Dot Color Research Articles

Effect of number and area of view-fields on the measurement accuracy of hair follicle density in goats (Capra hircus)

Improving the hair follicle density (HFD) has long been a breeding goal, as it can directly affect the fiber yield of animals, such as cashmere goats, sheep, rabbits and alpacas. Due to sample size and time limitations, the HFD cannot be easily obtained from a large histological area. If the area is too small, the experimental sampling error cannot be ignored. The number of view-fields (fieldN), the area of view-field (fieldS), and the total statistical area (total SA, fieldN×fieldS) needed in the HFD examination have not been determined. Thus, we aimed to develop a strategy to address this unclear topic. Goatskin was obtained as the sample, and paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining were done. Images of each skin sample were captured, stitched, and clipped. All hair follicles (HFs) were marked manually as color dots, and the background noise was removed. We acquired 52 clean images (50 mm2 for each) and considered 10 types of fieldN, fieldN∈[1,10] and 14 types of fieldS, from 32.0 mm2 to 0.10 mm2. A Matlab-based algorithm/program, MinSA, was developed to calculate the mean relative error (MRE) under different fieldN and fieldS. In fieldN = 1, the field area was 5.04 mm2 where MRE reached 5%, indicating that if the field area were less than 5.04 mm2 (one field) for the HFD examination, the MRE would be higher than 5%. As the fieldN increased from 2 to 10, the fieldS at 5% MRE gradually reduced, but the total SA increased from 4.45 to 5.49 mm2. This result demonstrates that using multiple view-field was not a good choice. In goats, 1–3 fields are recommended, and the total statistical area should be over 5 mm2 of stained skin section. Furthermore, this algorithm could apply to other economic fur-bearing animals.

Luminescence color regulation of carbon quantum dots by surface modification

Labelling various biological molecules with multi-color carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in the same scene has great potential application for investigating the relationship between those molecules. It is still a great challenge to regulate the color of CQDs. Ample –NH2 groups on the surface of green carbon quantum dots (GCQDs) were characterized and confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) data. As–NH2 groups had high organic reactivity, the surface of GCQDs was designed and modified with several organic functional groups through a simple surface modification strategy of organic reactions. The surface band gap states of GCQDs were tuned gradually by the corresponding modified functional groups, and the emission colors of GCQDs were tuned from green to yellow-green, then to orange, and finally to red. All the emission spectra for these multicolor carbon quantum dots (M-CQDs) were excitation independent, and the lifetimes for the M-CQDs were mainly determined by the second electron decay process from the surface defect band states. The red-shift colors for the M-CQDs were ascribed to the emissions from their surface defect band states, and the luminescence mechanism had been investigated. This work opens up a novel synthesis strategy to regulate the emission colors of carbon quantum dots.

Tongue diagnosis index of chronic kidney disease

BackgroundTo apply non-invasive Automatic Tongue Diagnosis System (ATDS) in analyzing tongue features in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). MethodsThis was a cross-sectional, case-controlled observational study. Patients with CKD who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled and divided into the following groups according to renal function and dialysis status: non-dialysis CKD group; end-stage renal disease (ESRD) group; and control group. Tongue images were captured and eight tongue features—shape, color, fur thickness, saliva, fissure, ecchymosis, teeth marks, and red dots—were imaged and analyzed by ATDS. Results117 participants (57 men, 60 women) were enrolled in the study, which included 16 in control group, 38 in non-dialysis CKD group, and 63 in ESRD group. We demonstrated significant differences in the fur thickness (p = 0.045), color (p = 0.005), amounts of ecchymosis (p = 0.010), teeth marks (p = 0.016), and red dot (p < 0.001) among three groups. The areas under receiver operating characteristic curve for the amount of ecchymosis was 0.757 ± 0.055 (95% confidence interval, 0.648–0866; p < 0.001). Additionally, with increase in ecchymosis by one point, the risk of CKD dialysis rose by 1.523 times (95% confidence interval, 1.198–1.936; p = 0.001). After hemodialysis, the amount of saliva (p = 0.038), the area of saliva (p = 0.048) and the number of red dots (p = 0.040) were decreased significantly among patients with ESRD. On the contrary, the percentage of coating (p = 0.002) and area of coating (p = 0.026) were increased significantly after hemodialysis. ConclusionBlood deficiency and stasis with qi deficiency or blood heat syndrome (Zheng pattern) is common in patients with CKD. The risk of CKD dialysis increases with increasing ecchymosis. Hemodialysis can affect saliva, tongue coating, and relieve heat syndrome among ESRD patients.

FlexDotPlot: a universal and modular dot plot visualization tool for complex multifaceted data.

Dot plots are heatmap-like charts that provide a compact way to simultaneously display two quantitative information by means of dots of different sizes and colors. Despite the popularity of this visualization method, particularly in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies, existing tools used to make dot plots are limited in terms of functionality and usability. We developed FlexDotPlot, an R package for generating dot plots from multifaceted data, including scRNA-seq data. It provides a universal and easy-to-use solution with a high versatility. An interactive R Shiny application is also available allowing non-R users to easily generate dot plots with several tunable parameters. Source code and detailed manual are available on CRAN (stable version) and at https://github.com/Simon-Leonard/FlexDotPlot (development version). Code to reproduce figures is available at https://github.com/Simon-Leonard/FlexDotPlot_paper. A Shiny app is available as a stand-alone application within the package. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.

A Perspective on Tongue Diagnosis in Patients with Breast Cancer.

Introduction Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women and patients with BC often undergo complex treatment. In Taiwan, nearly 80% of patients with BC seek traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) during adjuvant chemotherapy to relieve discomfort and side effects. This study investigated tongue features and pattern differentiation through noninvasive TCM tongue diagnosis in patients with BC. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional, case-controlled, retrospective observational study collected patient data through a chart review. The tongue features were extracted using the automatic tongue diagnosis system (ATDS). Nine tongue features, including tongue shape, tongue color, fur thickness, fur color, saliva, tongue fissures, ecchymoses, teeth marks, and red dots, were analyzed. Results and Discussion. Objective image analysis techniques were used to identify significant differences in the many tongue features between BC patients and non-BC individuals. A significantly larger proportion of patients with BC had a small tongue (p < 0.001), pale tongue (p < 0.001), thick fur (p < 0.001), yellow fur (p < 0.001), wet saliva (p < 0.001), thick tongue fur (p < 0.001), fissures (p=0.040), and ecchymoses in the heart-lung area (p=0.013). According to logistic regression, small tongue shape, pale tongue color, yellow fur color, wet saliva, and the amounts of fissures were associated with a significantly increased odds ratio for BC. Conclusions This study showed significant differences in tongue features, such as small tongue shape, pale tongue color, thick fur, yellow fur color, wet saliva, fissure, and ecchymoses in the heart-lung area in patients with BC. These tongue features would imply yin deficiency, deficiencies of blood, stagnation of heat, and phlegm/blood stasis in TCM theory. There is a need to investigate effective and safe treatment to enhance the role of TCM in integrated medical care for patients with BC.

High‐Energy Neutrinos from the Cosmos (Ann. Phys. 11/2021)

Neutrino Astronomy The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is designed to observe the cosmos from deep within the South Pole ice. In article number 2100309, Francis Halzen reviews the results from IceCube's first decade of operations. The cover image illustrates the light pattern recorded by IceCube that is radiated by a particle shower created by the Glashow resonance. Colored dots represent light sensors that detect photons. Their color indicates arrival time, from red (early) to purple (late) following the rainbow, and their size reflects the number of photons detected.

Investigation of the Effect of Different Screening Methods on Print Quality in Digital Printing System

Digital printing is the process of printing the designs and photos prepared in computer environment with advanced printing technologies on different materials in a high quality and fast way. The digital printing system, which is increasing its effectiveness today, has taken great steps with technology since the first years of its existence and has started to have a voice in the sector for the last ten years. The digital printing, which is an alternative to the offset printing system in making design a product, exhibits significant improvements in terms of production efficiency, cost and quality. Offset has become competitive with flexo printing with the developing color efficiency in digital printing machines. High quality and different applications can be made with digital printing machines. In order to achieve this (screening) process, it is necessary to know the boundaries of the color universe that can be seen or produced by the devices and machines used in the system. In this study, the difference between colors and color consistency and basic measurements such as color values, dot gain were evaluated by changing the selection of screen methods used in digital printing. The differences caused by the screening structure variable have been shown with graphics and tables, then suggestions have been made. It has been determined that the change in the screening structures in digital printing creates differences in dot swelling, density and color.

Characteristics of Visual Field Defects in Korean Advanced Glaucoma

Purpose: We investigated the clinical characteristics of visual field (VF) defects in Korean advanced glaucoma patients.Methods: The present study included 109 eyes of 109 advanced glaucoma patients whose mean deviation (MD) is under -12 dB. The subjects were classified into primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG) group. Average numeric decibel in each VF points were visualized with color topographic image and dot graph image using python 3.5. VF was divided into four quadrants or two half fields, and the differences in the degree of VF defects in each locations were assessed with raw decibel data. Additionally, mean sensitivity of central 12 points were compared between the two groups.Results: Generally the features of VF defects were severely depressed VF sensitivity at the superonasal quadrant and relatively preserved central area and inferotemporal quadrant in both of the glaucoma groups. But we found the extent of deflection for VF defect in the NTG eyes was higher than that of the POAG eyes (p &lt; 0.05). The POAG eyes tended to show more diffuse and evenly distributed VF defect, whereas NTG eyes tended to have more severely depressed VF at the superonasal quadrant and relatively preserved VF at the inferotemporal quadrant. There was no significant difference in the degree of central VF defects between the two groups.Conclusions: The characteristics of VF defect in Korean advanced glaucoma revealed different features based on the glaucoma diagnosis. The POAG eyes tended to show diffuse VF defects, whereas NTG eyes tended to have more severely depressed VF sensitivity at the superonasal quadrant and relatively preserved VF at the inferotemporal quadrant.

P‐4.6: Ultra‐high‐resolution Quantum Dots Color Converter with Notable Uniformity

Using blue Micro‐LED back light and red‐green quantum dot (QD) color converter (QDCC) is a full color display technology with great potential to achieve high resolution, color purity and luminous efficiency. In this work, we try a new method of ligands exchange, using 3‐Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) ligands with two functional groups to treat QDs in the liquid phase. The modified QDs can be sufficiently dispersed in the negative‐tone molecular resists. In our current process, the pixel size can be reduced to 5 fim and the large‐area ultra‐high‐resolution QDCC with great uniformity is realized.

P‐9.2: Quantum Dots Color Filter Liquid Crystal Display

In recent years, as a hot inorganic luminescent materials, Quantum dots have been widely used in display devices because of their high photoluminescence efficiency and excellent color gamut. In order to further improve the performance of LCD display devices, we consider introducing quantum dot color film into the structure of LCD. In this report, we pixelate the QDs to replace the traditional color film, this is different from the QD was widely used method which QDs was made into thin film as part of the back light unit. Compared with the general LCD, QDCF can achieve higher efficiency, higher color gamut and wider viewing angle, in order to solve the polarization of the liquid crystal cell, we use WGP In liquid crystal cell to achieve high contrast ratio.

P‐4.7: Fundamental Research on High Resolution Full Color Micro‐LED Display with Quantum Dot Color Conversion by Lithography

This study is based on the blue micro‐LED backlight and photoluminescent quantum dot color conversion layer (QDCC) as the light source of the full color micro‐LED display structure. In order to obtain a high resolution Micro‐LED display panel with color convertion, we firstly studied the the influence of black matrix (BM) layer and color filter (CF) layer. The CF layer is used to reduce the blue light leakage. It should be noted that thickness and absorption spectrum of the CF layer will have a significant impact on the color gamut. The BM layer is to prevent backlight leakage from the sidewalls and crosstalk. The successfully prepared of the 5µm pattern has greatly promoted our subsequent process, and the photolithography of quantum dot layer will be further studied in our subsequent work.

Quantum Dot Color Conversion Efficiency Enhancement in Micro-Light-Emitting Diodes by Non-Radiative Energy Transfer

The quantum dot (QD) color-conversion efficiency (CCE) in GaN micro-light-emitting diodes ( μLEDs) is greatly improved by non-radiative energy transfer (NRET) mechanism. An array of deep nano-holes with a diameter of about 1 μm was fabricated in μLED mesas ( 40×60 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) by nanoimprint lithography. The nano-holes were etched straight through the μLED active region to ensure that the filled QDs were in extremely close contact with the active region. The absorption efficiency and emission efficiency of QDs are effectively improved by NRET, resulting in a superhigh CCE in QD- μLED hybrid devices. Compared to μLED devices with conventional spin-coated QDs, the CCE of novel nano-hole μLEDs with filled QDs has been enhanced by about 118%.

Dual Role of Quantum Dots as Color Conversion Layer and Suppression of Input Light for Full-Color Micro-LED Displays.

In micro-light-emitting diode (micro-LED) displays with color-conversion layers, a facile and efficient technology getting rid of the use of the color filters leads to a big technical leap in cost-effective fabrication. In this study, it is demonstrated that quantum dot (QD) color conversion layers can significantly suppress residual blue excitation light because of the high extinction coefficients of QDs, ∼0.1% transmittance of blue light for green and red core/shell CdSe/ZnS QD film with thickness of less than 17 μm, and produce green and red colors. Incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles into QD solutions enhances more than 10% of the luminous intensity by the scattering effect. It is found that the suppression of QD reabsorption is essential to achieve a high color-conversion efficiency. Our results provide a clear path to a cost-effective fabrication of QD conversion layer micro-LED displays over the full range of their applications.

Visual attention span and phonological skills in Chinese developmental dyslexia

BackgroundIt has been debated whether visual attention span deficit was independent from phonological deficit in alphabetic developmental dyslexia. Yet, this issue has never been examined in Chinese developmental dyslexia. AimThe aim of the present study was to concurrently investigate visual attention span deficit and phonological deficit in Chinese developmental dyslexia, and examine the relationship between them. MethodsA total of 45 Chinese dyslexic and 43 control children aged between 8 and 11 years old participated in this study. A visual one-back paradigm with both verbal stimuli (character and digit strings) and nonverbal stimuli (color dots and symbols) was employed for measuring visual attention span. Phonological skills were measured by three dimensions: phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, and verbal short-term memory. ResultsChinese dyslexic children showed deficits in verbal visual attention span and all three dimensions of phonological skills, but not in nonverbal visual attention span. Phonological skills significantly contributed to explaining variance of reading skills and classifying dyslexic and control memberships. Almost all Chinese dyslexic participants who showed a deficit in visual attention span also showed a phonological deficit. ConclusionThe study suggests that visual attention span deficit is not independent from phonological deficit in Chinese developmental dyslexia.

62‐7: Invited Paper: Quantum Dot Color Conversion for OLED and microLED Displays

Quantum dot color conversion (QDCC) can enable OLED‐based displays with higher brightness and wider color gamut, and microLEDs with higher efficiencies and manufacturing scalability. Key to employing QDCC is the development of quantum dot (QD) materials with enhanced blue absorption, high quantum yield and narrow, tunable emission. Nanosys has developed new heavy metal‐free QDs that meet all these requirements and enable the fabrication of patternable QDCC films with high (&gt;38%) photon conversion efficiency and gamut coverage.

Microfluidics-based quantum dot color conversion layers for full-color micro-LED display

In this study, quantum dot color conversion layers (QDCCLs) for full-color micro-LED display were successfully fabricated using microfluidics to conduct red and green perovskite quantum dots to the position of the pixel array. The QDCCL with full-color pixel size of 200 × 200 μm and sub-pixel size of 140 × 50 μm was achieved. Perovskite quantum dots with high quantum yield and narrow full width at half-maximum were used to achieve a wide color gamut, which was 131% of National Television Systems Committee standard. The proposed microfluidics-based QDCCL featured easy fabrication, low cost, high performance, and good integration prospects.

Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi: A Detection in Stool Samples of Suspected Carriers.

A multiplex rapid detection system, based on a PCR-lateral flow biosensor (mPCR-LFB) was developed to identify Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A from suspected carriers. The lower detection limit for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A was 0.16 and 0.08 ng DNA equivalent to 10 and 102 CFU/mL, respectively. Lateral flow biosensor was used for visual detection of mPCR amplicons (stgA, SPAint, ompC, internal amplification control) by labeling forward primers with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC), Texas Red, dinitrophenol (DNP) and digoxigenin (DIG) and reverse primers with biotin. Binding of streptavidin-colloidal gold conjugate with the amplicons resulted in formation of a red color dots on the strip after 15–20 min of sample exposure. The nucleic acid lateral flow analysis of the mPCR-LFB was better in sensitivity and more rapid than the conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover, the mPCR-LFB showed 100% sensitivity and specificity when evaluated with stools spiked with 100 isolates of Salmonella genus and other bacteria. A prospective cohort study on stool samples of 1176 food handlers in outbreak areas (suspected carriers) resulted in 23 (2%) positive for S. Typhi. The developed assay has potential to be used for rapid detection of typhoid carriers in surveillance program.

Patternable Quantum-Dot Photoresist with High Photolithographic Uniformity

We present a ligand-exchange-free photo-patternable quantum-dot photoresist (QDPR) with high photolithographic uniformity. The dispersion mechanism between the QD’s surface ligands and the functional groups of photoresist polymers are studied. Results show that the dispersibility and photoluminescent intensity of this QDPR can be both improved by controlling dispersant and antioxidant. For device demonstration, multi-colored quantum dot color conversion films (QDCCF) were prepared and patterned by a photolithography process. High QD dispersibility and film-forming uniformity were both achieved with this QDCCF. It is believed that the proposed QDPR has the potential to be extensively used in lighting or display applications.

Comparison between visual assessments and different variants of linear discriminant analysis to the classification of Raman patterns of inkjet printer inks

Inkjet printers are devices that are frequently used in illicit activities like threats, extorsions, or the production of counterfeited currency. In these cases, scientific information may play a critical role to develop investigative leads and assist investigators with the designation of potential printer source candidates. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the three main colored dot components (cyan, magenta, and yellow) of inkjet printed documents. Three variants of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were evaluated on 231 Raman spectra of a set of 11 inkjet printer ink samples, which were previously compared visually. The three LDA variants were: 1) Principal component analysis (PCA) followed by LDA, 2) Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA) and 3) sparse LDA. The classification accuracy of the selected classifiers was evaluated as well as their detection sensitivity to the level of detail that analysts should typically use during spectral visual comparisons. These evaluations were made for each dot color and also for their joint use. Results showed that although spectral visual comparisons are still superior to differentiate Raman spectra on the basis of minor peaks, sparse LDA provided the highest classification potential (i.e., highest accuracy) for individual colors, and that the three methods performed equivalently when the spectral data from the three colors were combined. It was also determined that baseline correction was not a factor that affected the performance of the used classifiers, but it was found that normalization was a necessary step prior to data analysis.

Automatic and Fast Encoding of Representational Uncertainty Underlies the Distortion of Relative Frequency.

Humans do not have an accurate representation of probability information in the environment but distort it in a surprisingly stereotyped way (“probability distortion”), as shown in a wide range of judgment and decision-making tasks. Many theories hypothesize that humans automatically compensate for the uncertainty inherent in probability information (“representational uncertainty”) and probability distortion is a consequence of uncertainty compensation. Here we examined whether and how the representational uncertainty of probability is quantified in the human brain and its relevance to probability distortion behavior. Human subjects (13 female and 9 male) kept tracking the relative frequency of one color of dot in a sequence of dot arrays while their brain activity was recorded by MEG. We found converging evidence from both neural entrainment and time-resolved decoding analysis that a mathematically derived measure of representational uncertainty is automatically computed in the brain, despite it is not explicitly required by the task. In particular, the encodings of relative frequency and its representational uncertainty, respectively, occur at latencies of ∼300 and 400 ms. The relative strength of the brain responses to these two quantities correlates with the probability distortion behavior. The automatic and fast encoding of the representational uncertainty provides neural basis for the uncertainty compensation hypothesis of probability distortion. More generally, since representational uncertainty is closely related to confidence estimation, our findings exemplify how confidence might emerge before perceptual judgment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Human perception of probabilities and relative frequencies can be markedly distorted, which is a potential source of disastrous decisions. But the brain is not just ignorant of probability; probability distortions are highly patterned and similar across different tasks. Recent theoretical work suggests that probability distortions arise from the brain's compensation of its own uncertainty in representing probability. Is such representational uncertainty really computed in the brain? To answer this question, we asked human subjects to track an ongoing stimulus sequence of relative frequencies and recorded their brain responses using MEG. Indeed, we found that the neural encoding of representational uncertainty accompanies that of relative frequency, although the former is not explicitly required by the task.