The present study aimed to introduce a reliable mechanism for the prolonged heparin release from a biocompatible polymer carrier. The designed system must ensure that heparin retains its bioactivity over time while preventing premature release. Heparin was encapsulated within poly (L-lactic acid) microparticles using the double emulsion method, with polyvinyl alcohol employed as the stabilizer. The encapsulation efficiency of heparin in the microparticles was calculated as 25.56 %. The functionality of the design was evaluated using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Drug release and microparticle degradation studies were conducted alongside cell viability tests. The particle sizes ranged from 5 to 10 ± 2.53 μm, with evidence suggesting that heparin promotes the smaller particle formation. The system demonstrated a consistent drug release profile over six weeks with a release rate of 54 % by week two and 97.65 % by week six. The degradation of heparin-loaded microparticles reached less than 50 % by week six, and the loading of heparin did not significantly affect the degradation behavior of the PLLA microparticles in PBS. Furthermore, heparin concentrations between 200 and 400 μg/ml enhanced the viability of Placenta-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and H9c2. These findings suggest that the system could be considered as an effective vehicle for sustained heparin delivery across a spectrum of biological applications, particularly in cardiac tissue engineering.

Influence of variation in phase ratio and protein content on physicochemical properties and structure of soy protein isolate-konjac glucomannan double emulsion gels applicable as solid cubic fat substitutes

Influence of variation in phase ratio and protein content on physicochemical properties and structure of soy protein isolate-konjac glucomannan double emulsion gels applicable as solid cubic fat substitutes

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ НАНОКАПСУЛ ДЛЯ ДОСТАВКИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ СРЕДСТВ

Encapsulation of active ingredients in solid capsules made of biodegradable materials has attracted considerable attention over the past decades. In this brief review, we focus on the preparation of micro- and nanosized capsules and emulsions based on artificial peptides as a fully degradable material. It discusses various approaches to the preparation of polymer-based capsules as well as their critical properties such as size and stability. Dispersed polymer nanocapsules can serve as nanosized drug carriers to achieve controlled release as well as effective drug administration. The stability of the dispersion is determined by the type of surfactant and the nature of the outer shell of the capsule. Their release and degradation properties largely depend on the composition and structure of the capsule walls. Another important criterion is the capsule size, where the optimum is usually observed in the radius range of 100 to 500 nm. Nanocapsules can be prepared in fundamentally different ways: nanoprecipitation, emulsion diffusion, double emulsification, emulsion coacervation, polymer coating and layer-by-layer, and depend on the methodological and mechanistic aspects, encapsulation of the active substance and the raw materials used. Nanocapsules made using various biodegradable polymers are attracting increasing attention and are considered as one of the most promising drug delivery systems. Nanoencapsulated systems have a relatively higher intracellular absorption compared to microparticles, which can be modified depending on the surface charges of the nanocapsules and the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of the polymer used to form the shell.

Microfluidics-based stable production of monodisperse giant unilamellar vesicles by oil-phase removal from double emulsion

Giant liposomes, or giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), have been utilized as cell-size bioreactors to replicate the physical and chemical properties of biological cells. However, conventional methods for preparing GUVs typically lack precise control over their size. Several research groups have recently developed microfluidic techniques to create monodisperse GUVs by generating water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) droplets with a thin oil layer that subsequently transform into GUVs. However, the formation of a thin oil shell requires the intricate control of the flow rate, which can be both challenging and unstable. In this study, we investigated the design of a two-step flow-focusing microfluidic channel to produce stable W/O/W droplets. These droplets underwent substantial oil layer reduction through spontaneous removal by fluidic shear forces. Consequently, the majority of the oil layer in the W/O/W droplets was reduced, improving uniformity of GUVs.

Antibiotics-encapsulated nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent in the treatment of wound infection.

Disruption in the wound-healing process is caused by the presence of bacteria and leads to major problems and delays in wound healing. The limitations of commonly used medicines for treating wound infections include drug toxicity, insufficient microbial coverage, poor penetration, and increased resistance. This study aimed to determine the effect of ciprofloxacin loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles (Cip-SLN) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ampiciliin-vancomycin loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles (Amp-Van-SLN) on Staphylococcus aureus in wounds. Antibiotics were encapsulated in SLNs using the double emulsion method and were characterized. The in-vitro effect of antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was assessed using well diffusion and MIC methods. Finally, the topical antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles against bacterial wound infection was measured in a mouse model. MIC results showed that in the first 24 hours, the free drug had a greater effect on inhibiting bacteria, and in 72 hours, the inhibitory effect of nanoparticles increased. There was no toxicity effect of 400 µg/mL of nanoparticles on cells. According to the findings, the groups treated with Cip-SLN and Amp-Van-SLN were more effective than the control group (untreated) in different concentrations. In the wound healing process, the group treated with solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) exhibited a greater epithelial thickness, indicating enhanced healing, compared to the group treated with the free drug. The use of SLN can increase the accumulation of antibiotics at the site of infection with a slow release of the drug due to its fatty nature, which leads to a significant inhibitory effect on bacteria and also improves wound healing.

Nanoencapsulation of creatine: Unlocking hydrophilic bioactive potential through double emulsification by solvent diffusion

AbstractNanotechnology has emerged as a pivotal tool in pharmaceutical research, driving the development of innovative techniques to enhance drug distribution within the body by finely tuning the biopharmaceutical properties of various drugs. Among these techniques, encapsulating biologically active substances in polymeric nanoparticles has garnered significant attention. However, achieving high encapsulation efficiency for hydrophilic molecules remains a formidable challenge, despite their growing importance in treating diverse diseases such as cancer, where nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, and smaller hydrophilic molecules are key players. While some studies have reported improvements in encapsulating hydrophilic drugs, notable examples, like the solid/oil/water ion‐pairing method and the use of calcium phosphate, have shown promise in enhancing encapsulation efficiency for different drugs. Nonetheless, the challenge of preparing aqueous core nanoparticles capable of encapsulating a high percentage of water‐soluble actives persists. Creatine monohydrate, a bioactive compound widely consumed by athletes for its role in increasing muscular phosphocreatine stores, presents an intriguing case. Despite its insolubility in organic media, creatine exhibits limited aqueous solubility, rendering it a suitable candidate for encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles to improve its aqueous solubility and gastrointestinal absorption. In this study, we aim to produce polymeric nanoparticles containing creatine monohydrate utilizing the double emulsification (W/O/W) method. This promising and efficient approach holds the potential to significantly enhance the aqueous solubility and gastrointestinal absorption of creatine, thereby broadening its clinical application spectrum. Leveraging nanotechnology in this context offers an innovative and potentially impactful strategy to augment the therapeutic efficacy of creatine.

A baculoviral gene and drug-eluting (GDES) stent to promote re-endothelialization and prevent restenosis caused by atherosclerosis

Abstract Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a prevalent condition affecting approximately one in every 20 individuals over the age of 20, resulting in significant health and economic burdens worldwide. Atherosclerosis, characterized by plaque buildup in the arteries, is a leading cause of CAD, involving endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and smooth muscle cell hyperproliferation. The standard interventions for CAD, namely bare-metal stents (BMS) or drug-eluting stents (DES), often lead to complications such as blood clotting, inflammation, and arterial re-narrowing, necessitating further interventions and potentially leading to severe outcomes like heart failure, stroke, or death. Additionally, the TGFβ1 gene regulates SMC proliferation and ECM secretion, promoting endothelial cell proliferation, inhibiting smooth muscle cell hyperproliferation, reducing reactive oxygen species production. Purpose This innovative stent aims to mitigate complications associated with conventional stents by promoting endothelial health and preventing inflammation and hyperproliferation downstream. The purpose of this study is to design a new gene and drug eluting stent and evaluate their preclinical efficacy and safety in addressing some of the key limitations of currently available coronary stents. Methods The TGFβ1 expressing baculoviruses loaded PLGA nanoparticles are prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The formulated nanoparticles were characterized by their surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro release. Moreover, the designed nanoparticles undergo a further investigation for their therapeutic efficiency using cell lines. The GDES is synthesized by dip-coating a BMS into a solution containing Everolimus and genipin carrying baculoviruses expressing TGFβ1 in nanoparticles. The stent elutes the gene and drug over specific durations pertaining to a sustained release profile. The study assesses the functionality and safety of the GDES through in vitro and in vivo experiments, including cell culture studies and animal models. Results The PLGA nanoparticles at 115.3±1.4 nm with a polydipersity (pdi) index of 0.152 have a sustained release profile for the TGFβ1 expressing baculovirus. The findings demonstrate that the GDES effectively promotes endothelial health and prevents inflammation and hyperproliferation downstream. The expression of TGFβ1 facilitates the formation of a fully reconstituted endothelial lining, reducing the risk of complications. Additionally, the prolonged release of Everolimus prevents inflammation and the progression of neointimal hyperplasia. The stent coating and system exhibit non-cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility, ensuring safety during expansion and degradation over time. Overall, the combined action of gene and drug elution in the GDES shows promising results in addressing current complications associated with cardiovascular stents.

Emulsion Structural Remodeling in Milk and Its Gelling Products: A Review.

The fat covered by fat globule membrane is scattered in a water phase rich in lactose and milky protein, forming the original emulsion structure of milk. In order to develop low-fat milk products with good performance or dairy products with nutritional reinforcement, the original emulsion structure of milk can be restructured. According to the type of lipid and emulsion structure in milk, the remolded emulsion structure can be divided into three types: restructured single emulsion structure, mixed emulsion structure, and double emulsion structure. The restructured single emulsion structure refers to the introduction of another kind of lipid to skim milk, and the mixed emulsion structure refers to adding another type of oil or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion to milk containing certain levels of milk fat, whose final emulsion structure is still O/W emulsion. In contrast, the double emulsion structure of milk is a more complicated structural remodeling method, which is usually performed by introducing W/O emulsion into skim milk (W2) to obtain milk containing (water-in-oil-in-water) W1/O/W2 emulsion structure in order to encapsulate more diverse nutrients. Causal statistical analysis was used in this review, based on previous studies on remodeling the emulsion structures in milk and its gelling products. In addition, some common processing technologies (including heat treatment, high-pressure treatment, homogenization, ultrasonic treatment, micro-fluidization, freezing and membrane emulsification) may also have a certain impact on the microstructure and properties of milk and its gelling products with four different emulsion structures. These processing technologies can change the size of the dispersed phase of milk, the composition and structure of the interfacial layer, and the composition and morphology of the aqueous phase substance, so as to regulate the shelf-life, stability, and sensory properties of the final milk products. This research on the restructuring of the emulsion structure of milk is not only a cutting-edge topic in the field of food science, but also a powerful driving force in promoting the transformation and upgrading of the dairy industry to achieve high-quality and multi-functional dairy products, in order to meet the diversified needs of consumers for health and taste.

The Impact of Homogenization Techniques and Conditions on Water‐In‐Oil Emulsions for Casein Hydrolysate–Loaded Double Emulsions: A Comparative Study

ABSTRACTThis study aims to evaluate homogenization techniques and conditions for producing stable, small droplet‐size water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions intended for incorporation into casein hydrolysate–loaded double emulsions. Three commonly used homogenization methods; rotor–stator, ultrasonic, and high‐pressure homogenization were individually optimized utilizing response surface methodology. Instances of over‐processing were observed, particularly with the rotor–stator and ultrasonic homogenizers under specific conditions. Nevertheless, optimal conditions were identified for each technique: 530 s at 17,800 rpm agitation speed for the rotor–stator homogenizer, 139 s at 39% amplitude for the ultrasonic homogenizer, and 520 s at 1475 bar for the high‐pressure homogenizer. Subsequently, the W/O emulsions produced under optimal conditions and their respective W1/O/W2 double emulsions were compared. The rotor–stator and high‐pressure homogenized W/O emulsions exhibited comparable narrow droplet‐size distributions, as indicated by similar Span values. However, high‐pressure homogenization failed to sufficiently minimize droplet size. Ultrasonic homogenization resulted in droplets at the 1‐μm scale but yielded more polydisperse droplet‐size distribution. According to TOPSIS analysis, an emulsion with a viscosity of 93.1 cP (centiPoise), a stability index of 93.8%, a D(90) of 0.67 μm (0th day), and a D(90) of 0.75 μm (30th day) produced using a rotor–stator was selected. Additionally, double emulsions containing primary emulsions prepared with the rotor–stator method demonstrated higher viscosity, narrower droplet‐size distribution, and lower creaming compared to other samples. This investigation sheds light on the influence of homogenization techniques on emulsion properties, providing valuable insights for optimizing double emulsion formulations.

RABV antigenic peptide loaded polymeric nanoparticle production, characterization, and preliminary investigation of its biological activity

Nanoparticle-based antigen carrier systems have become a significant area of research with the advancement of nanotechnology. Biodegradable polymers have emerged as particularly promising carrier vehicles due to their ability to address the limitations of existing vaccine systems. In this study, we successfully encapsulated the G5-24 linear peptide, located between amino acids 253 and 275 in the primary sequence of the rabies virus G protein, into biodegradable and biocompatible PLGA copolymer using the double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The resulting nanoparticles had a size of approximately 230.9 ± 0.9074 nm, with a PDI value of 0.168 ± 0.017 and a zeta potential value of -9.86 ± 0.132 mV. SEM images confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles were uniform in size and distribution. Additionally, FTIR spectra indicated successful peptide loading into the nanoparticles. The encapsulation efficiency of the peptide-loaded nanoparticles was 73.3%, with a peptide loading capacity of 48.2% and a reaction yield of 30.4%. Peptide release studies demonstrated that 65.55% of the peptide was released in a controlled manner over 28 d, following a 'biphasic burst release' profile consistent with the degradation profile of PLGA. This controlled release is particularly beneficial for vaccine studies. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that the R-NP formulation did not induce cytotoxicity in fibroblast cells and enhanced NO production in macrophages, indicating its potential for vaccine development.

Polymeric nanoparticles loaded with vincristine and carbon dots for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy and imaging

Chemotherapy for hepatoblastoma is limited by organ toxicity and poor outcomes, prompting the search for new, more effective treatments with minimal side effects. Vincristine sulfate, a potent chemotherapeutic, faces challenges due to P-glycoprotein-mediated resistance and its systemic toxicity. Nanoparticles offer a promising solution by improving pharmacokinetics, targeting tumor cells, thus reducing side effects. Moreover, the use of fluorescent nanomaterials is emerging in biomedical applications such as bioimaging, detection and therapies. This study describes a promising delivery system utilizing carbon dots encapsulated with vincristine in biodegradable polycaprolactone nanoparticles via a double emulsion technique. The fine characterization of these nanoparticles showed that they are spherical, uniformly sized with around 200 nm and exhibit excellent colloidal stability. Moreover, the release profile showed prolonged release for both vincristine and carbon dots. In vitro cell viability studies revealed enhanced cancer cell inhibition for the encapsulated drug compared to the vincristine solution. The uptake study indicated clear fluorescence for carbon dots solution and vincristine and carbon dots loaded nanoparticles upon excitation. Additionally, studies on primary mouse hepatocytes demonstrated higher fluorescence intensity in treatment groups. These results suggest that vincristine and carbon dots loaded nanoparticles are effective, target-specific carriers for liver cancer treatment. Furthermore, the carbon dots were not cytotoxic, highlighting their potential in bioimaging and cancer cell studies.

Highly porous polycaprolactone microspheres for skeletal repair promote a mature bone cell phenotype in vitro.

Improving our ability to treat skeletal defects is a critical medical challenge that necessitates the development of new biomaterials. One promising approach involves the use of degradable polymer microparticles with an interconnected internal porosity. Here, we employed a double emulsion to generate such round microparticles (also known as microspheres) from a polycaprolactone-based polymerised high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE). These microspheres effectively supported the growth of mesenchymal progenitors over a 30-day period, and when maintained in osteogenic media, cells deposited a bone-like extracellular matrix, as determined by histological staining for calcium and collagen. Interestingly, cells with an osteocyte-like morphology were observed within the core of the microspheres indicating the role of a physical environment comparable to native bone for this phenotype to occur. At later timepoints, these cultures had significantly increased mRNA expression of the osteocyte-specific markers dentin matrix phosphoprotein-1 (Dmp-1) and sclerostin, with sclerostin also observed at the protein level. Cells pre-cultured on porous microspheres exhibited enhanced survival rates compared to those pre-cultured on non-porous counterparts when injected. Cells precultured on both porous and non-porous microspheres promoted angiogenesis in a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. In summary, the polycaprolactone polyHIPE microspheres developed in this study exhibit significant promise as an alternative to traditional synthetic bone graft substitutes, offering a conducive environment for cell growth and differentiation, with the potential for better clinical outcomes in bone repair and regeneration.

Salmon-IgM Functionalized-PLGA Nanosystem for Florfenicol Delivery as an Antimicrobial Strategy against Piscirickettsia salmonis.

Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, has been the most severe health concern for the Chilean salmon industry. The efforts to control P. salmonis infections have focused on using antibiotics and vaccines. However, infected salmonids exhibit limited responses to the treatments. Here, we developed a poly (D, L-lactide-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-nanosystem functionalized with Atlantic salmon IgM (PLGA-IgM) to specifically deliver florfenicol into infected cells. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared via the double emulsion solvent-evaporation method in the presence of florfenicol. Later, the PLGA-NPs were functionalized with Atlantic salmon IgM through carbodiimide chemistry. The nanosystem showed an average size of ~380-410 nm and a negative surface charge. Further, florfenicol encapsulation efficiency was close to 10%. We evaluated the internalization of the nanosystem and its impact on bacterial load in SHK-1 cells by using confocal microscopy and qPCR. The results suggest that stimulation with the nanosystem elicits a decrease in the bacterial load of P. salmonis when it infects Atlantic salmon macrophages. Overall, the IgM-functionalized PLGA-based nanosystem represents an alternative to the administration of antibiotics in salmon farming, complementing the delivery of antibiotics with the stimulation of the immune response of infected macrophages.