Double Differential Cross Sections Research Articles

Measurement of electron neutrino and antineutrino cross sections at low momentum transfer

Accelerator based neutrino oscillation experiments seek to measure the relative number of electron and muon (anti)neutrinos at different L/E values. However high statistics studies of neutrino interactions are almost exclusively measured using muon (anti)neutrinos since the dominant flavor of neutrinos produced by accelerator based beams are of the muon type. This work reports new measurements of electron (anti)neutrinos interactions in hydrocarbon, obtained by strongly suppressing backgrounds initiated by muon flavor (anti)neutrinos. Double differential cross sections as a function of visible energy transfer, Eavail, and transverse momentum transfer, pT, or three momentum transfer, q3 are presented. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Inclusive quasielastic neutrino-nucleus scattering with energy density functional nuclear models

Abstract In the quasielastic region, we calculate the inclusive charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering from $^{40}$Ar.
To explore the effect of uncertainties stemming from the nuclear structure, we use the KIDS (Korea-IBS-Daegu-SKKU) nuclear energy density functional and Skyrme force models, SLy4, SkI3, and MSk7.
The models are selected to have distinct behavior of the density dependence of the symmetry energy and the effective mass of the nucleon.
In the charged-current neutrino scattering, the single- and double-differential cross sections are calculated in various kinematics and 
total cross sections are shown in terms of the incident neutrino energy.
The theoretical cross sections are compared with experimental data, and
the roles of the effective mass and the symmetry energy are investigated in the charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering.

Calculation of [formula omitted] and [formula omitted] thick targets neutron yields from particle accelerator-induced nuclear reactions using PHITS code

The double-differential cross-sections, and neutron yields of the 9Be(4He,n)12C and 12C(d,n)13N reactions at various energies, have been calculated. The cross-sections for the consider nuclear reactions were obtained using PHITS code based on Monte Carlo method. The calculated data were validated against the available experimental data with varying agreement up to 30MeV. We have suggested the most suitable reaction, at certain energies, for better neutron yield and hence radiotherapy applications.

Poly(dicarbon monofluoride) (C2F)n bridges the neutron reflectivity gap

Graphites covalently intercalated with fluorine to form (C2F)n structural type compounds shows a dramatic increase of the interlayer distance up to by a factor of almost 3 to reach ∼9 Å. Such graphite fluoride compounds containing only carbon and fluorine offer the rare opportunity to bridge the so-called gap in the reflectivity of neutron reflectors. Slow neutron reflectors are of great interest in designing neutron sources as well as in fundamental and applied science; they require synthesizing high thermal and chemical compound stability graphite fluorides. In this work, a new strategy is proposed for synthesizing (C2F)n compounds in a well-controlled method. Our results show that the outcome (C2F)n has a covalent character with only sp3 hybridized carbon atoms. Moreover, C-F bonds in the fluorocarbon sheets and CF2 groups on the sheet edges lead to the desired stability and hydrophobic character. A dedicated home-made neutron diffractometer was built for measurements of double-differential neutron cross sections of crystals with specific large interlayer distances found in (C2F)n compounds. We demonstrate that the synthesized fluorine intercalated graphites developed effectively cover the gap in the reflectivity for the new generation of neutron reflectors.

Theoretical analysis of the double-differential cross-sections of neutron, proton, deuteron, $$^3$$He, and $$\alpha$$ for the $$\text {p}+^6$$Li reaction

Theoretical analysis of the double-differential cross-sections of neutron, proton, deuteron, $$^3$$He, and $$\alpha$$ for the $$\text {p}+^6$$Li reaction

Double-differential cross sections for charged particle emissions from α particle impinging on Al at 230 MeV/u

ABSTRACT Charged particle production from α particle fragmentation reactions was investigated experimentally by measurement of 230-MeV/u α particles bombarding an aluminum target. Double differential cross sections were measured for each ejectile of p, d, t, 3He, and 4He using counter telescopes composed of Si surface barrier detectors and crystal scintillators, which were located at laboratory angles between 15° and 60°. The obtained data were analyzed for comparison with data observed at lower incident energies. The results found the following common characteristics: (1) spectra of proton- and neutron-emission are similar in high energy region at forward angle, (2) triton-to-3He ratio of α-breakup yield is 1:2, which is similar to lower incident energy experiment, and (3) the shape of broad peak formed by 3He and α particles could be explained by the process with collision between induced α particle and target nucleus.

Calculations and analysis of n+52Cr reactions below 20 MeV

ABSTRACT Chromium is one of the important structural materials in the process of nuclear reaction, and the precise nuclear data of n + 52Cr reaction is very important. On the basis of the spherical optical model, the unified Hauser–Feshbach theory and exciton model, all reaction cross sections, angular distributions, energy spectra, and double-differential cross sections were calculated and analysed for n + 52Cr reactions below 20 MeV. The theoretical calculations were compared with the available experimental data and other evaluation data from ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JENDL-5.

Experimental study of photoneutron spectra from tantalum, tungsten, and bismuth targets for 16.6 MeV polarized photons

ABSTRACT The double differential cross-sections (DDXs) of photoneutron production via the photonuclear reaction on tantalum, tungsten, and bismuth for 16.6 MeV linearly polarized photon beam were measured using the time-of-flight method at the NewSUBARU-BL01 facility. Polarized photons were obtained by the laser Compton backscattering (LCS) technique. Two distinct components were observed on the spectra: the low-energy component up to 4 MeV and the high-energy above 4 MeV. The angular distribution of the low-energy component was isotropic, whereas the high-energy was distributed anisotropically and affected by the polarized incident photons. These distributions were similar to the previous studies on the 197Au target. The low-energy component's data were fitted with the Maxwellian function. According to the fitting results, the slopes of low-energy neutrons’ distribution for natTa and natW are similar and steeper than that of 209Bi. The anisotropy of the high-energy component can be expressed as a function of cos 2 Θ , where Θ is the angle between the direction of the photon polarization and neutron emission.The DDX energy integrations of the high-energy component were calculated and compared between the three targets. These integration values on natTa and natW were comparable and around 1.5 times smaller than those on 209Bi, regardless of the detection angles.

Photon energy dependence of photoneutron production from heavy targets

The double differential cross-sections (DDXs) of photoneutron production via the photonuclear reaction on tantalum, tungsten, and bismuth for 13 and 17 MeV linearly polarized photon beams were measured using the time-of-flight method at the NewSUBARU-BL01 facility. Polarized photons were obtained by the Laser Compton backscattering (LCS) technique. Two distinct components were observed on the spectra: the lowenergy component up to 4 MeV and the high-energy above 4 MeV. The angular distribution of the low-energy component was isotropic, whereas the high-energy was distributed anisotropically and influenced by the angle between direction of photon polarization and neutron emission, especially for 17 MeV photon energy. These phenomena were similar to those of 197Au target observed in the previous studies. The low-energy neutron distributions at 13 and 17 MeV photon energies were almost identical for all three targets. The DDX energy integration was calculated and compared among the three targets for two-photon energies. Given the horizontal polarization (plane parallel to the x-axis) of the incident photons, the emission angles of 90° on the x-axis and y-axis recorded the maximum and minimum photoneutron yield, respectively. The differences between these two positions were minor for 181Ta and natW at 13 MeV photon energy and noticeable for other cases. An underestimation of the TENDL nuclear data library was observed on the photoneutron DDXs compared to the experimental results for 181Ta and 209Bi.

Total and Double Differential Scattering Cross-Section Measurements of Isotropic Graphite

Total and Double Differential Scattering Cross-Section Measurements of Isotropic Graphite

Application of the semiclassical distorted wave model to the inclusive (d, d′x) reaction

We apply the semiclassical distorted wave model to the deuteroninduced inclusive (d, d′x) reaction. The calculated double differential cross sections (DDXs) as a function of the deuteron emission energy and the scattering angle are compared with experimental data. The calculated DDXs reasonably reproduce experimental data in the small energy-transfer region and at the forward angles. It is found that the refraction, which is the changes in the kinematics of the deuteron inside a nucleus, is necessary to reasonably reproduce the experimental data. We show that the refraction causes the increase/decrease in the differential cross section of the elementary process, hence the DDX.

Differential Studies of Argon Particle and Antiparticle Interactions: Present Status and Future Possibilities

Although the comparison of fully differential ionization data for particle and antiparticle impact provides the ultimate tests of theoretical models, only very low antiparticle beam intensities are available. Hence, few experiments of this type have been performed. Therefore, available experimentally obtained single and double differential cross-sections, which are much easier to obtain, are compared in order to demonstrate differences when only the projectile mass or charge (+1 or −1) is changed. Included in the comparison are cross-sections calculated for positron and electron impact using a three-particle classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. The calculated cross-sections provide independent information about the ejected electron and the scattered projectile contributions, plus information about the impact parameters, all as functions of the collision kinematics. From these comparisons, suggestions as to where future investigations are both feasible and useful are provided.

Ionization of CH[formula omitted] under fast He-like Si-ion impact

We have studied the absolute double differential cross section (DDCS) of electrons ejected from the methane molecule (CH4) under the impact of highly charged fast projectile ions. The energy and angular distributions of electrons have been measured in interactions with 70 MeV Si12+ ions. These DDCS data together with the derived single differential cross sections and the total cross section (TCS) have been compared with predictions of the continuum distorted wave-eikonal initial state model using different approaches for the molecular orbitals. It has been found that the theories overestimate the measured DDCS values at low ejection energies, which may indicate shortcomings of the model in the case of strong perturbation. At the same time, applying the model to a previous measurement using fast C ions having a lower perturbation strength, excellent agreements have been obtained with the experimental data. Considering the scaling properties, the available TCS data have been plotted with a scaled parameter, namely the perturbation strength, q/v (where q= charge state, v=velocity of the projectile). The KLL Auger e-emission as well as the KLL hyper-satellite peaks are analyzed for different emission angles. The double K-vacancy production shows a considerable enhancement i.e. 37% of the single production cross section which is consistent with some of the recent experiments on K-ionization using x-ray techniques.

Monte Carlo simulation of electron emission from aluminum after low energy protons impact

A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach is developed to describe the proton-induced secondary electron emission in solids. First, we calculate the double differential cross-section (DDCS) of excited electrons for different charge fractions of the projectile resulting from electron screening. The DDCS parameter is used in MC calculations to describe electron transport in the medium. This parameter is calculated for electrons excited in the 1 eV − 100 eV energy range. The theoretical electron transport modeling is based on Mott’s elastic scattering cross-section and Lindhard’s dielectric function for inelastic scattering. The results obtained for aluminum describe the angular and energy distributions of backscattered electrons for incident protons with energy below 25 keV at normal incidence. Additionally, the total electron emission yield is also calculated, showing a good agreement with available measurements. Our predictions for energy and angular distributions could not be compared with experimental results due to a lack of data.

Ionization of uracil molecule in collisions with 2.5-MeV/u Si12+ ions

The energy and angular distribution of electron emission from a RNA base molecule, uracil (C 4 H 4 N 2 O 2), are investigated in collisions with 2.5-MeV/u Si12+ ions under high perturbation strength. The absolute double differential cross sections (DDCS) are measured using electron spectroscopy for emission angles between 20° to 160° in the electron energy range 1-620 eV. The single differential cross sections (SDCS) are evaluated by integrating the DDCS over emission angles or energies. The measured cross sections (DDCS and SDCS) are compared with the state-of-the-art continuum distorted wave-eikonal initial state (CDW-EIS) theoretical model. The DDCS obtained by the CDW-EIS is found to provide better agreement with the measurements in the backward angles. With an increase in perturbation strength from 0.5 to 1.19 a.u., the DDCS is found to increase by 10 times in comparison to the earlier reported uracil data for 3.5-MeV/u bare C-ions [Phys. Rev. A 87, 032716 (2013)]. The significant enhancement in the TCS is found for the total cross section in case of Si12+ ions over that predicted by a scaling law as derived for lower charge state projectiles. The forward-backward angular asymmetry is found to increase monotonically with the velocity of emitted electrons and shows very good agreement with the model. For a comparative study, the DDCS is also measured for oxygen molecule using same ion impact, which is found to be about ten times lower than that for the uracil. The forward-backward angular asymmetry for oxygen is found to be almost the same as uracil.

Proton Energy Spectra From Deuteron Induced Reaction on Copper At 14,5 MeV Deuteron Energy

Double differential cross sections have been measured for light-charged particle production in deuteron-induced reactions on nat Cu at incident energies of 14.5 MeV. The experiment was performed at the isochronous cyclotron of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kazakhstan). Charged particles were detected using a set of Si and CsI detectors from 30° to 135°, by step of 15°. The integral cross-sections were determined by integrating over the angle the double differential cross-sections. Double differential and integral charged particle emission cross-sections have been calculated by the TALYS 1.9 nuclear reaction which code based on a modified version of the exciton model of the pre-equilibrium nuclear decay. Direct, compound, and pre-equilibrium reaction contributions have been determined for the emission of proton particles.

Proton Emission From the Interaction of 7 MeV Energy Protons With 59Co Nucleus

The aim of this work was to measure the double differential cross-sections for 59Co(p, xp) reactions at a proton energy of 7 MeV on the 59Co nucleus at the U-150M isochronous cyclotron of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kazakhstan). The analysis of the experimental results was carried out on the basis of the exciton model of nuclear decay within the framework of the PRECO-2006 computational code, which describes the transition of an excited system to an equilibrium state. The contributions of the pre-equilibrium, compound, and direct mechanisms are calculated for the formation of the protons energy spectrum.

Neutron-production double-differential cross sections of natPb and 209Bi in proton-induced reactions near 100 MeV

The lack of double-differential cross-section (DDX) data for neutron production below the incident proton energy of 200 MeV hinders the validation of spallation models in technical applications, such as research and development of accelerator-driven systems (ADSs). The present study aims to obtain experimental DDX data for ADS spallation target materials in this energy region and identify issues related to the spallation models by comparing them with the analytical predictions. The DDXs for the (p,xn) reactions of natPb and 209Bi in the 100-MeV region were measured over an angular range of 30° to 150° using the time-of-flight method. The measurements were conducted at Kyoto University utilizing the FFAG accelerator. The DDXs obtained were compared with calculation results from Monte Carlo-based spallation models (INCL4.6/GEM, Bertini/GEM, JQMD/GEM, ISOBAR/GEM, CEM03.03, INCL4/ABLA, Bertini/ABLA, ISABEL/ABLA, INCL++/ABLA07, INCL++/GEMINI++, and INCL++/SMM) and the evaluated nuclear data library, JENDL-5. Comparison between the measured DDX and analytical values based on the spallation models and evaluated nuclear data library indicated that, in general, the CEM03.03 model demonstrated the closest match to the experimental values. Additionally, the comparison highlighted several issues that need to be addressed in order to improve the reproducibility of the proton-induced neutron-production DDX in the 100 MeV region by these spallation models and evaluated nuclear data library. To enhance the reproducibility of underperforming spallation models and evaluated nuclear data library, it is recommended to address each of the issues identified in this study.

First Double-Differential Measurement of Kinematic Imbalance in Neutrino Interactions with the MicroBooNE Detector.

We report the first measurement of flux-integrated double-differential quasielasticlike neutrino-argon cross sections, which have been made using the Booster Neutrino Beam and the MicroBooNE detector at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The data are presented as a function of kinematic imbalance variables which are sensitive to nuclear ground-state distributions and hadronic reinteraction processes. We find that the measured cross sections in different phase-space regions are sensitive to different nuclear effects. Therefore, they enable the impact of specific nuclear effects on the neutrino-nucleus interaction to be isolated more completely than was possible using previous single-differential cross section measurements. Our results provide precision data to help test and improve neutrino-nucleus interaction models. They further support ongoing neutrino-oscillation studies by establishing phase-space regions where precise reaction modeling has already been achieved.

Total and differential ionization cross sections in collision between nitrogen atom and singly charged sodium ion

We present a theoretical study of the ionization of nitrogen atom by a singly charged sodium ion using the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. Although we suffer from a lack of cross section data of this collision system, the knowledge of the basic cross sections is essential in fusion science, because this reaction has potential applications in the diagnostic of magnetically confined fusion plasmas. In our investigations, the Na+–N collision system is reduced to a three-body problem. The interaction between the collision partners is described by the Garvey-type model potential. The results of our study provide insight into the dynamics of singly charged sodium–nitrogen interactions. The total cross sections are presented in the impact energy range between 10 keV and 10 MeV and compared them with the available experimental data. The single and double differential cross sections are presented at 30, 40, 50 and 60 keV energies related to the energies of the plasma diagnostic used in the nuclear fusion.