Double Beam Spectrophotometer Research Articles

Dual solution synthesis of Al doped CuS thin films for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications

Dual Solution Synthesis (DSS) was used to deposit CuS doped with Al. The Samples were subjected to annealing under varying temperatures of 319K and 373K . The thin films were firmly adherent to the substrates. The optical properties were measured using UV -1800 series double beam spectrophotometer. The transmittance is from 0.3% to 0.6% while the reflectance is between 0.176 to 0.204, as the wavelength ranges from 320nm to 1000nm; the average band gap obtained is 2.6. The thicknesses achieved are 100nm and 124 nm. Other Optical properties were determined for each sample which makes it suitable for applications in optoelectronic, solar energy conversions, solar cells, thin film absorbers, anti- reflective coating, aesthetic windows, UV filter and other uses.

QbD Assisted Development and Validation of UV Spectroscopic Method in Estimation of Silymarin

Background: Silymarin is a flavonoid utilised in liver dysfunction for years; new studies have emphasised its potential utility as a therapy for nanoparticulate targeting in many other disorders. In order to establish the product quality of such compounds, researchers have been trying to develop a robust method of analysis, but the methods developed till now are too expensive and time-consuming. Here we proposed quality by design-assisted development and validation of the UV spectroscopic method using Design-Expert® software in the estimation of Silymarin for fabrication of nanoparticulate formulations, which is simple, accurate, cost-effective and non-tedious. Aim: The proposed method is a simple, new, robust, accurate, and precise UV visible spectroscopic technique for estimating silymarin produced in nano-formulations utilising an analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach. Methods: A UV spectrophotometric technique was established, as maximum absorption (287.7) was measured using a Shimadzu UV-1800 double-beam UV visible spectrophotometer. The characterization of silymarin was done by melting point, DSC and FTIR techniques. The two critical method variables chosen were scanning speed and sample interval to be analysed by the design of experiment methodology utilizing the central composite design principle, which shows robustness and optimized technique involved in this work. Results: The spectroscopy technique was developed and validated as per International Conference of Harmonization recommendations. The Beer's-Lambert rule was followed in a series of 2-12 μg/ml dilution increments, with a correlation value of R2 = 0.999. The method's linearity was shown to be excellent across the concentration range. The percent recovery of the current method approach was determined to be within the confidential limitations, i.e., less than 2% expressed as % RSD, and the methodology was proved to be precise at inter and intraday variations (% RSD). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.264 μg/ml and 0.801 μg/ml which were also determined correctly. During specificity testing, no interfering peaks were found. Conclusion: This UV approach has been used successfully to determine the quantity of silymarin present in the nanoparticulate formulation, which can be used for testing its other pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Exploring Serum Zinc and Copper Levels as Potential Biomarkers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study From Northeast India.

Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, ovarian cysts, and elevated androgen levels. The potential association between trace elements, specifically copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), and PCOS has been explored, but a definitive relationship remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the levels of these trace elements in women with PCOS and their potential implications. Methods The study, conducted at Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, involved 60 individuals with PCOS and a matched control group. Ethical approval was obtained, and participants provided written informed consent. The study spanned from July2021to June2022, utilizing a hospital-based case-control study design. Diagnostic criteria adhered to the Rotterdam criteria, and serum copper and zinc levels were quantified using a double-beam UV spectrophotometer. Results In the PCOS group, the mean age was 23.01 ± 3.60 years, while the control group had a mean age of 23.34 ± 3.59 years, with no significant age difference. Mean copper levels were 147.32 ± 16.53 μg/dl in PCOS and 106.88 ± 15.60 μg/dl in controls, indicating a significant increase in PCOS (p < 0.0001). Mean zinc levels were 93.99 ± 6.76 μg/dl in PCOS and 85.42 ± 12.69 μg/dl in controls, also significantly higher in PCOS (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The study highlights significant differences in serum copper and zinc levels between women with PCOS and healthy controls, suggesting potential implications for the syndrome's pathophysiology. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise roles of these trace elements in PCOS and explore therapeutic interventions.

Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Composition of Sarcococca saligna Leaves

Abstract: Sarcococca saligna (D. DON) Muel is a vital plant with several steroidal alkaloids and is effective against syphilis, liver diseases, gastrointestinal tract disease, infections, and inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activities and phenolic profile of S. saligna. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis has shown the presence of twelve phenolics namely kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, proanthocyanidin B1, quercetin-3-malonylglucoside- 7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-sophorotioside, Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside-7-Orhamnoside, kaempferolhexoside, 4-O-Caffeoyl-5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3,4-Di-O-caffeoyl-5- O-feruloylquinic acid, 3,4-Di-O-feruloyl-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, flavogalloyl-HHDP-gluconic acid (lagerstannin B), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol-3-(caffeoyldiglucoside)-7-glucoside. The hot water extract showed the highest anti-lipid peroxidative activities. The IC50 value for 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was 71.5 ± 2.1 μg/mL. The extract could chelate the iron and possess reducing activities on phosphomolybenum assay. It is concluded that extracts of S. saligna are rich in antioxidants and contain essential phytochemicals. objective: The present study was aimed to investigate thein vitro antioxidant activities and phenolic profile of S. saligna. HPLC analysis has shown the presence of twelve phenolics namely kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, proanthocyanidin B1, quercetin-3-malonyl-glucoside-7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-sophorotioside,Isorhamnetin-3-O glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside,kaempferolhexoside, 4-O-Caffeoyl-5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3,4-Di-O-caffeoyl-5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3,4-Di-O-feruloyl-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, flavogalloyl-HHDP-gluconic acid (lagerstannin B), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol-3-(caffeoyldiglucoside)-7-glucoside. method: The chemical used were 1,10-phenathroline, Thibarbituric acid, TRIS-HCl, amominium molybdate, Iron, sodium nitroprusside. HPLC standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All the reagents were of analytical grade. Double beam spectrophotometer was used for UV-VIS spectrophotometery. The HPLC system used was Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system which consists of quaternary pump, degasser, auto-sampler and diode array detector (DAD). conclusion: The results have shown that S. saligna antioxidant rich extract can be effectively utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries with additional income. However, more detailed understanding of utilization of extract against degenerative diseases is required. There is also need to find out the safety and bioavailability of the plant extract for its use as nutraceutical and as a plant products.

Development of the spectrophotometric method for the determination of meldonium in capsules by using alizarine

The aim of the work was to develop a simple, rapid, economic spectrophotometric method for the determination of meldonium in capsules based on the reaction with alizarin.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Analytical equipment: double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer Shimadzu UV 1800 (Japan), a pair of 1 cm matched quartz cells, software UV-Probe 2.62, laboratory electronic balance RAD WAG AS 200/C, pH-meter И-160МИ. Pharmacopoeial standard sample (CRS) of meldonium dihydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, (≥ 98 %, HPLC)), alizarin (Synbias), capsules Metamax (Darnytsia) 250 mg, Vasopro (Farmak) 500 mg, Mildronate (Grindex) 500 mg, dimethylformamide (“Honeywell Riedel-de Haen”).&#x0D; Results and discussion. A spectrophotometric method for determining meldonium in capsules by reaction with alizarine has been developed. The absorption maximum of the formed complex in dimethylformamide was at a wavelength of 517 nm. Stoichiometric ratios of reactive components «meldonium- alizarin» were 1:1. Validation of the developed analytical method for the determination of meldonium in medicines was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the SPhU. The optimal conditions for performing the quantitative determination of meldonium have been established: concentration of alizarin solution – 0.8 %, volume 0.8 % alizarin solution – 0.5 ml, heating time – 20 min, temperature – 95+/- 2 °C. Linearity has been in the concentration range of 0.0402- 0.1073 mg/mL, the limit of detection - 2.84 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification – 8.59 μg/mL. The eco-friendliness of the developed analytical method was carried out using the analytical eco-scale, AGREE, and GAPI methods.&#x0D; Conclusions. The developed method can be used as an arbitration method for the routine analysis of meldonium capsules

UV spectrophotometric determination of chlorthalidone in tablet dosage form by using single point standardization method

The current research endeavors to elucidate the creation of an uncomplicated, highly sensitive, swift, precise, and cost-effective UV-accepted spectrophotometric method for the quantitative assessment of Chlorthalidone. This is achieved through the utilization of a visible spectrophotometric approach employing single-point standardization and calibration plot methods, for pharmaceutical dosage forms. The equipment employed includes a double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer, specifically the Shimadzu Model UV1800, with 1cm quartz cells and 0.2 M Sodium hydroxide serving as the solvent. Notably, an absorption maximum is identified at 219 nm. The developed method strictly adheres to Beer’s law. In the case of single-point standardization, the percentage of Chlorthalidone detected falls below the labeled claimed limit. Simultaneously, the tablet formulation is subjected to a percentage purity test using the calibration plot method, revealing that the observed quantity of Chlorthalidone is below the labeled content. This suggests a potential discrepancy in the marketed product of Chlorthalidone, indicating a probable deficiency in the therapeutic effect of the formulation due to the lower amount of Chlorthalidone present. The overall efficacy of the product hinges on the quality assurance of its constituents.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NOVEL UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF TEPOTINIB IN BULK AND IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

Objective: The objective of the study is to develop a new, simple, rapid, accurate, and economical UV-spectrophotometric method and validate the same for the estimation of Tepotinib in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation as per ICH guidelines. Methods: The present work was carried out using the UV-Visible double-beam spectrophotometer model Systronics 2201. Tepotinib was found soluble in water, methanol, methanol so, analytical-grade methanol was used as a solvent for conducting the work. The λmax of the tepotinib was determined by dissolving pure drug in methanol scanned in the range of 200-800 nm. The present method was validated for the linearity, accuracy, precision, Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification. Results: The maximum absorbance of tepotinib obtained at a wavelength of 272 nm. The method was found linear in the range of 3-15 µg/ml with the regression coefficient of 0.996 and the equation y = 0.0699x+0.0335. The accuracy was found to be in the range of 96.8-98.5%, the intra-day and inter-day precision % RSD value was 0.262 and 0.69, respectively and the LOD and LOQ were 0.0925 µg/ml and 0.28 µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: The method demonstrated good reproducibility and recovery so, proposed method can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of tepotinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential of the isolated compounds from Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum)

BackgroundSpermacoce princeae (K. Schum) has been used in the treatment of bacterial skin infections in Uganda. Pharmacological studies revealed that extracts of S. princeae exhibited antibacterial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential. This study aimed at isolating and identifying pure compounds from the extracts based on comprehensive analytical characterization by multiple analytical techniques.MethodsThe plant samples were extracted by sequential maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and distilled water. The compounds were isolated using a combination of chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by multiple spectroscopic techniques. The antibacterial and antifungal activity determination of the isolated compounds was carried out using an agar well diffusion and potato dextrose assay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus while the antioxidant activity was screened with the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The sun protection factor was determined using a Shimadzu Ultra Violet-visible (UV–VIS) double beam spectrophotometer between 290 to 320 nm.ResultsEleven compounds; quercetin (1), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (2), rutin (3, 12), myo-inositol (4), asperulosidic acid (5), hexadecanoic acid (6), β-sitosterol (7), stigmasterol (8), campesterol (9), ursolic acid (10), and β-sitosterol glucoside (11) were identified in the S. princeae extracts. Compound 2 had good antifungal activity against C. albicans (zone of inhibition, 23.0 ± 0.1 mm). Compound 10 showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. flavus. Compound 2 had a good percentage radical scavenging effect (IC50 = 64.81 µg/ml) and a good sun protection factor (SPF = 26.83).ConclusionThis study reports the first-time isolation and identification of compounds 1 to 11 from S. princeae, which contribute to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential.

Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water and Human Health Risk Assessment via the Consumption of Labeobarbus intermedius Samples from Borkena River, Ethiopia

Concentrations of heavy metals, namely, chromium, lead, cadmium, and copper, were evaluated in the water samples and selected fish organs (Labeobarbus intermedius) from the Borkena River, Ethiopia. The concentrations of these metals were determined using ELICO’s SL-176 double-beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The distribution of heavy metals in water samples analyzed was in the order of magnitude of Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Cd &gt; Pb. The average heavy metal concentrations recorded in the water samples were below the maximum permissible limit established by international and national organizations (WHO, EPA, and USEPA), except for cadmium. Organ specificity was observed for accumulating the selected heavy metals in the order of liver &gt; kidney &gt; muscles. Pearson’s correlation results revealed that Cr and Cd originated from similar sources. Hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) results showed that Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb contents were safe and might not have adverse public health effects. From the point of carcinogenic risk, this study suggests that the observed Cr and Cd concentrations possibly pose a risk of developing cancer in the future. Controlling waste at the source and implementing remediation strategies should be done to reduce heavy metal pollution in the river.

Transition metal salphen DNA complexes as biosensor application for detecting various mosquito viruses

PurposePiperidine side chain-functionalized N, N′-bissalicylidene phenylene di amine di-anion (salphen) consisting of salphen-Zn and salphen-Cu are able to intercalate with nucleic base stacking of DNA and can be applied as an optical DNA hybridization detector. Attaching DNA and salphen to glass surfaces has been done via coating the surface with the silane coupling agents containing 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane that was synthesized for acting as a high-affinity RNA carrier matrix. The Schiff base salphen-zinc (II) and salphen-Cu (II) complexes-labelled probe to target nucleic acid renders a colour change of the DNA biosensor to a green and red background colour for zinc and copper, respectively. This study aims to indicate that the DNA biosensor data with high efficiency is used for detection of dengue virus serotypes 2 (DENV-2) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) concentration via salphen-Zn (II) and salphen-Cu (II), respectively, in human samples.Design/methodology/approach1H-NMR and 13C-NMR have been used via PerkinElmer LAMBDA 35 instrument. The authors also used a double beam spectrophotometer with (CH3)4Si (TMS) as reference and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent reference in pH = 7.0. Various DNA concentrations have been used for UV spectrophotometry at 300 nm and 400 nm for zinc and copper complexes, respectively. BRUKER mass spectra with DIONEX Ultimate 3000 LC model were used for all measurements. Mettler Teledo model (DSC882e) of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used for measure the melting temperature of metal zinc and copper complexes. The morphology of the silica Nano spheres (SiNs) were scanned by FESEM with Model JSM-6700F from Japan.FindingsThe Cu (II) and Zn (II)-salphen-viruses DNA system for CHIKV and DENV-2, respectively, in different concentration have been investigated via various spectroscopies (Figure 3). CHIKV and DENV-2 DNA were selected from human saliva and urine samples as models for conformations of human G4-DNA. By increasing the amounts of DNAs, and G4, the UV–Vis bands of located above 300 nm, experienced a hypochromic effect. The Cu2+ complex exhibits selectivity towards the G4, and there is a similar affinity for Zn2+ complex binds to the G4. These results collectively suggest that the Cu2+ complex is stronger than the Zn2+ complex. The authors have found copper (II) and zinc (II) compounds and nucleic acid-complexes are strongly fluorescent molecules in the low energy range, from the visible to the near-infrared. Since the fluorescent emission of Zn (II) and Cu (II) complexes are enhanced by the binding to nucleic acids upon visible light exposure when bound to DNA. These complexes are important as selective fluorescent probes for nucleic acids and to highlight their potential application. UV–vis spectroscopy is an accurate for finding the extent of ligand interaction with DNA and metallic complexes–DNA binding. Generally, the binding of intercalative compounds to DNA can be characterized through absorption spectral titrations, where lowering in absorbance (hypochromism) and shift to longer wavelengths (red shift) were observed in this work.Originality/valueThe serum samples have been provided as citrate and collected in tubes after blood is allowed to clot. Then, it has been separated by centrifugation, and the authors have kept serum refrigerated at 4°C or frozen at –20°C. It is notable; specimens have been confirmed by Centres for Disease Control (CDC)-Dengue Branch previously. For the work, these samples have been frozen previously, and the diagnostic practiced tests at the CDC-Dengue Branch have been validated in serum and plasma. Therefore, plasma separated in lavender or heparins are suitable and acceptable for serology testing.

Enhancement in microstructural and optical properties of thermally evaporated CdTe/CdSe heterojunction thin Films

The optimization of microstructural and optical properties of a thin layer is an important step prior device fabrication process, so an enhancement in these properties of thermally evaporated CdTe/CdSe thin films was reported in this work. We choose to research (CdSe) materials as a n-type absorber layer in the CdTe/CdSe heterojunction thin film. The Effect of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of CdTe/CdSe Heterojunction thin films was studied, using various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Double-beam computer-controlled spectrophotometer in the wavelength between 200 nm and 2500 nm. Diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the as-prepared films were amorphous nature, whereas the annealed films were polycrystalline. These results were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy investigations. It was found that the crystallite size and degree of crystallinity of the studied films depend on the annealing temperature. Furthermore the optical measurement shows that this treatment shifts the optical absorption edge at low energy and decreases the optical band gap from 1.92 eV, to 1.37eV while the values Urbach energy increase as the annealing temperature increased from 300 K to 433 K. As consequence is that the heat treatment improves the quality of the CdTe/CdSe heterojunction thin films for the potential use in photovoltaic applications.

Development of aptamer based colorimetric assay for whole blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) estimation using gold nanoparticles

Thiol-modified aptamer oligonucleotides containing gold nanoparticles (G@NPs) bound to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with high affinity in whole blood samples. Aptamer thiol groups enhanced the stability of aptamers adsorbed on the surface of G@NPs. A detection strategy was used to visually confirm the presence of HbA1c and the absorbance of the colored compounds at selected wavelengths. Modified G@NPs are used in many colorimetric detection strategies due to their high extinction coefficient and strongly distance-dependent optical properties. In the present study, as the target analyte reports a method to prepare gold nanoparticle-bound purple aptamer aggregates that rapidly collapse into bluish red dispersed nanoparticles upon binding of HbA1c. HbA1c was detected in unpretreated whole blood after dilution at pH 7.4 and with UV-VIS double beam spectrophotometer with a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.1 μM) and a much broader linear detection range (0.1 μM–100 μM). This current colorimetric method provides a rapid (7 min), accurate and high determination of whole blood HbA1c with minimal interference from uric acid, bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin, and glucose. The lower detection limit and broader linearity of aptamer-bound G@NPs hybrids improve the accuracy and precision of HbA1c measurements.

Fabrication and study of characteristics of HgSr2 Can-1CunOδ+10, (n = 1, 2 and 3) thin films superconducting

Recently, particular attention has been given to the material of Superconducting films because of its exceptional electrical and optical properties. In this work, HgSr2 Can1CunOδ+10, (n = 1, 2 and 3 ) .Thin Films Superconducting have been prepared by twostep process bulk and thin film. The optical properties were calculated absorption, transmission, reflection, band gap, coefficient of absorption, excitation coefficient and index of refraction in the range of wavelengths (300-1100) nm using a double beam spectrophotometer (UV/VIS). Structural, morphological, and electrical properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and AFM, Using the 4-probe technique measuring the resistivity as a function of temperature. The composite HgSr2 Ca2Cu3Oδ+10 showed an improvement in all properties the structural, electrical and optical as a result of increasing of Cu-O layers.

Green Synthesis of Terminalia Arjuna-mediated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles, Its Morphological Assessment and Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Properties: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Terminalia Arjuna (TA) has been used in the field of ayurvedic and unani medicine for quite some time now. It has been shown to possess several medicinal properties. Literature has highlighted the osteoinductive properties of TA and has been extensively been used for its fracture healing and bone forming potential. This would have a positive impact in the field of periodontics and orthodontics, which require bone grafts to maintain ideal periodontal conditions. Aim: To synthesise TA-mediated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (TA-HApNPs) and subject it to morphological assessment and evaluate its cytotoxic and antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was done under a laboratory setting within the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, extending for a period of one month from April 2022 to May 2022. A 1 g of TA plant bark was mixed with 100 mL distilled water and heated to derive the plant extract. A 20 mL of distilled water was mixed with 0.502 g of Hydroxyapatite (HAp). An 80 mL of TA extract was mixed with 20 mL of HAp solution. The mixture was placed in a magnetic stirrer and was subjected to an Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) double beam spectrophotometer. The solution was dried and was subjected to Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis for morphological characterisation, 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay for the assessment of antioxidant properties and brine shrimp lethality test to evaluate its cytotoxic properties. The results were obtained electronically, tabulated in a spreadsheet and were subjected to descriptive statistics using Microsoft excel 2019 Management Services Organisation (MSO) (Version 2202; Build 16.0.14931.20118). Results: UV-Spectroscopy revealed a sharp peak at 375 nm wavelength suggesting Nanoparticle (NPs) formation. Spherical shaped NPs with size ranging from 5-25 nm were seen under the TEM. At concentration of 48 µL also TA-HApNPs elicited good cytotoxicity as seven out of 10 brine shrimps were alive at the end of 24 hours. Good antioxidant properties at 50 µL concentration with a DPPH assay reading of 1.044 was noted. Conclusion: The TA-HApNPs can be synthesised using simple and routinely used laboratory armamentarium in the size range of 5-25nm. TA-HApNPs have minimal cytotoxic effect and a good antioxidant activity

Evaluation of antimicrobial property of thymoquinone synthesized with black cumin hydroxyapatite crystals against dental pathogens - An Invitro study

Introduction: Nigella sativa, also known as black seed, black cumin, and/or Habbatul Barakah, is a medicinal herbal plant. Thymoquinone (TQ), one of Nigella sativa's active ingredients, has been shown to be anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is an inorganic mineral with the apatite lattice structure (A10(BO4)6C2). The aim of the current study is to incorporate thymoquinone with blackcumin hydroxyapatite crystals to form a new nanoformulation and to find out its cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties against dental pathogens. Materials and method: Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans were the species used. The antimicrobial efficacy of the nanoparticles was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method at different concentrations ranging from 25 micron litres to 100 micron litres. UV double beam spectrophotometers in the wavelength range of 250-750nm were used to characterise the synthesised nanoparticles. Results: The zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus mutans and Candida albicans was found to be highest at 100 L concentration. As the concentrations of new nano formulation solution increased, the mean zone of inhibition grew. Conclusion: The study showed that there is potential antimicrobial property of the new nano formulation against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus also there is antifungal activity against Candida albicans

Spectrophotometer Design Using Single-Grating, Single-Sensor, Double-Beam Spectroscope

The double beam structure in existing spectrophotometers is traditionally realized using two spectroscopes. Owing to inconsistencies in gratings, optical path mechanical structures, and sensors, the two spectroscopes tend to mismatch as the temperature varies, which leads to poor measurement reproducibility. This paper proposes a single-sensor, single-grating, double-beam spectrophotometer design that simultaneously samples both optical paths to reduce the effect of temperature on the measurement reproducibility. Wavelength and energy calibration were implemented to further improve the instrument’s reproducibility. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of this design. The results suggest that the spectrophotometer denoted DS-36D, can significantly improve measurement reproducibility when the temperature varies. At fixed temperature and humidity, the standard deviation of measurement repeatability is 0.001, and the maximum smallest color deviation is 0.005. When the temperature varies from 15 to 30 °C, the maximum Allan deviation of color difference δ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ΔE</sub> =1.509×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> , with a maximum smallest color deviation of 0.036. The novel spectrophotometer design shown in this study outperforms other existing technologies.

Microstructural and optical duality of TiO2/Cu/TiO2 trilayer films grown by atomic layer deposition and DC magnetron sputtering

In this research, we report a comparative study of trilayer TiO2(60 nm)/Cu/TiO2(60 nm) thin film as a function of different Cu interlayer thickness (20, 40 and 60 nm), fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and DC magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology, elemental information and optical properties, were tested as a function of Cu interlayer thickness by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and double beam spectrophotometer (UV–vis) respectively.The growth mechanism and the microstructural conversion were investigated. The absorption spectrum was mesured and used to calculate the energy band gap (Eg). The obtained results show that the increase of the Cu interlayer enhance the activity of photocatalysis by employing distinct modification strategies to decrease the indirect optical band gap energy from 2.85 to 1.86 eV, and conventionally making the photocatalyst efficient to absorb visible light range. The role of the optical energy band gap Eg as well as the average electronegativity (χ) as basic parameters of optical basicity (Å) and refractive index (n) has been emphasized. Values of electronegativity (χ), phase velocity (V) and transmission coefficient (TC) decreased, while the refractive index, optical basicity, electronic polarizability (αe), and reflection loss (RL) increased with increasing Cu interlayer thickness. A good agreement is observed among the selected parameters. The results demonstrate that the ALD and the DC magnetron sputtering are promising techniques for preparing TiO2/Cu/TiO2 thin films, with different thickness of copper (Cu), that can be used in low-cost mid-IR detection and can enhanced the properties of optoelectronic devices.

Constructing of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films with enhanced optical properties for solar cell application

Thin films of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) were created utilizing the thermal evaporation method. For the (CZTS) nanoparticles, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was initially carried out. According to TGA analysis, different annealing temperatures (400, 450, 475, and 500 °C) were used to anneal the (CZTS) thin films. Investigations were done into how different annealing temperatures affected the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the CZTS films. The development of a thin CZTS crystal with a high-quality crystal structure has been demonstrated by XRD patterns and Raman spectra. Using Debye-Scherrer's equation, the crystallite size for CZTS thin films was determined to be between 8 and 69.9 nm. As the annealing temperature rises, crystallite size increases. Using a double-beam computer-controlled spectrophotometer with a 400–2500 nm wavelength range, the optical characteristics were examined. While the reflectance was discovered to increase with an increase in annealing temperature, the transmittance was found to decrease. Calculating the extinction coefficient and refractive index was done using Kramers-Kronig relations. Using Tauc's relation, the optical energy gap was estimated, and it was discovered that it shrank as annealing temperature was raised. The (CZTS) thin film that was annealed at 500 °C had the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE).

Investigation of spectral-luminescent properties of cesium CsPb(BrCl)3 quantum dots in fluorophosphate glasses

Within the framework of the scientific project “Investigation of spectral-luminescent properties of CsPb(BrCl)3 quantum dots in fluorophosphate glasses” CsPbX3 (X = Br, Cl) quantum dots were synthesized and investigated. The absorption spectra were studied using a Perkin Elmer lambda 650 double beam spectrophotometer. A Perkin Elmer LS50B spectrofluorimeter was used to obtain luminescence spectra. The temperature dependences were studied by means of an original setup, including a spectrofluorimeter, a multimode optical fiber, a cryostat and a temperature stand. The exciting light from the spectrofluorimeter lamp was focused on the input channel of the optical fiber. After leaving the channel, the radiation was collected by a lens in the focus of which was a sample fixed in a thermostat. The luminescence of the sample was collected in the opposite direction with the output to the receiver of the spectrofluorimeter, which is connected to the computer. The thermostat, in turn, was connected to a cryogenic set-top box with variable temperature, which allows adjusting the temperature in the range from 74 to 472 K. It is shown that an increase in the heat treatment time leads to an increase in quantum dots and, accordingly, to a decrease in the band gap due to the quantum confinement effect. When replacing bromine in CsPbBr3 with chlorine, mixed CsPb(BrCl)3 nanocrystals were obtained which leads to a shift of the absorption and luminescence bands to the short-wavelength region. Thus, by choosing different ligands for CsPbX3 (X = Br, Cl), changing their ratio and heat treatment conditions, it is possible to adjust the wavelength of luminescence in a wide area of the visible range. The study of the dependence of the band gap width on temperature clearly showed the presence of phase transformations of the crystal structure. The sequence of phase transitions for various chemical compositions was determined, namely, the contribution of chlorine to the change in dependence in the range from 180 to 400 K. It is assumed that the main causes of luminescence quenching above 300 K are phase transitions. As a result, it is proved that fluorophosphate glass is a chemically stable medium for protecting quantum dots from external influences. The possibility of creating stable phosphors, new laser media and luminescent coatings of both white light and in the entire visible range has been obtained

Mixed Micellar Solubilization of Naphthol Green B Followed by Its Removal from Synthetic Effluent by Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration under Optimized Conditions.

In this manuscript, the application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) for the removal of Naphthol Green B (NGB) as a synthetic effluent has been studied. The solubilization of NGB by a single and mixed micellar system using Triton X-100 (TX-100) as a nonionic surfactant has been performed to establish both the extent of the partitioning (kx) of NGB and ultimately their respective Gibbs free energies ΔGp as well. An applied methodology, micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF), has also been studied in different micellar media of cationic surfactants by variation in some selective parameters, such as the concentration of surfactant, electrolyte, pressure, pH, and RPM to obtain optimum conditions. The results have been analyzed by a UV/visible double beam spectrophotometer. ΔGp was found to be −39.65 kJ/mol and −47.94 kJ/mol by CTAB and CPC, respectively, in the presence of a nonionic surfactant. The maximum value of Gibbs free energy (ΔGp) of the partition was obtained by CPC. The values of the rejection coefficient (R%) and permeate flux (J) are also calculated. A maximum removal of 99.77% and 98.53% by CTAB and CPC, respectively, was obtained. It has been observed that both of the surfactants are strong candidates for NGB removal.